马铃薯淀粉基炭微球的制备及其稳定机理(英文)

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,通过空气中210℃稳定化、氮气中600℃炭化,制备了马铃薯淀粉基炭微球。其中,稳定化处理是制备过程中的关键步骤。利用热失重分析(TGA)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和差热扫描量热法(DSC),对其稳定化机理进行了研究;并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其形貌进行了表征。结果表明:当稳定化时间足够长时(如12h),所制备的马铃薯淀粉基炭微球能够保持原淀粉的颗粒形态。这是由于在稳定化过程中,马铃薯淀粉中所含结晶水的失去导致了淀粉内微晶结构的破坏,使淀粉颗粒在进一步的炭化过程中不再发生微晶的熔融过程。     

新型炭微球的制备及性能研究

采用悬浮缩聚法制得烯丙基COPNA-BMI树脂微球,然后经过炭化处理后得到新型炭微球.采用SEM观察这种树脂微球及炭微球的表面形貌;采用FT-IR分析该树脂微球炭化过程官能团的变化;采用元素分析仪对不同温度下该树脂微球C、H、O、N元素的含量进行测定;采用XRD对炭微球的微晶结构进行分析.研究表明,炭微球到具有很好的球形和表面光洁度,其结构为无定形炭;随着炭化温度的升高,炭微球的C含量逐渐增加,H、O含量明显降低.     

玉米淀粉基碳微球的制备及电化学性能的研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,经过乙酸镍处理后在不同温度下碳化,再用KOH对碳化材料进行活化,得到玉米淀粉基碳微球,该材料可做成超级电容器。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对实验样品形貌进行表征,并且进行了循环伏安、恒流充放电等电化学性能测试。SEM结果显示,原料玉米淀粉呈片状,而实验制得的玉米淀粉基碳微球具有良好的球形外貌,表面光滑平整。电化学性能结果显示,经900℃碳化并活化后的玉米淀粉基碳微球表现的电容特性最佳。在6mol/L KOH电解液中,200mV/s的扫描速度下,其循环伏安曲线仍能保持高度类矩形形状;在电流密度为1A/g恒流充放电下,其比容量高达116F/g,且经过500次充放电循环后,依然保持初始值的98%的比电容。结果表明,乙酸镍能促进淀粉球很好地形成球状的碳微球,且活化后的玉米淀粉基碳微球表面粗糙,产生了多孔结构,比表面积增大,电化学性能大大提高。     

反相乳液法无乳化剂制备炭微米球及其电化学性能

以酚醛树脂的乙醇溶液为原料,导热油和硅油混合油为油相,在不添加任何乳化剂的情况下,采用反相乳液法制得酚醛树脂微米球。重点考察了合成条件对树脂成球的影响,并探讨了体系的成球机制。结果表明,引入黏度低、导热性能好、可与酚醛树脂形成强π-π相互作用的导热油对合成树脂微球起关键作用。混合油质量比、酚醛和乙醇配比及搅拌速度在较宽范围内变化时,制得的酚醛树脂微球经800℃炭化均能获得球形度良好的炭微米球。优化条件下(导热油和硅油质量比为4:1,乙醇和酚醛质量比为4:1,搅拌速度为2 000 r/min),可获得球形度好、尺寸分布较窄的炭微米球(5~20μm)。该球经KOH活化后,当电流密度为1 A/g时,比电容可达206 F/g,电流密度为20 A/g时,比电容仍然保持在134 F/g。这些优异的电化学性质归因于炭球高的比表面积和合适的孔道结构。     

N-PMI改性酚醛树脂基炭微球的结构与电化学性能

通过热解N-苯基马来酰亚胺(N-PMI)改性酚醛树脂微球制备炭微球。采用SEM、粒径分析仪研究炭微球的形貌和粒径分布;采用XRD研究炭微球的微观结构;采用恒电流法研究炭微球的充放电性能。研究表明:炭微球具有很好的球形度和分散性;随着热解温度的升高,炭微球的首次充放电容量减小,不可逆容量降低;炭微球具有较高的可逆容量,循环20次容量保持在80%以上。     

壳聚糖/酵母菌复合炭微球的制备及吸附性能研究

以壳聚糖包裹酵母菌(CWY)为前驱体,在氮气保护条件下,400℃炭化制备出了石榴结构型多孔炭微球。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和红外光谱分别对CWY炭微球的形貌和物化结构进行了表征,测试了CWY炭微球的极性,并采用Boehm滴定法对其表面酸性基团进行了分析。结果表明:生成的酵母炭颗粒均匀镶嵌在CWY炭微球内,CWY炭微球在非极性溶液中表现出更好的分散性能,且其表面酸性基团总量为3.281mmol/g。考察了CWY炭微球对强力霉素废水的吸附处理能力,在碱性条件下,CWY炭微球对强力霉素废水(10mg/L)的吸附符合Langmiur模型,50℃时最大吸附量为3.07mg/g。     

烯丙基COPNA-BMI树脂微球的制备及表征

以烯丙基缩合多核芳烃-双马来酰亚胺(COPNA-BMI)预聚树脂为原料、以硅油为分散和导热介质,通过悬浮聚合法制备烯丙基COPNA-BMI树脂微球。采用SEM研究树脂微球的形态;采用FT-IR研究树脂微球悬浮聚合前后官能团的变化;采用TG-DTG和SEM研究树脂微球的耐热性和炭化形态。研究表明,烯丙基COPNA-BMI树脂微球具有很好的球形和表面光洁度,其粒径主要分布在10μm～20μm之间;经过悬浮聚合后,烯丙基COPNA-BMI树脂碳碳双键的特征吸收峰消失;该树脂微球具有优良的耐热性,其炭化产物是具有很好球形度的炭微球。     

环氧氯丙烷对淀粉热解行为的影响及其交联机理

首先制备了环氧氯丙烷交联的玉米淀粉,然后经稳定化和炭化得到淀粉基类球形炭材料。通过TG-MS分析玉米淀粉在环氧氯丙烷影响下的热解行为;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)对淀粉基类球形炭材料的微观形貌和晶型结构进行表征;利用原位红外(in situ FTIR)对淀粉热解过程中表面化学演化进行表征;最后,通过以上表征及分析探究环氧氯丙烷对淀粉热解行为的影响并深入探究了环氧氯丙烷与淀粉的交联反应机理。结果表明,淀粉交联环氧氯丙烷后,热稳定性得到有效提高,最大热失重温度提前,热解过程相对温和,避免淀粉在剧烈反应时基本骨架结构遭到破坏和炭收率显著降低,同时,交联淀粉在后续的热解过程中更趋向于向芳香族结构转化,在相同温度下比纯淀粉热解产物炭化程度高,得到的最终产物炭收率高;环氧氯丙烷与淀粉在热解过程中与淀粉发生交联反应,形成稳定的网状结构稳定淀粉炭骨架从而减少淀粉中挥发性小分子物质的产生。     

废弃棉纤维、粘胶纤维和微晶纤维素水热炭化制备炭微球的对比研究（英文）

选择废弃棉纤维和粘胶纤维两种纺织纤维作为水热炭化原料,并以微晶纤维素为模型底物进行对比,研究原料结构对水热炭化条件及产物的影响。结果表明,高结晶度的棉纤维(60.35%)和微晶纤维素(60.24%)制备炭微球的最佳条件分别是330℃,6 h,0.15%CuSO_4和310℃,6 h,0.10%CuSO_4,而低结晶度(34.31%)的粘胶纤维的最佳条件为260℃,8 h。结晶度越低,水热炭化条件越温和,而聚合度对其影响不显著。采用SEM、XRD、FTIR、TG和EDS对炭化产物进行表征,结果表明,不同原料合成的炭微球具有类似的无定型结构和丰富的官能团,但棉纤维和微晶纤维素合成的炭微球具有更高的碳含量和热稳定性,这可能是更高的水热炭化温度所致。因此,纤维素结晶度是影响其水热炭化合成炭微球的重要因素。     

酚醛树脂基碳微球的制备及其电化学性能研究

以间苯二酚和甲醛为前驱体,1,6-己二胺作为交联剂,通过水热法制备出一种球形纳米酚醛树脂基碳微球材料。采用N2吸附、XRD及SEM对材料的结构和形貌表征表明,交联剂的加入可得到球形形貌的碳纳米微球,同时,改变交联剂的量可以控制球形颗粒的大小及结构,但FT-IR表明对表面官能团未有影响。利用循环伏安法、恒流充放电及交流阻抗曲线对碳球材料电化学性能进行评价,在-0.95~0 V电压范围内,碳球材料具有典型的双电层电容和充放电可逆性。当1,6-己二胺与间苯二酚摩尔比为0.4时,在1 A/g的电流密度下测得的比电容为147.37 F/g。对电极进行5000次循环充放电测试,其比容保持率为91.27%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...