挤压态AZ81镁合金塑性加工性能的研究与分析

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟机上进行热压缩试验,研究了变形温度为320～440℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s<'-1>,最大变形程度为60%的条件下挤压态AZ81镁合金的高温流变行为.结果表明,采用加工理论分析材料的高温变形行为能准确反映出材料在不同变形条件下的组织演变规律.根据材料动态模型计算了挤压态AZ81合金的热加工图,结合显微组织观察结果分析了挤压态AZ81镁合金的热加工塑性变形性能,在变形温度320～440℃、应变速率0.001～1 s<'-1>,最大变形程度为60%的条件下,失稳判据ξ(ε)>0,说明AZ81镁合金在该条件下的塑性变形性能良好.热加工温度380～400℃、应变速率0.01～0.1 s<'-1>为最佳热加工工艺参数区.     

挤压态AZ81镁合金的热压缩变形行为

在温度为320～440℃、应变率为0.001～1s-1的变形条件下,采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机对挤压态AZ81镁合金的热压缩变形行为进行研究.结果表明挤压态AZ81镁合金的流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变率的升高而升高,且随应变的增加,流动应力很快达到峰值,然后逐渐降低并趋于稳定.为评价挤压态AZ81镁合金在热模压成形过程中流动应力,结合Arrhenius方程并引入Zener-Hollomon参数,对流动应力做出相应的修正,根据修正后的流动应力构建挤压态AZ81镁合金流变应力高温变形本构模型.模拟结果表明该模型的应力预测值与试验值吻合较好,计算精度较高,为后续的模压近／净终成形工艺参数的制定提供一定的理论参考.     

AZ31B镁合金热压缩力学行为与本构方程建立

根据对铸态AZ31B镁合金在温度为280～440℃、应变速率为0.001～0.1 s-1条件下进行热压缩试验,分析了变形程度、应变速率和加热温度对其流动应力的影响,结果表明,该合金热变形时的流动应力对变形温度和变形速率极为敏感,随变形温度的升高而降低,随变形速率的增加而增大.在温度为440℃,应变速率小于0.01 s-...     

AZ80镁合金高温热变形流变应力研究

在Gleeble2000热模拟机上对铸态AZ80镁合金在应变速率为0.001～1s-1、变形温度为240～440℃条件下的热压缩变形行为进行了研究.结果表明:AZ80镁合金热压缩变形的流变应力受到变形温度和应变速率的显著影响,可以用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦函数形式进行描述.本实验条件下,AZ80镁合金热压缩变形时的应力指数n为5,其热变形激活能Q为183 kJ·mol-1,建立了流变应力的数学模型,其结果可为变形镁合金的塑性成形工艺的制订提供更为科学的依据.     

AZ70镁合金热压缩变形特性

在温度为300℃～420℃、应变速率为0.001s-1～1s-1的变形条件下,采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机对AZ70镁合金热压缩变形特性进行了研究。结果表明,合金的流变应力随应变速率的增大而增大,随温度的升高而降低;在给定的变形条件下,计算出合金的变形激活能为132kJ/mol,应力指数为6.2;建立了合金高温变形的本构方程;降低变形温度和提高应变速率可使再结晶晶粒平均尺寸减小。根据实验分析得出,材料的最佳热加工工艺条件为变形温度340℃～400℃,应变速率0.001s-1～0.1s-1,并提出以低速为宜。     

变形参数对挤压态AZ41M镁合金热变形行为和组织演变的影响

通过热模拟压缩试验研究了挤压态AZ41M镁合金在应变速率为0.005～1s-1、温度为300～450℃条件下的热变形行为.利用光学显微镜分析了合金热变形过程中的组织演变.结果表明:挤压态AZ41M镁合金热变形过程中,真应力应变曲线表现出典型的单峰动态再结晶(DRX)特征,合金具有比较高的温度和应变速率敏感性;合金热变形...     

挤压态AZ80镁合金的热变形行为

通过热压缩实验,研究挤压态AZ80镁合金在变形温度为250-450℃,应变速率为0.001-10 s-1条件下的热变形行为。采用经过温升修正的流变应力计算该合金的Zener-Hollomon参数（Z参数）。结果表明,挤压态AZ80镁合金适宜的变形条件为应变速率0.1 s-1、变形温度350-400℃。另外,讨论了显微组织演化与Z参数之间的关系。在高温及低应变速率（低Z参数）时,合金发生了完全再结晶并产生了大的再结晶晶粒。综合考虑加工图和显微组织,变形温度400℃、应变速率0.1 s-1是合金适宜的热变形条件。     

GH708高温合金热变形行为

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟机研究了GH708合金在变形温度1000℃～1200℃,应变速率为0.001s-1～1s-1条件下的热变形行为.确定了GH708合金的热变形方程,建立了其热加工图(Processing Map),并通过组织观察对其热加工图进行了解释.GH708合金的热变形激活能Q为493 kJ/mol;不同真应变下的热加工图相似,随着变形温度的升高及应变速率的降低,能量消耗效率η逐渐升高.真应变为0.6时,在变形温度为1150℃左右、应变速率为0.001 s-1时,能量消耗效率达到峰值,约为56%.该结果为GH708合金的热加工工艺优化提供了理论依据.     

GH708高温合金热变形行为

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟机研究了GH708合金在变形温度1000℃～1200℃,应变速率为0.001s-1～1s-1条件下的热变形行为.确定了GH708合金的热变形方程,建立了其热加工图(Processing Map),并通过组织观察对其热加工图进行了解释.GH708合金的热变形激活能Q为493 kJ/mol;不同真应变下的热加工图相似,随着变形温度的升高及应变速率的降低,能量消耗效率η逐渐升高.真应变为0.6时,在变形温度为1150℃左右、应变速率为0.001 s-1时,能量消耗效率达到峰值,约为56%.该结果为GH708合金的热加工工艺优化提供了理论依据.     

挤压态镁合金热压缩微观组织预测模型

在变形温度为250～450℃、应变速率为0.005～5 s-1的条件下,采用热模拟压缩实验得到流动应力-应变曲线,研究了挤压态镁合金热变形和动态再结晶行为.结果表明:AZ31镁合金发生动态再结晶的临界应变随着变形温度的升高或应变速率的减小而降低;镁合金变形初期发生动态再结晶所需要的激活能为191.2 kJ·mol-1....     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.