国内外PVDC的技术现状及市场分析

PVDC[聚偏（二）氯乙烯]是当今世界上塑料包装中综合阻隔性能最好的一种包装材料。它既不同于聚乙烯醇的随着吸湿增加而使阻气性急剧下降，也不同于尼龙膜的由于吸水性而使阻湿性能变差，而是一种阻湿、阻气性能皆优的高阻隔性能材料。与一般包装材料相比，PVDC的阻隔性能是普通包装材料的几倍、几十倍甚至几百倍，用这种材料包装能大大延长被包装材料的保质期，特别对食品包装，     

功能性再生纤维素复合膜的制备及性能研究进展

纤维素是自然界中储量最大的天然高分子化合物,被认为是未来能源和化工的主要原料。然而,天然纤维素聚合度高、结晶度高的特性,使其难以溶于常规溶剂,极大限制了纤维素的应用。近年来,人们发现了多种新型纤维素溶剂体系,本文简要介绍了基于新型纤维素溶剂体系制备而来的再生纤维素膜以及一系列功能性再生纤维素基有机/无机复合膜材料。通过新型纤维素溶剂体系溶解再生得到的再生纤维素基复合膜在多孔性、热稳定性、强度等性能方面得到一定程度的改善,有望应用于包装、污水处理、传感器、生物医学等领域。本文基于再生纤维素膜及其复合膜材料的最新研究进展,对今后发展的热点方向进行了展望,旨在为纤维素溶解和功能性再生纤维素新材料的开发提供参考。     

纳米纤维素在柔性电子器件的应用进展

从纳米纤维素的物理化学性能出发概述了纤维素纳米基柔性材料在柔性电子领域的应用优势,重点介绍了纤维素纳米基柔性材料在电极、隔膜和电解质以及超级电容器等储能器件中的前沿研究,展示了材料复配、化学改性、工艺改进等对电子器件电化学性能和机械性能的改进;同时介绍了纤维素纳米基柔性材料在传感器中的最新应用,对应变、湿度和pH具有响应的弹性体、气凝胶和膜材料的开发,以及传感灵敏度、耐环境性和相容性等的改善。最后展望了纤维素纳米基柔性材料的发展前景并总结了当前面临的挑战,对柔性电子材料的研究工作具有一定参考价值。     

功能性塑料包装材料的开发

目前,国外正在开发如下几类功能性塑料包装材料。阻离性包装材料——包括气体阻隔型、水蒸汽阻隔型、香气阻隔型和光阻隔型。耐热性包装材料——要求这种容器既有阻隔性能,又有耐热性能。选择渗透性包装材料——可满足一些食品要求,包装材料具有将内部产生的不需要的气体渗透到外部的功能。     

木质纤维素复合生物质薄膜材料的功能化应用研究进展

为了解决传统石油基高分子薄膜不可降解等问题,纤维素、淀粉、壳聚糖等生物质薄膜材料因其具有绿色可降解性等优点而备受关注并展现出良好的发展前景。但生物质薄膜往往存在强度低、耐水性差等问题,限制了其进一步发展及功能化应用。本文综述了以木质纤维素作为添加剂增强生物质薄膜的力学强度、防水性、紫外屏蔽等性能的研究进展,重点探讨了不同结构性质的木质素和不同尺度的微纳米木质纤维素对生物质薄膜性能的影响,并进一步综述了木质纤维素复合生物质薄膜材料在包装材料、电极材料以及催化材料领域中的功能化应用研究进展。分析并展望了木质纤维素复合生物质薄膜在制备及功能化方面的优势、不足以及发展方向,以期为采用木质纤维素改良生物质薄膜的研究提供借鉴。     

纳米纤维素增强天然高分子材料的研究进展

总结了纳米纤维素晶体和纳米纤维素纤丝作为增强材料在天然高分子材料中的最新发展和应用。对比了生物质基纳米纤维素的原料来源、制备方法和形貌尺寸,总结2种纳米纤维素的性能特点,分类探讨了2种纳米纤维素对天然高分子材料的机械性能、阻隔性能、吸水性能和热稳定性的增强效果。纳米纤维素具有纳米尺度、高结晶性和形成氢键的能力,与基体高分子形成强大的氢键网络结构,可以显著提高基体材料的相关性能。纳米纤维素增强天然高分子材料在着重强调机械性能和阻隔性能的包装材料行业具有巨大发展潜力。     

纳米纤维素膜疏水化改性研究进展

近些年来,以纳米纤维素为原料制备出的柔性透明薄膜,因其优异的机械性能、可再生性、生物相容性等,在新型包装材料、透明电子元器件基底等领域展现出巨大的应用价值。然而在潮湿环境下,纳米纤维素膜如何维持高的机械性能,成为其在高附加值领域应用中一个重要又易被忽视的问题。先阐述了纳米纤维素膜以及天然亲水性对其隔绝和机械性能的影响,接着从化学改性、物理吸附、共混交联三种改性方法入手,综述了近些年来纳米纤维素膜疏水改性的研究与进展,以及不同改性方式对膜材料应用性能的影响。     

醋酸纤维素的应用开发研究进展

醋酸纤维素是重要的纤维素衍生物和理想的高分子膜材料。醋酸纤维素纤维具有无毒、无味、吸湿性好、截滤效率高等优点,近年来备受研究者关注。重点介绍了醋酸纤维素的衍生开发及其材料在渗滤、纺织、医疗卫生、包装及功能改性等方面的具体应用研究。     

高分子材料的阻隔性能及在药包材上的应用

阻隔性是高分子包装材料的重要性能。综合分析了高分子材料对小分子物质的阻隔机理,介绍了高分子材料在药品包装上的应用,同时归纳总结了提高高分子材料阻隔性能的几种方法,包括复合技术、表明涂层、高分子改性等,为高阻隔性药品包装材料的进一步发展与应用提供参考。     

微晶纤维素/聚乙烯醇对明胶基复合薄膜性能的影响

聚乙烯醇(PVA)/明胶基材料具有良好的成膜性能和生物相容性,具有广泛的实际应用价值,是一个重要的研究对象。本研究将微晶纤维素(MCC)和PVA分别作为增强材料和共混材料添加到明胶(GL)基材中,改善明胶基复合薄膜的力学性能和阻隔性能。微晶纤维素的添加可赋予MCC/PVA/GL复合薄膜良好的理化性能和应用性能。当基材中添加质量分数5%MCC时,复合薄膜的拉伸强度由14.91 MPa提高到48.02 MPa,热降解温度提高了11.4℃,含水率降低了9.12%。同时,还延长了水蒸气通过PVA/GL薄膜的路径,降低了MCC/PVA/GL复合薄膜的水蒸气透过率。土壤包埋实验表明,MCC的加入加快了复合薄膜的生物降解性能。因此,MCC/PVA/GL复合薄膜可应用于绿色包装领域,如食品包装、药品包装、化妆品包装等。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.