Perceived exertion and metabolic responses of women during aerobic dance exercise

The relationship between ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and metabolic responses was examined during aerobic dance exercise with combined arm and leg movements. 16 women with previous aerobic dance instructional experience performed three consecutive trials of 8 min. each of aerobic dance exercise at a cadence of 124 and 138 beats.min.-1. Estimates of RPE reported at the end of each trial were significantly different across the trials while heart rate and % maximum heart rate were significantly different between Trials 1 and 3. Correlations and partial correlations between RPE and all metabolic variables were not significant across trials and with trials combined except for ventilation. Results indicated that RPE should not be used singularly as an indicator of exercise intensity during aerobic dance exercise.     

Getting the picture: The use of imagery to clarify therapeutic impasses.

Contends that imagery can be used to disclose the nature of the client–therapist relationship and to resolve therapeutic impasses. The most common forms of impasses in the relationship are the result of therapist's misperceptions, the pacing of therapy dealing with acting-out behavior, difficulties induced by transference and countertransference, and difficulties in making alliances with severely disturbed patients. To uncover latent images in the therapist–client interaction, therapists imagine a metaphoric meeting place with a client, what they become to each other there or what other forms they take, the activity both might be engaged in, what a dance between the 2 might look like, what might be done differently, and what translations can be made from the imaginal to the actual therapeutic relationship. Case illustrations with 4 female and 2 male clients are given. It is suggested that images clarify the symbolic and affective elements of the internal world. (45 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dream interpretation and false beliefs.

Dream interpretation is a common practice in psychotherapy. In the research presented in this article, each participant saw a clinician who interpreted a recent dream report to be a sign that the participant had had a mildly traumatic experience before age 3 years, such as being lost for an extended time or feeling abandoned by his or her parents. This dream intervention caused a majority of participants to become more confident that they had had such an experience, even though they had previously denied it. These findings have implications for the use of dream material in clinical settings. In particular, the findings point to the possibility that dream interpretation may have unexpected side effects if it leads to beliefs about the past that may, in fact, be false. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Places and patterns of drug use in the Scottish dance scene

Interviews were conducted with 135 participants in the Glasgow dance (rave) scene. Drug use in this group was varied and not merely restricted to drugs associated with dance events, such as MDMA (Ecstasy). The setting in which each drug was used varied greatly. Amphetamine, nitrites and Ecstasy were the drugs most commonly used at dance events. Pharmaceuticals were least likely to be used in such settings. However, some drugs, such as Temazepam, were sometimes used prior to or after attending rave events. It is suggested that dance drug users are polydrug users who use drugs in a setting specific fashion. As such it would be wrong to classify such users solely on the grounds of their very visible behaviour in the public arena (at dance events). Other forms of substance use engaged in by this group may have a greater potential for harm than that seen at raves. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Managing social interaction in counseling: A contribution from the philosophy of science.

Proposes that ideas from phenomenological philosophy and sociology can be helpful in raising questions and devising strategies for research on counseling. A phenomenological version of the philosophy of the social sciences is drawn on to construct methods with which an observer may analyze a counselor and client's management of their social interaction in counseling. As a point of departure, stable concerted action between persons is described as a practical accomplishment, and then remarks about the intellectual tradition of phenomenology and some of its leading concepts are included as a foundation for later argument. Separate typifications of a counselor and client's subjective schemes for interpreting each other and expressing themselves in counseling are provided. These separate schemes are given definition as the working relationship, a counselor's perspective, and the helping relationship, a client's perspective. As well, a set of participant actions that are to be understood as independent of either perspective are identified and labeled as formulations or comments on the interaction itself. It can be observed that counseling participants frequently take the occasion to comment on their conversation itself, as if to attempt a remedy for the indefiniteness of what is being said. Examples of client and counselor interaction in counseling are included to illustrate how an observer may use the definitions of the working relationships to help locate the empirical components of each in an interview. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Exploring the handshake in employment interviews.

The authors examined how an applicant's handshake influences hiring recommendations formed during the employment interview. A sample of 98 undergraduate students provided personality measures and participated in mock interviews during which the students received ratings of employment suitability. Five trained raters independently evaluated the quality of the handshake for each participant. Quality of handshake was related to interviewer hiring recommendations. Path analysis supported the handshake as mediating the effect of applicant extraversion on interviewer hiring recommendations, even after controlling for differences in candidate physical appearance and dress. Although women received lower ratings for the handshake, they did not on average receive lower assessments of employment suitability. Exploratory analysis suggested that the relationship between a firm handshake and interview ratings may be stronger for women than for men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Similarity, interactive activation, and mapping.

The question of "What makes things seem similar?" is important both for the pivotal role of similarity in theories of cognition and for an intrinsic interest in how people make comparisons. Similarity frequently involves more than listing the features of the things to be compared and comparing the lists for overlap. Often, the parts of one thing must be aligned or placed in correspondence with the parts of the other. The quantitative model with the best overall fit to human data assumes an interactive activation process whereby correspondences between the parts of compared things mutually and concurrently influence each other. An essential aspect of this model is that matching and mismatching features influence similarity more if they belong to parts that are placed in correspondence. In turn, parts are placed in correspondence if they have many features in common and if they are consistent with other developing correspondences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Analysis of variance with ipsative measures.

Measures with more than 1 score per participant, when the total for each participant equals the same constant, are said to be ipsative. Ipsativity occurs when data are percentages, with each participant's total equal to 100%, or when data are ranks, with each participant's total equal to the sum of the ranks. When ipsative measures are analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), certain sums of squares equal 0, and the average intercorrelation among measures is negative. These characteristics of ipsativity may result in violations of ANOVA assumptions, producing an inflated Type I error rate and affecting power. The purpose of this Monte Carlo study was to empirically examine the extent to which ANOVA is affected by ipsative data. Findings indicated that, with few exceptions, ANOVA worked quite well with ipsative data. Not only were Type I error rates well preserved, but power was nearly equivalent to that with nonipsative data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Coherence between emotional experience and physiology: Does body awareness training have an impact?

Two fundamental issues in emotion theory and research concern: (a) the role of emotion in promoting response coherence across different emotion systems; and (b) the role of awareness of bodily sensations in the experience of emotion. The present study poses a question bridging the two domains; namely, whether training in Vipassana meditation or dance, both of which promote attention to certain kinds of bodily sensations, is associated with greater coherence between the subjective and physiological aspects of emotion. We used lag correlations to examine second-by-second coherence between subjective emotional experience and heart period within individuals across four different films. Participants were either: (a) experienced Vipassana meditators (attention to visceral sensations), (b) experienced dancers (attention to somatic sensations), and (c) controls with no meditation or dance experience. Results indicated a linear relationship in coherence, with meditators having highest levels, dancers having intermediary levels, and controls having lowest levels. We conclude that the coherence between subjective and cardiac aspects of emotion is greater in those who have specialized training that promotes greater body awareness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology and common sense.

Examines the nature of the relationship between psychology and common sense. It is postulated that common sense may be categorized in 3 ways: (a) as a set of shared fundamental assumptions, (b) as a set of maxims or shared beliefs, and (c) as a shared way of thinking. It is argued that psychology has and should have a different relationship with each area. The role that conceptual analysis and other research techniques can play in investigating commonsense cognitive schemata is discussed. It is concluded that common sense is a valuable but inherently dangerous resource available to psychologists. What makes common sense, viewed as a way of thinking, a dangerous resource for psychologists is its propensity to operate silently in the unconscious infrastructure of the mind. Accordingly, it tends to be recalcitrant to analysis while at the same time exerting a powerful hidden influence over psychologists' thinking that is often both unanalyzed and unevaluated. (62 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Of rigor and relevance.

A review of the literature on child behavior therapy reveals an inverse relationship between scientific rigor and clinical relevance. It appears that the differences in the constraints operating on the role of the clinician and the role of the scientist force a choice between rigor and relevance and create a dilemma. Occasional studies combine scientifically sound methodology with clinically meaningful conclusions, particularly where the single-S design is employed, but these inevitably suffer from a lack of generalizability. It is felt that one way of resolving the dilemma is to combine detailed studies of individual cases with sound group-comparison studies in the context of comprehensive research programs. Another is the "tracer" method in which extensive information on each participant is available so that it can be retrieved after the data from group-comparison studies have been analyzed. As a less costly alternative to this, the deviant case analysis is proposed wherein detailed case studies are conducted on only those individuals whose data ran counter to the trend displayed by the group. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Representational systems and eye movements in an interview.

Tested the assumption that the perceived relationship between counselor (interviewer) and client (participant) is enhanced using the model postulated by J. Grinder et al (1977). 72 17–27 yr olds participated in 1 of 2 interview conditions: (a) a congruent interview in which interviewers responded with "perceptual predicates" that matched Ss' representational system as indicated by eye movement and (b) an incongruent interview in which interviewers mismatched Ss' representational system. Empathy, ease, anxiety, and hostility were measured by 3 self-report instruments: Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory-Empathic Understanding Scale, Ease of Communication Inventory, and Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Seven hypotheses used to test the main effects and interactions of sex of interviewer, sex of participant, and condition revealed questionable support for the notion of increased rapport when interviewers responded congruently to representational systems indicated by Ss' eye movements. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sound localization: information theory analysis

Sound localization has been studied extensively. Curiously, although much is known about factors that affect errors, little is known about factors that influence response time. Three experiments were performed in an attempt to identify the separate influence of each of several different factors. All trials used a single broadband noise signal emanating from one of a subset of six loudspeakers equally spaced around the participant in the azimuthal plane. Both the size of the subset and the balance of relative probabilities from speaker to speaker were altered to evaluate the relationship between information content and the dependent variable, choice reaction time. Choice reaction time was found to be related to the information content of the sound stimulus in all cases. It was also found to be related to the presence of pairs of speakers that were symmetrically opposed in front of the behind the participant. Models of choice reaction time in a sound localization task have clear implications for practice. For example, they suggest that multiple auditory collision warnings may endanger drivers.     

The experiential relationship: Is it all-purpose or is it tailored to the individual client?

Examines whether the experiential relationship is all-purpose or tailored to the individual client. Experiential psychotherapy represents both extremes. The therapist relates in the same way in going through the same 4 steps in every session with every client. On the other end, crucial parts of the relationship are uniquely tailored by and for each client in each session. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Effects of Alzheimer's Disease on Item Output in Verbal Fluency Tasks.

We collected category fluency data from several moderate-to-large samples of participants at three different sites: the New York University Aging and Dementia Center, the Oregon Health Services Aging and Dementia Research Center, and the Einstein Aging Study at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. These data were analyzed by calculating the average relative frequency (e.g., typicality) of the category members generated by each participant. Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients recalled fewer atypical members of common taxonomic categories than did the elderly control group. In addition, the probability of producing an item declined at a greater rate for AD patients than for the elderly control group over the duration of the task. According to sequential sampling models, this latter result implies that the rate at which AD patients search memory must be slower than the search rate of the elderly controls. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Appearing Truthful Generalizes Across Different Deception Situations.

The authors investigated whether the ability to appear truthful is specific to deception situations. Male participants were interrogated after they took part in 2 high-stake deception situations, one involving a mock crime and another involving a false opinion. The videotaped interrogations from each situation were shown to independent groups of undergraduate observers. The proportion of observers who judged each participant as truthful in one situation correlated highly with the proportion of observers who judged the same participant as truthful in the other situation. This was not correlated with physiognomy judgments. Follow-up studies revealed that although the participants showed consistency in their facial, body, and paralinguistic behaviors across situations, observers' judgments seemed to be driven only by the consistency of the dynamic facial behaviors. These results are discussed in terms of the evolutionary importance of the face in communication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unspoken knowledge: Implicit learning of structured human dance movement.

The sequencing of dance movements may be thought of as a grammar. We investigate implicit learning of regularities that govern sequences of unfamiliar, discrete dance movements. It was hypothesized that observers without prior experience with contemporary dance would be able to learn regularities that underpin structured human movement. Thirty-one adults were assigned to either an exposure or a control group. Exposure consisted of 22 grammatical 3-, 4-, and 5-movement sequences presented twice in random order; sequence duration ranged from 9 to 19 s. In a test phase, exposure and control groups identified previously unseen sequences as grammatical or ungrammatical, and rated confidence of judgment. The exposure group selected significantly more new grammatical sequences in the test phase than the control group. In addition, for the exposure group, the zero correlation criterion, wherein no relation between confidence and accuracy indicates unconscious knowledge, was satisfied. Through exposure, novice observers can learn a grammar that governs the sequencing of dance movements. This has implications for implicit learning of long sequences, working memory, and the development of expectations through exposure to contemporary dance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Resolving splits: Use of the two chair technique.

Discusses the therapeutic use of the 2-chair operation in treating a split, which is a verbal performance pattern in which a client reports a division between 2 aspects of self. The distinctive features of 3 types of splits, conflict, subject/object, and attribution, are described to aid process diagnosis. Each split is characterized by the nature of the 2 parts, relationship between the parts, and the client's subjective experience of the split. Five principles of the Gestalt method for resolving splits—separation and contact, responsibility, attending, heightening, and expressing—are presented. The nature of the client process in each chair in the dialog is described in terms of depth of experiencing and voice quality. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Independent effects of Alzheimer's disease on neuropsychological functioning.

A new analytical procedure, single common factor analysis, was carried out on the data from a relatively large sample of normals (n?=?101) and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n?=?180) to examine the extent to which there were independent effects of disease status on different neuropsychological variables. This technique uses structural equation methods to determine what all of the variables have in common, and then controls this common factor when examining the relationship between diagnostic group and each individual test variable. To the extent that AD represents the sum of independent breakdowns of different information processing domains, then there should be sets of variables that have weak or nonexistent links to the other variables. However, the results revealed that a large proportion of the AD-related effects on test scores was shared and was not independent of the AD-related effects on other variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)