石化行业合同能源管理模式研究

调研了国际节能领域成熟的合同能源管理模式,总结了该模式在国内各行业实施的现状,并分析了国内石化行业节能的现状,总结了采用节能服务在石化行业推行困难的原因,主要是体制障碍、融资困难和技术水平低.针对这些问题,提出了一种石化EPC模式,该模式有效配置资源、资产和资本,由政府主管部门引导、大型企业集团参股、节能技术服务企业联合、民间资本和科技力量支持,实现节能服务的风险分担,收益共享.     

合同能源管理项目运作模式及纳税特点研究

本文从业务经营特点出发,在深入研究国家有关政策文件项目操作实际经验的基础上,对目前市场上合同能源管理项目常见的几种运作模式进行了分析研究,总结了各种模式对应的纳税特点,分析了各种模式的税务成本,提出了节能服务公司选择合同能源管理项目运作模式的一般思路。研究结果表明,按营业税改增值税的模式和BOT模式操作合同能源管理项目的税务成本相对较低。     

上海合同能源管理实施成效及创新发展研究

节能环保产业是国家推进的七大战略新兴产业之一,推行发展合同能源管理模式,可以有效促进节能服务产业发展。“十三五”期间,上海市多措并举推进合同能源管理模式发展,取得了显著成效。总结了上海市推进合同能源管理的多项举措,为后续发展提供参考。     

珠海市总投资3200万屋顶光伏电站开建

<正>2015年4月,采用合同能源管理模式实施的世昌金属屋顶光伏电站项目正式开工建设。该项目的建设,将成为珠海市近两年第一个正式并网发电的分布式光伏项目。建成后年均发电量269万k Wh,总投资3200万元。     

合同能源管理融资问题解析及破解初探

我国从1996年开始引进和推广合同能源管理节能模式,目前我国合同能源管理规模相对于其节能空间和节能事业来说还非常小,未来还有着很大的发展空间,将成为我国一个急需发展壮大的产业。当前融资问题是阻碍我国合同能源管理服务发展的主要障碍,文章提出了破解方法。     

节约型校园建设的研究和实践

以广东环境保护工程职业学院节约型校园建设的实践为主,介绍相关建设方案以及合同能源管理模式的实施细节,开发能源在线监管平台,为建设节约型校园提供参考和借鉴.     

长庆油田合同能源管理的探索与思考

结合长庆油田能源管理现状,通过对合同能源管理模式的研究,对长庆油田实施合同能源管理进行了可行性分析,建立了合同能源管理的实施流程和管理机制,确定实施合同能源的具体合同类型为节能效益分享型,并创新性提出了内部合同能源管理模式.     

合同能源管理虚火退潮？

与当初一窝蜂进入合同能源管理行当的热潮相比,一些冷静的公司如今已开始退出,这一在国外风行的节能模式在中国正遭遇着水土不服的窘境。     

福建省合同能源管理的现状、存在的问题和对策

介绍福建省合同能源管理的现状,分析实施过程中存在的融资、诚信及客户对合同能源管理模式的认知等问题,并按照自主发展与政府扶持相结合的基本原则,为进一步推进福建省合同能源管理提出了建议。     

电网企业内部节能业务构建及应用

为响应国家节能减排号召,电网企业积极探索以合同能源管理的模式实施公司内部节能技术改造,通过高效的内部协同、外部联合,理顺节能项目管理,规范业务实施,开拓电力节能服务市场。电网改造项目以此模式探索实施后,取得了巨大的经济环境效益,促进了节能业务健康发展。     

基于C++Builder的FLASH动画在机车制动工况监测中的应用

针对数码管或发光二极管显示机车制动系统工况具有繁琐且不直观等缺点,通过比较分析确立了基于C Builder的FLASH动画显示方式。分析了FLASH动画的基本特点、图像显示方式以及动画生成方式,探讨了机车制动工况监测系统的基本工作原理,通过将FLASH动画嵌入C Builder程序中,较好地实现了机车制动工况监测功能。     

三种水库优化调度方案实施模式的对比研究

为研究水库优化调度方案在水位、流量及出力控制模式下的实施效果,以发电量最大为目标建立优化调度模型并求解,选取发电效益、水位越限风险率及弃水量构建评价指标体系,对不同水库运行工况下的调度方案实施过程进行仿真计算,并评价其实施效果。小漩水电站的实例应用结果表明,水位控制模式对应的水位越限风险率最低,但弃水量最大导致其发电效益最差;流量控制模式与出力控制模式对应的水位越限风险率相差不大,但出力控制模式弃水量更少,发电效益更高。因此,出力控制模式可作为调度方案实施过程中的首选模式。     

The effect of equivalence ratio,temperature and pressure on the combustion characteristics of hydrogen-air pre-mixture with turbulent jet induced by pre-chamber sparkplug

The pre-chamber sparkplug mode can increase the combustion velocity because it can induce the turbulent jet into the cylinder. Higher combustion velocity can increase the brake thermal efficiency and decrease the knock tendency for hydrogen engines. To explore the effect of pre-chamber sparkplug mode on the combustion characteristics of the hydrogen-air mixture, different equivalence ratios, initial pressures and temperatures were selected to study in a constant volume combustion chamber working with pre-chamber sparkplug mode and normal sparkplug mode. The results showed that the pre-chamber sparkplug mode can accelerate the combustion velocity, increase maximum combustion pressure and decrease the combustion duration at all initial conditions. The maximum combustion pressure of pre-chamber sparkplug mode occurred at the equivalence ratio of 1.0 while it occurred at the equivalence ratio of 1.2 with normal sparkplug mode, which means pre-chamber sparkplug mode can increase the higher brake thermal efficiency and power. The combustion intensity of pre-chamber sparkplug mode was bigger than 1 and the biggest value occurred at the equivalence ratio of 0.6. Moreover, the combustion intensity of pre-chamber sparkplug mode was higher with lean equivalence ratios than that of rich equivalence ratios. Increasing the initial pressure can increase maximum combustion pressure and combustion velocity obviously for pre-chamber sparkplug mode, which was different from the normal sparkplug mode. The initial temperatures had little impact on the combustion intensity. These results showed the pre-chamber sparkplug mode was more suitable to be used in the boosting hydrogen engines to improve the performance.     

气体旋转运动对环膜液体射流不稳定性影响的研究

环膜液体射流的破碎机理研究对于GDI汽油机的雾化过程具有重要的意义。利用线性不稳定性理论研究了旋转气体运动对低阶和高阶模式黏性环膜液体射流破碎的影响。对于色散方程的数值计算结果表明,无论是对称模式还是非对称模式,低阶模式的扰动增长率通常较之高阶模式要大得多,但较之低阶模式扰动,高阶模式对气体旋转运动更为敏感。研究结果同时表明,对于非对称模式,无论是低阶模式还是高阶模式的扰动,气体旋转运动都是液体破碎的失稳因素;对于对称模式,气体旋转运动是低阶模式扰动的促稳因素,然而却是高阶模式扰动的强烈的失稳因素。     

太阳能和空气源复合热泵的最优模式切换分析

太阳能和空气源复合热泵在不同模式下具有不同性能,如何在实际应用中以最佳的工作模式运行,对提高系统综合性能至关重要,为此提出2种用于实现系统最优模式切换的判断方法：1）基于最优模式切换的太阳能辐射强度和环境温度的复合环境参数范围表;2）流经2个蒸发器（太阳能集热/蒸发器和风冷蒸发器）的制冷剂质量流量分配比。基于此,在工程方程求解器（EES）中建立太阳能/空气双源辅助热泵热水器的仿真模型。首先,基于上海松江地区的气候条件模拟比较不同模式下的系统性能,再分析和讨论将复合环境参数范围表和质量流量分配比作为系统最优模式切换的判断方法的可行性。结果表明,在相同环境温度下,随着太阳辐射强度的增加,系统最优运行模式将由太阳能-空气模式转变为太阳能模式。此外,将流经2个蒸发器的制冷剂质量流量分配比作为模式切换的准则是可行的,对于本系统其最优运行模式由太阳能-空气模式转变为太阳能模式时的质量流量分配比临界值约为2.02。     

Effect of piezoelectric fan mode shape on the heat transfer characteristics

Piezoelectric fans with their low noise and power consumption, are an effective means of enhancing heat transfer and is a viable alternative to the natural convection process. Several studies have been extensively carried out at the fundamental resonance mode. In this work, three-dimensional numerical studies on the effect of first, second and third mode shapes driven at frequency and the tip amplitude of the first mode are accomplished to investigate their effects on the heat transfer characteristics. The experimental and numerical model of the first mode shows a reasonably good agreement between them. The results showed that the increase in the mode number decreased the induced air flow velocity on the top of the heated surface, thus impeding the cooling capabilities at higher mode number. The vibrating blade of the first mode produced a pair of asymmetric vortex of opposite circulation around front and the back the piezofan tip, which disappear with the increase of mode number. It is thus established from this work that higher mode of vibrations is ineffective and therefore the fundamental resonance mode is suggested for all practical piezofan applications.     

配电网中性点经消弧线圈加并联选线电阻接地方式的运行安全可靠性探讨

分析了中性点不接地方式、中性点经消弧线圈接地方式、中性点经小电阻接地方式和中性点经消弧线圈加并联选线电阻接地方式的特点、适用范围和对配电网系统运行可靠性的影响。结果表明,中性点经消弧线圈加并联选线电阻接地方式适用范围最广,故障选线性能优越,且成本增加不多,可以进一步提高配电网运行的安全性和可靠性,具有良好的应用前景。     

Comparative study on dehydrogenation of bulky,branched and polycondensed naphthenes for hydrogen storage in microwave and thermal modes

Microwave radiation can effectively heat chemical reactors in which bulky, branched and polycondensed naphthenes convert into the appropriate aromatics at atmospheric pressure. Two types of catalysts, traditional Pt/C and bifunctional Ni–silica–alumina, were used for dehydrogenation of naphthenes under microwave radiation. From the dehydrogenation reaction in microwave mode and in conventional heating mode, it was found that the catalytic activity in microwave mode increased more greatly than that in conventional heating mode at the same reaction temperatures. Such an effect may result from the fact that the temperature of the metal particles (Pt, Ni) in microwave mode is higher than the average temperature of the catalyst bed in thermal mode.     

汽油机颗粒物数量排放及粒径的分布特性

采用 DMS500快速颗粒取样分析仪对一台气道喷射国Ⅲ汽油机进行了颗粒物粒径分布特性的试验研究.结果表明,汽油机排气中颗粒物以核态为主,仅部分工况存在积聚态.怠速时呈现包括核态和积聚态的双峰分布;低转速时表现为核态的单峰分布;中等转速时粒径分布范围扩大,既存在核态颗粒物,也存在积聚态颗粒物.相同转速下,随负荷的增加核态颗粒物数密度峰值先降低后增加;相同负荷下,随转速的升高核态颗粒物数密度峰值和峰值粒径均降低,积聚态颗粒物数密度峰值有增加的趋势.催化器对核态颗粒物的净化效果较好,对积聚态颗粒物的净化效果较差,对低转速下的粒径分布有明显影响     

An experimental study on the thermal performance of a solar chimney without and with PCM

The thermal performance of a solar chimney without and with phase change material (PCM) has been experimentally studied in this paper. For the case of solar chimney with PCM, three different modes (closed-fully charging mode, open-partly charging mode and open-fully charging mode) were developed. The closed mode was designed to maximize the use of the solar energy when the heating is not required. Whilst the open mode was designed for delivering the heated air to the living space during charging period. The results showed that the inclusion of PCM to a solar chimney would reduce the air flow during charging period but increase it during discharging period compared with the solar chimney without PCM. For the open-partly mode, the mean air flow rate during phase change period was only 0.036 kg/s, which was lower than that for closed-fully charging mode (0.041 kg/s). Regarding the open-fully charging mode, the melting time of the PCM was almost 11 h, which was 57% longer than that for closed mode. The mean air flow rate during phase change period was 0.04 kg/s, which was higher than that for open-partly mode but lower than that for closed mode.