Integrated Reservoir Management System for Adaptation to Climate Change: The Nakdong River Basin in Korea

This study begins with the premise that current reservoir management systems do not take into account the potential effects of climate change on optimal performance. This study suggests an approach in which multi-purpose reservoirs can adapt to climate change using optimal rule curves developed by an integrated water resources management system. The system has three modules: the Weather Generator model, the Hydrological Model, and the Differential Evolution Optimization Model. Two general circulation models (GCMs) are selected as examples of both dry and wet conditions to generate future climate scenarios. This study is using the Nakdong River basin in Korea as a case study, where water supply is provided from the reservoir system. Three different climate change conditions (historic, wet and dry) are investigated through the compilation of six 60 years long scenarios. The optimal rule curves for three multi-purpose reservoirs in the basin are developed for each scenario. The results indicate that although the rule curve for large-size reservoir is less sensitive to climate change, medium or small-size reservoirs are very sensitive to those changes. We further conclude that the large reservoir should be used to release more water, while small or medium-size reservoirs should store inflow to mitigate severe drought damages in the basin.     

Impact of Water Projects on River Flow Regimes and Water Quality in Huai River Basin

Research on the impact of water projects (dams or floodgates) on river hydrology and the surrounding environment is important in river basin management. However, it is a difficult scientific issue due to its complexity. Huai River Basin is a unique region in China with high densities in both population and water projects and is experiencing a serious pollution problem. Based on the extended SWAT model with consideration of dams & floodgates, this paper proposes a quantitative framework to assess the impact of dams & floodgates on the river flow regimes and water quality in the middle and upper reaches of Huai River Basin. The results show that: (1) The dams & floodgates reduced the basin’s annual average flow by 2%, in comparison with the scenario of no water projects in the whole basin during 1991–2000, because of the regulation and storage of dams & floodgates. The flow in the non-flood season reduced 5% while the change of flow in the flood season was not acute. The impact of dams & floodgates on the annual flow are different in wet and dry years. In the wet year (1991), the impact of dams & floodgates is not obvious because the gates were opened to control the floods and their main functions are to change the temporal distribution in a year. In the dry year (1999), the flow reduced remarkably in comparison with the flow without dams & floodgates in the basin because the gates were closed in order to meet the water demand. The flow in the flood season increased by 8% whiles the flow in the non-flood season reduced by 12%. (2) There was a certain impact of dams & floodgates on water quality but they were quite different in the different area. It would be changed from the positive effect to the negative effect from the upriver to downstream. The dams & floodgates in the upper reaches played a positive role to improve water quality. But the ones in the middle and lower reaches played a negative role with contribution from 0 to 0.4. However, the contribution of exceeding pollutant discharge was more than 0.6. (3) The joint operation of dams & floodgates to control water quantity and quality will improve the water environment in Huai River Basin, but the key to improve the basin’s water environment is pollution control. This research will guide the anti-pollution and the united water quantity and quality assessment of dams & floodgates in Huai River Basin. Moreover it will provide a foundation to achieve the integrated basin management and sustainability of Huai River Basin.     

气候变化对黄河水资源的影响及其适应性管理

气候变化将直接影响降水、蒸散发和径流等水文要素,并在一定程度上改变水资源量及其时空分布,进一步影响水资源利用格局及水安全形势。气候变化对水资源安全的影响是国际上普遍关心的全球性问题,也是我国可持续发展面临的重大战略问题。黄河作为中华民族的母亲河,在全球气候变化的条件下,水资源的供需矛盾日益尖锐。结合黄河的水资源特点,研究和评价了气候变化情景下黄河水资源的脆弱性,并从配置、利用、调度、管理方面系统地提出了适应性对策:探讨有序适应的黄河流域水资源优化配置方案;完善水沙调控体系,探讨高效输沙模式;合理开发非常规水资源;优化调整梯级水库运用方式;实施最严格的水资源管理制度;积极实施外流域调水。     

Streamflow Response to Climate Change in the Brahmani River Basin,India

Climate change can significantly affect the water resources availability by resulting changes in hydrological cycle. Hydrologic models are usually used to predict the impacts of landuse and climate changes and to evaluate the management strategies. In this study, impacts of climate change on streamflow of the Brahmani River basin were assessed using Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) run under the platform of Modular Modeling System (MMS). The plausible hypothetical scenarios of rainfall and temperature changes were used to assess the sensitivity of streamflow to changed climatic condition. The PRMS model was calibrated and validated for the study area. Model performance was evaluated by using joint plots of daily and monthly observed and simulated runoff hydrographs and different statistical indicators. Daily observed and simulated hydrographs showed a reasonable agreement for calibration as well as validation periods. The modeling efficiency (E) varied in the range of 0.69 to 0.93 and 0.85 to 0.95 for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Simulation studies with temperature rise of 2 and 4°C indicated 6 and 11% decrease in annual streamflow, respectively. However, there is about 62% increase in annual streamflow under the combined effect of 4°C temperature rise and 30% rainfall increase (T4P30). The results of the scenario analysis showed that the basin is more sensitive to changes in rainfall as compared to changes in temperature.     

Climate Change and Resource Management in the Columbia River Basin

Abstract

Scenarios of global climate change were examined to see what impacts they might have on transboundary water management in the Columbia River basin. Scenario changes in natural streamflow were estimated using a basin hydrology model. These scenarios tended to show earlier seasonal peaks, with possible reductions in total annual flow and lower minimum flows. Impacts and adaptation responses to the natural streamflow scenarios were determined through two exercises: (a) estimations of system reliability using a reservoir model with performance measures and (b) interviews with water managers and other stakeholders in the Canadian portion of the basin. Results from the two exercises were similar, suggesting a tendency towards reduced reliability to meet objectives for power production, fisheries, and agriculture. Reliability to meet flood control objectives would be relatively unchanged in some scenarios but reduced in others. This exercise suggests that despite the high level of development and management in the Columbia, vulnerabilities would still exist, and impacts could still occur in scenarios of natural streamflow changes caused by global climate change. Many of these would be indirect, reflecting the complex relationship between the region and its climate.     

年楚河流域径流变化及其对气候变化的响应

采用雅鲁藏布江支流年楚河流域控制站日喀则水文站1956—2012年天然径流量资料以及同期气温、降水量逐月资料,分析了年楚河流域57 a降水、气温和径流变化特征;利用月水量平衡模型对年楚河流域逐月径流变化进行模拟,验证了月水量平衡模型在研究区的适应性。结果表明:年楚河流域逐月径流量变化相对平稳,年内分配极不均匀,汛期与枯水期径流量相差较大,汛期径流量占全年径流量的67%;对月水量平衡模型参数进行分析,认为年楚河径流敏感性模型参数主要为土壤水蓄水容量和直接径流系数;气候变化对径流影响的敏感性分析显示,降水量增加对径流的影响更大,气温升高对径流减少影响较小。     

海河流域径流演变规律及其对气候变化的响应

根据海河流域长系列水文气象资料,对流域内年径流量的演变趋势、突变特征和周期性规律进行分析,同时选取降水量和气温这两项重要的气候要素,建立海河流域年径流与降水、春夏气温的统计回归模型,计算未来A1B、A2和B1三种气候条件下的径流量,从而分析径流量对气候变化的响应。     

Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in the Tarim River Basin

The plausible association between climate change and the variability of water resources in the Tarim River basin, west China is investigated in this study. The long-term trend of the hydrological time series including temperature, precipitation, and streamflow are detected by using both parametric and nonparametric techniques. The possible association between the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and these three kinds of time series are tested. This study enhances the knowledge of the climate change impact on water resources in the Tarim River basin. The conclusion obtained in this investigation shows that the temperature experienced a significant monotonic increase at the 5% level of significance during the past 50 yr, and precipitation also exhibited an upward tendency during the past several decades. A significant jump is also detected for both time series around 1986. This may be resulted from the possible impact of climate change, although the interior climate mechanism needs further investigation. Although precipitation and the streamflow from the headwater of the Tarim River exhibited significant increase, decreasing trend has been detected in the streamflow along the mainstream of the river. It implies that anthropogenic activities instead of the climate change dominated the streamflow cessation and the drying-up of the river. Results also showed that no significant association exists between the ENSO and the temperature, precipitation and streamflow in the study area. This conclusion shows that the water curtailment, river desiccation, and ecosystem deterioration in the Tarim River basin may be mainly resulted from the impact of human activities.     

高寒山区流域径流对气候变化的响应研究

为了能更好地了解和掌握高寒山区流域径流对气候变化的响应,以塔吉克斯坦国瓦赫什河流域为研究区,以含融雪结构的新安江模型为基础,建立适用于该研究流域的水文数字模型,并利用该模型结合不同的气候情景假设分析流域径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:1降水量减少20%时,平均增幅为-6.48%;降水量增加20%时,平均增幅为12.69%;2气温升高1℃时,平均增幅为9.98%;气温升高2℃时,平均增幅为16.51%;3气温的变化对该流域径流的影响较为显著,降水量的变化对流域径流的影响比较小。     

气候变化对喷赤河径流过程的影响研究

为更好地应对气候变化对塔吉克斯坦积雪冰川流域水文水资源的影响,以塔吉克斯坦的喷赤河流域为研究区,采用假设情景法设定气候变化情景,基于融雪型新安江模型对该流域1981—1990年的径流进行模拟,以期定量分析流域径流对气候变化的响应程度。结果表明:1仅气温升高时,该流域多年平均径流随之增大,且1990年增幅最大;仅降水增大或减小20%时,年径流也相应地增大或减小,且1982年的径流受降水影响最明显,1986年受影响较小。2仅气温上升时,各月月均流量相应增大,增幅最大的月份为5月,增幅最小的为1月;仅降水变化时,径流的变化与它完全呈正相关关系,3月径流变化率最大,6月和10月最小。     

三峡水库对长江中下游河流水文情势影响评估

运用Mann-Kendall法分析长江中下游河流水文变化特征,并应用生态水文指标变动范围法(RVA)综合分析了三峡水库蓄水对长江中下游河流生态水文指标改变程度及其生态效应。研究结果表明,1952年～2014年长江中下游年均流量呈现减少趋势,其中宜昌水文站减少趋势显著;长江中下游宜昌、汉口和大通水文站整体水文改变度属于中度改变,其中宜昌站和汉口站的整体水文改变度分别为61%和63%,接近于高度改变;三峡水库蓄水引起长江中下游河流水文情势发生了较大改变。     

气候变化对塔里木河流域作物需水量的影响

对塔里木河流域26个气象站1961-2005年的常规气象观测资料进行统计分析,结果表明流域内灌区平均气温近45 a来显著上升,其中2000年以后气温较45 a平均气温升高0.75℃,平均每10 a上升0.28℃,升幅达13.75％.采用FAO-布莱尼-克雷多方法,结合作物系数,计算了流域内主要作物的需水量和农田灌溉需水量,结果表明:流域灌区内现状气温上升的情景下,作物参考蒸散量增加量为24.49 mm,增加幅度为2.83％;灌区小麦、果树、棉花、瓜菜和牧草等作物需水量将分别增加3.39％(70.62 mm)、7.30％(152.35 mm)、3.66％ (76.30 mrn)、2.98％ (62.22 mm)、4.49％(93.58 mm);农田灌溉需水量共增加8.44亿m3.     

Drivers of Irrigation Water Productivity and Basin Closure Process: Analysis of the Guadalquivir River Basin (Spain)

Water Resources Management - This paper proposes a methodology for the analysis of the evolution of irrigation water productivity that enables the decomposition of its driving factors. The method...     

Water Quality in the Future Alcolea Reservoir (Odiel River,SW Spain): A Clear Example of the Inappropriate Management of Water Resources in Spain

The Odiel River is located in southwestern Spain; the greater portion of its basin is composed of materials from the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IBP), an area with numerous massive sulfide deposits that have been highly exploited since the third millennium BC. As sulfides come into contact with the atmosphere due to mining activity, oxidation occurs, generating a highly toxic acidic leachate with large concentrations of sulfates and metals, a process which is known as acid mine drainage (AMD). As a result, the Odiel River and most of its tributaries are severely contaminated. The construction of two large dams in the Odiel River basin is planned. The most advanced project is that of the Alcolea reservoir, with a storage capacity of 274 hm³, whose construction has already begun, with a total budget of around €164 million. There are reasonable doubts about the final quality of the reservoir water, as this dam will regulate a river with a mean pH close to 3.5 and large concentrations of toxic elements. This paper analyzes the data of water quality in the Alcolea reservoir. The results show that the reservoir water will be acidic and not useful at all, although more specific studies are necessary to obtain the exact estimation of its hydrochemical characteristics. It seems unwise to start building the dam, which requires a large economic investment and will have a vast environmental impact, without first conducting these studies. This proves that water management in Spain is still based on political motivation rather than on technical criteria and good management of natural and economic resources.     

海河流域农业水足迹分布及对气候变化的响应

基于CROPWAT软件核算海河流域1990—2014年冬小麦、夏玉米生产水足迹,采用偏最小二乘法拟合冬小麦、夏玉米单位面积产量,在此基础上预测2020—2050年气候变化背景下冬小麦、夏玉米生产水足迹及各气象因子对水足迹的贡献。结果表明:夏玉米单位质量蓝水足迹、绿水足迹分别占其单位质量总水足迹的36.2%、63.8%,冬小麦单位质量蓝水足迹、绿水足迹分别占其单位质量总水足迹的76.5%、23.5%。流域西部及东部地区冬小麦、夏玉米单位质量蓝水足迹、绿水足迹较大;年水足迹呈现流域四周小、中部大的特征。2020—2050年RCP4.5情景下夏玉米单位质量水足迹在2037年左右经历由大到小的突变,RCP8.5情景下表现为由小到大的突变;冬小麦单位质量水足迹RCP2.6情景下在2042年左右经历由大到小的突变,RCP4.5情景下在2036年左右经历由小到大的突变,RCP8.5情景未存在显著性突变。     

气候变化对嘉陵江流域降水变化影响分析

以长江上游支流嘉陵江为研究对象。利用嘉陵江流域的11个国家气象站1961年-2001年的实测降水数据和NCEP再分析数据,建立了嘉陵江流域降水的统计降尺度模型。在A2和B2排放情景下应用HadCM3的输出数据,预测嘉陵江流域未来三个时期（2010年-2039年、2040年-2069年、2070年-2099年）降水变化情况。分析结果表明相对于基准期的模拟降水量,在HadCM3的A2和B2排放情景下．模拟得到嘉陵江流域大部分区域的降水量有明显上升趋势。     

加强珠江水资源的流域管理

珠江水资源总量丰富，但时空分布不均，水旱灾害严重。随着经济社会的发展，水资源供需、开发利用与保护的矛盾日益突出。为适应经济社会可持续发展，必须认真贯彻实施新水法，加强珠江水资源的流域管理。     

三峡库区流域环境工程地质调查方法研究

流域环境工程地质调查是以流域为单元开展环境工程地质调查,查明流域环境工程地质条件,地质灾害发育规律、危害程度和发展趋势,划分地质灾害易发区和危险区,建立地质灾害信息系统,对典型地质灾害进行监测,为减灾防灾工作提供基础地质依据。介绍了流域环境工程地质调查技术路线、调查手段和方法,并通过三峡库区神农溪流域环境工程地质调查,进行了神农溪流域环境工程地质适宜性分区与评价。     

Identification of Streamflow Response to Climate Change and Human Activities in the Wei River Basin,China

In this study, the calibration and validation period with stable underlying surface conditions was determined by using a statistically significant change point of the annual streamflow in several catchments of the Wei River basin (WRB). The effects of climate changes and human activities on streamflow were estimated by using the sensitivity-based method and the dynamic water balance model, respectively. The contributions of climate effects and human activities effects on streamflow were also investigated. The results showed that almost all the catchments exhibited significant decreasing trend of streamflow in the early 1990s. The streamflow was more sensitive to changes in precipitation than changes in potential evapotranspiration (PET). Effects of climate due to changes in precipitation and PET are weak in Linjiacun, Weijiabao and Xianyang catchments, while it is strong in the catchments controlled by other hydrological stations, accounting for more than 40 % of streamflow reduction. Effects of human activities on streamflow in Linjiacun, Weijiabao, Xianyang and Zhangjiashan catchments accounted for more than 50 % of the streamflow reduction. The study provides scientific foundation to understand the causes of water resources scarcity and useful information for the planning and management of water resources in the ecological fragile arid area.     

江河流域规划环境影响评价指标体系的探讨

阐述了流域规划环境影响评价指标的内涵、相关的规划内容与环境主题;提出了规划环境保护目标及评价指标体系、环境影响预测评价系统、环境要素及其环评指标体系。