Behavioral modeling of the IGBT using the Hammerstein configuration

The Hammerstein model configuration, which includes a nonlinear static block followed by a linear dynamic block, is applied to model the static and dynamic characteristics of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). Using least-squares methods, the parameters in the behavioral model can be extracted from the electrical measurements of physical devices or from the circuit simulations of physics-based models. A single set of extracted parameters has been found to yield satisfactory efficiency and accuracy for the tested hard- and soft-switched converters under prescribed ranges of operating conditions     

An improved Prandtl-Ishlinskii model for compensating rate-dependent hysteresis in fast steering mirror system

To solve the rate-dependent hysteresis compensation problem in fast steering mirror (FSM) systems, an improved Prandtl-Ishlinskii (P-I) model is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is formulated by employing a linear density function into the STOP operator. By this way, the proposed model has a relatively simple mathematic format, which can be applied to compensate the rate-dependent hysteresis directly. Adaptive differential evolution algorithm is utilized to obtain the accurate parameters of the proposed model. A fast steering mirror control system is established to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the improved P-I model. Comparative experiments with different input signals are performed and analyzed, and the results show that the proposed model not only suppresses the rate-dependent hysteresis effectively, but also obtains high tracking precision.     

压电叠堆执行器迟滞非线性建模与分析

压电叠堆执行器输出位移具有迟滞非线性特性,在高精度控制和电静液作动器等应用领域,为实现进一步研究和控制,需要针对该特性进行建模。该文首先针对压电叠堆执行器的静态特性,采用改进的非对称BoucWen模型建立压电叠堆执行器的准静态模型;其次,为描述其动态位移输出特性,将执行器输出力分为线性模块和滞后模块,根据系统动力学方程建立压电叠堆执行器迟滞非线性动态模型,进行参数辨识、模型仿真与实验研究。结果表明,在400Hz频率范围内,所建立的模型能够准确描述与预测压电叠堆执行器输出位移的迟滞非线性。     

基于率相关迟滞模型的压电微动平台前馈控制

为了降低压电微动平台的动态迟滞误差对平台定位精度的影响,该文设计了基于率相关迟滞逆模型的前馈控制器对其进行迟滞补偿。首先,在对平台受力分析和运动分析的基础上建立平台的动力学模型;其次,在经典Prandtl-Ishilinskii(PI)模型的基础上加以改造,得到Modified Prandtl-Ishilinskii(MPI)模型,并将MPI模型与平台的线性动力学模型串联,得到分离式率相关MPI模型,进而基于率相关MPI逆模型建立平台的前馈控制器;最后,对所设计的控制器进行阶跃响应和正弦轨迹跟踪实验。实验结果表明,所设计的控制器具有较好的定位精度与跟踪性能,可以有效地补偿压电微动平台的动态迟滞误差。     

压电叠堆作动器率相关迟滞非线性建模研究

针对压电叠堆作动器的率相关迟滞非线性特性,该文提出了一种基于asymmetric unilateral backlash(aubacklash)算子的BP神经网络率相关迟滞建模方法。首先提出了改进的aubacklash算子,改善了Prandtl-Ishlinskii(PI)模型backlash算子在原点处残余位移及严格中心对称的问题;其次分析了压电叠堆作动器迟滞的率相关记忆特性,提出了率相关BP神经网络迟滞模型;最后搭建了迟滞建模精度评估系统,采用Levenberg-Marquardt(L-M)算法辨识aubacklash算子模型参数,确定了BP神经网络模型最优结构参数。实验结果表明,在高、低单一频率及混合频率下,BP神经网络模型较PI模型均方误差降低了70.90%～89.98%,相对误差降低了70.69%～89.84%,验证了该模型的精度与频率适应性。     

压电驱动器迟滞特性的类Hammerstein模型

压电驱动器中迟滞特性会影响微操作系统的定位精度。为了消除迟滞对系统的不良影响,该文提出了类Hammerstein模型来描述压电驱动器的迟滞特性。首先,提出了改进迟滞算子（MDHO）,在算子中增加偏置、死区宽度、斜率调整滞环的高度和宽度,体现迟滞的非对称性和速率相关性;然后,利用改进迟滞算子加权叠加表示静态非线性部分,迟滞算子的参数和权重可以在线调整来适应外界条件的变化,利用输入自回归模型表示动态线性部分,建立了可以描述压电驱动器速率相关迟滞特性的类Hammerstein模型;最后,依次通过最小二乘法、矩阵扩围、矩阵奇异值分解对模型中的参数进行辨识,并证明了所辨识的参数是无偏估计。研究结果表明所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

压电陶瓷作动器的率相关迟滞建模与内模控制

针对压电陶瓷作动器的率相关迟滞特性,建立了基于广义Bouc-Wen模型的Hammerstein率相关迟滞非线性模型,分别以广义Bouc-Wen模型和自回归历遍模型来代表Hammerstein模型中的静态非线性部分和线性动态部分,并辨识模型参数。在此基础上,得到Hammerstein模型的逆模型,通过构造其正、逆模型设计了内模控制方案,最后在试验平台上对控制方案进行了验证。实验结果表明,对100Hz以内期望信号的跟踪控制相对误差均小于9%,证明了所提出的模型和内模控制策略的有效性。     

Fuzzy sliding mode control for a class of piezoelectric system with a sliding mode state estimator

A new fuzzy sliding mode hysteresis compensating control strategy for a kind of typical piezoelectric system (PES) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a typical nonlinear dynamic model of the PES is introduced. In order to compensate the hysteresis of the PES, an ideal linear hysteretic model is introduced by analyzing the characteristic of dynamic hysteretic model. Then, the ideal hysteretic model is transformed into an expected linear model by multiplying a slope conversion factor which can be obtained by experiment. Further, the sliding mode control principle is constructed to calculate the hysteretic compensating control law, which can guarantee the practical hysteretic characteristic to reach the expected linear output feature. Consider the unmeasured hysteresis output of the PES, we further design a sliding mode estimator to estimate the hysteretic part’s output. Finally, we derive the adaptive law of the fuzzy sliding mode controller, and demonstrate its stability through Lyapunov stability theory. The simulation results show the validity of the sliding mode compensator for this kind of nonlinear dynamic model of PES.     

具有Hammerstein模型特征的非线性远程预报辨识

为提高内河船舶远程通信预警功能的精度和可靠性,提出了具有非线性预测控制模型特征的远程复杂目标预报辨识算法。通过将远程复杂目标的辨识分解为一个静态非线性环节和动态线性环节的串联,利用稳态信息获取稳态模型的一致性估计,并通过动态模型获得非线性静态环节的增益,再利用奇异值分解法和动态信息辨识获取非线性系统未知参数的估计。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Simulation of magnetic component models in electric circuitsincluding dynamic thermal effects

It is essential in the simulation of power electronics applications to model magnetic components accurately. In addition to modeling the nonlinear hysteresis behavior, eddy currents and winding losses must be included to provide a realistic model. In practice the losses in magnetic components give rise to significant temperature increases which can lead to major changes in the component behavior. In this paper a model of magnetic components is presented which integrates a nonlinear model of hysteresis, electro-magnetic windings and thermal behavior in a single model for use in circuit simulation of power electronics systems. Measurements and simulations are presented which demonstrate the accuracy of the approach for the electrical, magnetic and thermal domains across a variety of operating conditions, including static thermal conditions and dynamic self heating     

Identification of Hammerstein systems with time-varying piecewise-linear characteristics

This brief deals with the recursive parameter identification of Hammerstein type nonlinear dynamic systems with time-varying piecewise-linear characteristics. A special form of the Hammerstein model, which is linear in parameters, is incorporated into the recursive least squares identification scheme supplemented with the estimation of model internal variables. This enables online estimation of the linear block parameters, the coefficients determining the partition of nonlinearity subdomains and the corresponding linear segment slopes. An illustrative example is included.     

A new dynamic model of hysteresis in harmonic drives

In this paper, we propose a new dynamic model to describe the hysteresis phenomenon in harmonic drives. The experimental observation of the dynamic torque-displacement relationship for a harmonic drive shows a hysteresis characteristic indicating the simultaneous presence of energy storage and energy dissipation mechanisms. To completely characterize these mechanisms and yet have a simple representation for control, we develop a new hysteresis model using the heredity concept of dynamic systems. This model represents the hysteresis phenomenon by a combination of a nonlinear stiffness component and a nonlinear damping component leading to a mathematically well-posed nonlinear differential equation. The parameters of the model are identified using optimization techniques. We present some important mathematical properties of the model that give insight into model behavior and thus establish a mathematical basis for control. Numerical simulations in comparison with experimental data using our Harmonic Drive Test Apparatus verify the accuracy of the proposed model to represent the complex hysteresis dynamics of harmonic drives.     

基于GRU神经网络的晶圆测试工艺控制方法

压电驱动器位移输出的非线性特性,如迟滞的记忆特性及速率相关性,使压电驱动器的建模与控制较难。该文提出了一种基于门控循环单元(GRU)的新型位移输出控制方法。建立相应的位移输出实验平台来验证和分析压电驱动器的滞后现象。使用GRU模拟滞后的内存特性及采用两个全连接层来模拟速率依赖性。该模型是一个端到端系统,其中压电陶瓷和位移放大机构被视为一个整体。针对不同电压输入预测的输出位移量表明,该模型对速率相关的滞后具有很强的泛化能力。使用相同的循环神经网络结构构建逆模型,并进行实验测试。实验结果表明,所提出的位移输出控制法有效地削弱了压电驱动器的非线性特性,有利于将线性系统控制法与前馈补偿法相结合。     

Application of field-based circuits to the modeling of magneticcomponents with hysteresis

A magnetic component with hysteresis is modeled as a network of field-based elemental subcircuits, whose currents and voltages are related to the dynamic electromagnetic fields in the component and an interface network, which couples the terminal voltages and currents to the field-based network. Such a model captures rate-dependent hysteresis, geometry, frequency and waveshape effects. Coupled transient simulation of the electromagnetic fields inside the core and circuit phenomena has been demonstrated using the Saber circuit simulator. The low-frequency inductances and hysteresis-related waveforms predicted by the model have been verified experimentally     

Mildly Nonquasi-Static Two-Port Device Model Extraction by Integrating Linearized Large-Signal Vector Measurements

This paper introduces a new procedure, based on linearized large-signal vector measurements, for extracting a nonlinear behavioral model for two-port active microwave devices. The technique is applied to a model structure that assumes a short-term memory condition and is formulated as a parallel connection of a limited number of frequency-weighted static nonlinearities. The proposed method consists of integrating the time-varying linear characterization of the device driven into a nonlinear state by a large signal. The experiment design and measurement setup are based on a large-signal network analyzer and are discussed in detail. In the second portion of this paper, insight is provided on the most meaningful model parameters, along with an extensive independent experimental validation, which considers a GaAs pHEMT as a case study and includes two-tone large-signal data, a wideband code division multiple access signal, bias-dependent -parameters, and dc data.     

Modeling,observation, and control of hysteresis torsion in elastic robot joints

Hysteresis torsion in elastic robot joints occurs as a coupled nonlinearity due to internal friction, backlash, and nonlinear stiffness, which are coactive inside of mechanical transmission assemblies. The nonlinear joint torsion leads to hysteresis lost motion and can provoke control errors in relation to the joint output at both trajectories tracking and positioning. In this paper, a novel modeling approach for describing the nonlinear input–output behavior of elastic robot joints is proposed together with the observation and control method, which aim to compensate for the relative joint torsion without load sensing. The proposed modeling approach includes the recently developed 2SEP dynamic friction model and Bouc–Wen-like hysteresis model, which is originated from structural mechanics, both arranged according to the assumed torque transmitting structure. The proposed method is evaluated with experiments using the laboratory setup which emulates a single rotary joint under impact of nonlinear elasticities, friction, and gravity.     

An advanced PWM-switch model including semiconductor device nonlinearities

Contrary to the classical ideal averaged models, the introduced averaged model includes the nonlinear effects of the power semiconductor devices. The proposed nonideal pulse width modulated (PWM)-switch model is a useful method for modeling pulse width modulated converters operating in the continuous conduction mode. The main advantages of the proposed averaged model are that it takes into account the nonlinear effects of power devices and make it possible to estimate the dissipated power in the different circuit devices. The proposed model can be applied to bi-directional converters and allows the electrothermal simulations of the power electronic system. A simple technique to evaluate the different static and dynamic parameters of the devices, from manufacturers data sheets or experimentally, is presented.     

Novel models for one-sided hysteresis of piezoelectric actuators

The hysteretic behavior of a plant with a non-negative input, referred to as one-sided hysteresis, is characterized by an initial ascending curve and hysteresis loops. It is observed that the widely-used classical Preisach hysteresis model and its modifications cannot represent such one-sided hysteresis due to the limitation of the Preisach hysteresis operator. To address this issue, a novel hysteresis operator modified from the Preisach hysteresis operator is proposed in this study and on this basis, a rate-independent hysteresis model and a rate-dependent hysteresis model are developed with methods to estimate their parameters. An algorithm to invert the rate-independent hysteresis model and its application to tracking control are also presented. The models and control schemes developed were verified experimentally on a commercially-available piezoelectric actuator. The results obtained show that the models developed are promising to represent the one-sided hysteresis of the piezoelectric actuator and that the inverting algorithm of the rate-independent hysteresis model is effective as applied to the tracking control of piezoelectric actuators.     

Experimental characterization and modeling of rate-dependent hysteresis of a piezoceramic actuator

Laboratory experiments were performed to characterize the rate-dependent hysteresis properties of a piezoceramic actuator under harmonic, complex harmonic and triangular excitations in the 0.1–500 Hz frequency range. The measured data were analyzed to describe the major and minor hysteresis loops as functions of frequency, magnitude and bias of the input voltage. The results revealed considerably larger hysteresis loop width and lower displacement response amplitude under frequencies above 10 Hz. A rate-dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii model is developed for describing the rate-dependent hysteresis behaviour of the actuator. This model integrates rate-dependent play operator and density functions formulated on the basis of the rate of change of input and experimentally observed behaviors. The fundamental properties of the proposed rate-dependent play and stop hysteresis operators are also investigated. The model results attained under harmonic, complex harmonic and triangular inputs at different frequencies in the 0.1–500 Hz were compared with the corresponding experimental data to demonstrate model validity over the wide range of inputs. Very good agreements were observed between the model results and the measured data, irrespective of the type and frequency of excitation.