Uniform approximation of time‐invariant non‐linear systems

An Erratum has been published for this article in International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 2004; 32(6):633. It is shown that the elements of a large class of time‐invariant non‐linear input–output maps can be uniformly approximated arbitrarily well, over infinite time intervals, using a certain structure that can be implemented in many ways using, for example, radial basis functions, polynomial functions, piecewise linear functions, sigmoids, or combinations of these functions. For the special case in which these functions are taken to be certain polynomial functions, the input–output map of our structure is a generalized finite Volterra series. Results are given for the case in which inputs and outputs are defined on ?. The case in which inputs and outputs are defined on the half‐line ?₊ is also addressed, and in both cases inputs need not be functions that are continuous. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Model dependency of multivariate autoregressive spectral analysis

A combination of simulations and experimental data analysis has been used to demonstrate that, because cardiovascular control represents a complex linking of input and output parameters, interpreting the variability of individual parameters such as heart rate and arterial pressure virtually requires the use of techniques that quantify control by relating these inputs and outputs. Transfer functions represent appropriate techniques for this purpose. Further, despite the complexities of in vivo physiological control, many of the control elements can be well characterized by only taking into account single inputs and outputs and using a bivariate AR model. However, occasionally when two control systems have a strong and simultaneous influence on a single output parameter, such as arterial pressure and respiratory activity on RR interval, an expansion of the model to the general multivariate case may be required for a complete interpretation. Finally, although not fully demonstrated here, because of the closed-loop nature of cardiovascular control it is likely that algorithms that include causality to account for this characteristic, such as the AR formulation, will most accurately identify the transfer relations     

A model reference tracking based on an active fault tolerant control for LPV systems

This work deals with the problem of a model reference tracking based on the design of an active fault tolerant control for linear parameter‐varying systems affected by actuator faults and unknown inputs. Linear parameter‐varying systems are described by a polytopic representation with measurable gain scheduling functions. The main contribution is to design an active fault tolerant controller whose control law is described by an adaptive proportional integral structure. This one requires 3 types of online information, which are reference outputs, measured real outputs, and the fault estimation provided by a model reference, sensors, and an adaptive polytopic observer, respectively. These types of information are used to reconfigure the designed controller, which is able to compensate the fault effects and to make the closed‐loop system able to track reference outputs in spite of the presence of actuator faults and disturbances. The controller and the observer gains are obtained by solving a set of linear matrices inequalities. Performances of the proposed method are compared to another previous method to underline the relevant results.     

微机保护开入量回路的有关问题分析

通过对开入量回路构成的各个环节以及多起典型保护误动事例进行分析,表明微机保护开入量回路设计中大量使用的光耦方案,存在动作电压偏低、动作功率偏小等问题,从光耦器件的选择、光耦回路的设计、外部接点的引入到光耦电源的使用等各环节,均应采取一定的安全可靠措施。装置内部元器件及读取回路的设计上,需要特别注意动作电压、动作电流、电平配合等问题;应该采用中间继电器对现有的重要开入量进行重动;光耦开入电源与变电站直流系统应进行有效的隔离;尽量少采用长电缆直接跳闸方式;尽量减少微机保护的开入量;优化保护内部逻辑,提高开入量容错能力;要提高保护装置对开入量的监视与报警能力。     

高压直流输电系统主回路参数计算平台的研发

主回路稳态参数计算是直流输电工程设计的重要组成部分,对直流输电工程的进一步发展具有重要的实际意义。阐述主回路参数计算的目的,并根据直流输电的基本理论结合高压直流系统的特点,明确了进行高压直流输电系统主回路参数研究和设计时所必需的系统基本状况和系统数据。具体描述了在考虑这些因素和提供的原始数据下,利用直流输电的基本原理,对换流变压器、换流阀等一次设备的基本参数及运行特性进行计算。最后以实际的高压直流输电工程为例,进行了该计算平台功能正确性的测试。     

Reversible logic

This work presents the logical reversibility. The inputs and outputs of reversible logic gates can be uniquely retrievable from each other. The reversible logic operations can't erase information and dissipate zero heat. The circuit actually operates in a backward operation, allows reproducing the inputs from the outputs and consumes zero power. As the basic elements of any logic circuit, logic gates are used to realize Boolean functions. By combining reversible logic gates, reversible circuits can perform complex logical and arithmetic operations. A one-to-one mapping between inputs and outputs is realized. The logical operations run backwards by cascading a reversible logic gate with its dual (inverse). Reversible circuits are also called lossless circuits, as there is neither energy loss nor information loss. These circuits are very attractive for applications where extremely low power consumption, or heat dissipation, is desirable in areas ranging from communications, low power VLSI (very large-scale integration) technology, optical computing to nanotechnology. Reversible logic found to be very useful in quantum computing where the quantum evolution is inherently reversible.     

Robust stabilization of a magnetic suspension system using H∞ Control Theory

This paper presents the robust control design of a magnetic suspension system for a flexible beam which is a simplified model of an elastic rotor in a magnetic bearing system. To stabilize this magnetic suspension system which is unstable in nature, the H^infin; control theory is applied for a design of the control system. To apply the H^infin; control theory, a statespace model of an augmented plant with frequency-weighting functions is constructed. This augmented plant has two inputs which are the exogenous inputs and the control inputs, and two outputs which are the sensor outputs and the regulated outputs. Here we consider the mixed sensitivity problem. The H^infin; controller is implemented by a digital controller which is able to execute the computations very quickly. For the evaluation of the control performance, several experiments are made. The robustness of the closed-loop system is confirmed by the experimental results. The result of this study is useful for the control design of a magnetic bearing system.     

Decentralized adaptive control of nonlinear large‐scale pure‐feedback interconnected systems with time‐varying delays

In this paper, an adaptive decentralized neural control problem is addressed for a class of pure‐feedback interconnected system with unknown time‐varying delays in outputs interconnections. By taking advantage of implicit function theorem and the mean‐value theorem, the difficulty from the pure‐feedback form is overcome. Under a wild assumption that the nonlinear interconnections are assumed to be bounded by unknown nonlinear functions with outputs, the difficulties from unknown interconnections are dealt with, by introducing continuous packaged functions and hyperbolic tangent functions, and the time‐varying delays in interconnections are compensated by Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. Radial basis function neural network is used to approximate the unknown nonlinearities. Dynamic surface control is successfully extended to eliminate ‘the explosion of complexity’ problem in backstepping procedure. To reduce the computational burden, minimal learning parameters technique is successfully incorporated into this novel control design. A delay‐independent decentralized control scheme is proposed. With the adaptive neural decentralized control, only one estimated parameter need to be updated online for each subsystem. Therefore, the controller is more simplified than the existing results. Also, semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness of all of the signals in the closed‐loop system is guaranteed. Finally, simulation studies are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

位流运算研究及应用

提出了运用数字电路技术直接处理一位S-D编码位流信号的新方法。首先，提出了处理位流编码的2个基本模块：位流加法器和乘法器；然后，利用基本模块可以方便组成积分器、滤波器等电路。研究了位流加法器和乘法器的基本原理，提出了可实现电路。采用位流信号直接处理器，可以避免在位流信号和多位信号之间的转换；其次，可以有效地节约信号的物理布线；最后，位流处理器具有比Nyquist采样率处理器更少的硬件电路资源。直流电机PI控制仿真实验表明：该电路可行、具有很高的效率。     

A combined approach for the identification of continuous non‐linear systems

The identification of a non‐linear continuous output‐only system from a time series is considered for the case that the functional form of the model is not known beforehand. To estimate both functions and parameters, a combination of non‐parametric modelling based on non‐linear regression and parametric modelling based on a multiple shooting algorithm is proposed. This strategy to determine non‐linear differential equations is exemplified on experimental data from a chaotic circuit where an accurate reconstruction of the observed attractor is obtained. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Artificial Neural Network for monitoring the asymmetric half bridge DC–DC converter

This paper investigates the effectiveness of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) while training as an asymmetric half bridge DC–DC converter circuit used in sensitive applications. The ANN is trained to form a mapping between the inputs and outputs of converter circuit using back propagation algorithm. After training the Artificial Neural Network monitor the asymmetric half bridge converter in order to detect the performance deviations. The ultimate objective of the designed Neural network is to perform like the trained converter circuit when the circuit is changed from its original conditions. Such information can be valuable for many sensitive power electronic applications. Typical simulation results are provided that indicates the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Global adaptive output feedback controllers with application to non‐linear friction compensation

In this paper, we consider a class of non‐linear systems in which a set of constant parameters is unknown and some state variables are not available for measurement. For such systems we provide a constructive procedure for the solution of the global adaptive tracking problem with dynamic partial state feedback. We illustrate an application of the control strategy to the adaptive non‐linear friction compensation of a DC motor servomechanism. We improve previous results in tow directions: we allow for a subset of the unmeasurable states to enter in a system non‐linearly; we consider systems which are linearly parametrized with respect to a set of unknown constant parameters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于散射参数的电压互感器二端口高频电路模型

为了计算气体绝缘变电站(GIS)内由特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)对二次设备产生的传导干扰,必须建立电压互感器和电流互感器(PT/CT)的高频模型。为此,该文提出了基于散射参数的互感器二端口高频电路模型建立的新方法。该方法首先将测量得到的互感器的散射参数转化为导纳参数并构建互感器的p形等值电路;然后,应用矢量匹配法对p形等值电路的导纳参数进行有理函数逼近获得它们部分分式和形式的频域表达式;最后采用电路综合方法构建出导纳元件的等值电路。时域仿真和实测结果的比较验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。该方法具有简单、有效和通用的特点,克服了以前建模方法的不足,所建立的模型可以使GIS内的传导干扰计算更为准确。     

基于PMU数据和时间序列模型的发电机参数识别

电力系统动态仿真的精度往往由同步发电机等元件模型及参数的精度所决定。在对同步发电机模型进行时间序列分析的基础上,提出了一套依靠同步相量测量单元对惯性时间常数、发电机转速调节常数以及涡轮调速器的时间常数等发电机动态参数进行识别的方法。该方法首先将发电机的经典模型和摇摆方程统一转换为一个时间序列模型,并利用线形参数辨识方法对此时间序列模型的参数予以辨识;最后通过求解发电机模型参数与时间序列模型参数的等式关系得到发电机的模型参数。对不同功率变化波形进行了仿真试验,按照本文方法计算得出的发电机参数与实际参数一致,验证了本文提出方法的有效性。     

新型直流侧串联型有源电力滤波器

通过对电压型谐波源补偿特性的分析,说明了传统并联型有源电力滤波器(active power filter,APF)补偿该类谐波源的不足,设计了一种新型的直流侧串联型APF。与传统的交流侧串联型APF相比,该APF串联在整流桥的直流侧,简化了电路结构,减少了有源开关的数量,用于对电压型谐波源的谐波治理有很大的技术优势。文中对直流侧串联型APF的电路拓扑和基本原理进行了分析,推导了相应的控制实现方程,给出了主电路主要参数(滤波电感和储能电容)的设计和选取标准,为系统的合理设计提供了理论依据。仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性与可靠性。     

Poles–zeros analysis and broadband equivalent circuit for on‐chip spiral inductors

Poles and zeros of the transfer function determine the performance and the key features of the circuit network, such as phase, gain, and bandwidth. In this paper, the contribution of the poles and zeros to the transfer function has been shown. The factors η_p and η_z are proposed to account for the poles contribution to the peak and the zeros contribution to the valley of transfer function, respectively. A novel broadband equivalent circuit combining the physics‐based circuit model and behavioral macro‐model (black‐box) network is proposed for accurately characterizing on‐chip spiral inductors. The physics‐based elements are extracted using the linear dependence of a set of characteristic functions on variables (such as ω²) or other functions in a certain frequency range. The macro‐model network described by rational functions is determined using vector fitting approaches. The proposed modeling method is validated by the on‐chip spiral inductor fabricated with 0.13‐µm SiGe BiCMOS aluminum process. Excellent agreements are obtained between the measured data and calculation for the proposed model up to 40 GHz. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

State estimation and simultaneous unknown input and measurement noise reconstruction based on associated observers

This paper considers the problems of the state estimation and the simultaneous unknown input and measurement noise reconstruction when the observer matching condition is not satisfied. A new augmented system is constructed by introducing a new augmented state vector. An auxiliary output vector is proposed to deal with the observer matching condition issues, and a high‐order sliding mode observer is considered to get the exact estimates of both the auxiliary outputs and their derivatives in a finite time. A reduced‐order observer is developed to asymptotically estimate the system states, and a kind of reconstruction method of the new system's unknown inputs is proposed to reach the goal of reconstructing the original system's unknown input and measurement noise. Finally, a numerical simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method for fault diagnosis in linear electronic circuits

A method for fault location and parameter identification in linear AC and DC circuits with limited accessible terminals for excitation and measurement is developed in this paper. Fault location is based on a derived relationship having a general meaning. It requires analyses of the circuit with nominal parameters and distinct excitations as well as measurements of some node voltages in the circuit with perturbed parameters. The fault parameter is identified using a formula obtained on the basis of the Woodbury expression. A decomposition technique is suggested enabling us to apply the method for multiple fault diagnosis. Several numerical examples illustrate the proposed approach and show its effectiveness. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new adaptive multi‐bias S‐parameter measurement algorithm for transistor characterization

A new adaptive measurement algorithm is described for the control of an automated S‐parameter measurement set‐up used to characterize transistors for non‐linear modelling. The procedure differs from previous algorithms in that is uses both the device DC‐ and S‐parameter data to identify DC bias regions where the device characteristics are changing rapidly. By placing more bias points in these areas and less data points in regions where the device response stays constant, the non‐linear behaviour of the device can be characterized more accurately while keeping the total volume of the experimental data and hence the measurement time to an acceptable level. Experimental results are presented that illustrates the operation of the adaptive algorithm as well as the influence that the selection procedure has on non‐linear modelling results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interval observers for linear functions of state vectors of linear fractional‐order systems with delayed input and delayed output

This paper addresses the problem of interval observer design for linear functions of state vectors of linear fractional‐order systems, which are subjected to time delays in the measured output as well as the control input. By using the information of both the delayed output and input, we design two linear functional state observers to compute two estimates, an upper one and a lower one, which bound the unmeasured linear functions of state vectors. As a particular case with output delay only, we design a linear functional state observer to estimate (asymptotically) the unmeasured linear functions of state vectors. Existence conditions of such observers are provided, and some of them are translated into a linear programming problem, in which the observers' matrices can be effectively computed. Constructive design algorithms are introduced. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the design procedure, practicality, and effectiveness of the proposed design method.