直流供电交错并联双向DC/DC变换器切换控制策略

分布式可再生能源的推广应用、节能减排的需求以及用户终端负荷特性的变化,给传统交流供电带来了巨大挑战,直流供电因其强大的节能优势受到广泛关注。作为直流供电系统的关键组成部分,DC/DC变换器对稳定性有较高的要求。目前变换器普遍采用小信号建模,建模精度不高,在面临大的扰动时系统可能变得不稳定。文中基于切换系统理论,提出一种储能交错并联双向DC/DC变换器的切换控制方法,直接对系统进行大信号建模,建模精度高。首先选取系统储能函数作为共同的Lyapunov函数并设计最优切换率,然后分析了该切换率条件下系统在切换平衡点处的稳定性,最后在Matlab中进行了仿真,搭建了基于SiC MOSFET的双向DC/DC变换器样机进行验证。实验验证了该切换控制策略的有效性。     

A bidirectional isolated DC/DC converter as a core circuit for 3.3‐kV/6.6‐kV power conversion systems in the next generation

This paper describes a bidirectional isolated DC/DC converter considered as a core circuit for next‐generation 3.3‐kV/6.6‐kV high‐power‐density power conversion systems. The DC/DC converter is intended to use power switching devices based on SiC and/or GaN, which will be available on the market in the near future. A 350‐V, 10‐kW, and 20‐kHz DC/DC converter is designed, constructed, and tested in this paper. It consists of two single‐phase full‐bridge converters with the latest trench‐gate Si‐IGBTs and a 20‐kHz transformer with a nano‐crystalline soft‐magnetic material core and litz wires. The transformer plays an essential role in achieving galvanic isolation between the two full‐bridge converters. The overall efficiency from the DC‐input to DC‐output terminals is accurately measured to be as high as 97%, excluding gate drive circuit and control circuit losses from the whole loss. Moreover, loss analysis is carried out to estimate effectiveness in using SiC‐based power switching devices. The loss analysis clarifies that the use of SiC‐based power devices may bring a significant reduction in conducting and switching losses to the DC/DC converter. As a result, the overall efficiency may reach 99% or higher. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(2): 75–83, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20505     

计及直流电网线路损耗的直流潮流控制器安装位置选择

多端柔性直流电网内部潮流的分布控制遵循N-1准则,即换流站可独立控制的支路数为换流站个数减去一。当直流电网支路数远多于N-1时会有多条支路不可控,而且换流站功率变化时也会影响到直流电网内部的潮流分布,这时可通过直流潮流控制器增加潮流控制自由度与换流站协调配合,保证支路潮流完全可控。验证了直流潮流控制器及换流站功率改变对电网内部潮流分布的影响,并验证了潮流控制器可以扩大直流系统换流站功率运行区间的作用。最后以四端五节点的直流电网为例,综合考虑各支路的安全裕度和直流系统的线路损耗,对比分析得出直流潮流控制器最优安装位置。     

基于GaN器件大功率双向DC/DC变换器的设计与仿真

介绍了一种新的高功率双向隔离式DC/DC变换器作为高功率转换系统的主要电路.DC/DC变换器使用基于氮化镓(GaN)的功率开关器件.对10 kW GaN大功率DC/DC变换器的拓扑结构进行了优化、参数化和分析,并通过仿真和实验验证了其有效性.它由使用新型的GaN晶体管组成的两个单相全桥电路、两个输入/输出电感和一个高频...     

基于电力电子变压器的交直流混合微电网运行模式自适应切换策略

针对交直流混合微电网发生故障时运行模式切换不及时的实际问题,提出了一种基于电力电子变压器的交直流混合微电网运行模式自适应切换策略。以北京崇礼低碳冬奥智能电网综合示范工程为背景,详细介绍了双端供电的交直流混合微电网系统设计方案和各类变流器的控制方法,在此基础上重点设计了6种典型运行模式,利用三元式阐述了各运行模式的稳态判据,并提出了一种基于弱通信的运行模式自适应切换策略。仿真结果表明,所提运行模式自适应切换策略可自行按照预设的切换逻辑在故障条件下及时切换到合适的运行模式,保证了微电网的供电可靠性。     

软开关技术及应用实例(续2)

本文侧重对零电流开关(ZCS)脉冲调宽变换器、零电压开关(ZVS)脉冲调宽变换器、移相控制零电流转换全桥式DC/DC变换器和移相控制零电压转换全桥式DC/DC变换器的工作原理及设计方法作以简单介绍,还列举了几个实用的软开关电源电路。     

软开关技术及应用实例（续3）

本文侧重对零电流开关（ZCS）脉冲调宽变换器、零电压开关（ZVS）脉冲调宽变换器、移相控制零电流转换全桥式DC／DC变换器和移相控制零电压转换全桥式DC／DC变换器的工作原理及设计方法作以简单介绍,还列举了几个实用的软开关电源电路。     

软开关技术及应用实例

本文侧重对零电流开关(ZCS)脉冲调宽变换器、零电压开关(ZVS)脉冲调宽变换器、移相控制零电流转换全桥式DC/DC变换器和移相控制零电压转换全桥式DC/DC变换器的工作原理及设计方法作以简单介绍,还列举了几个实用的软开关电源电路。     

软开关技术及应用实例

本文侧重对零电流开关（zcs）脉冲调宽变换器、零电压开关（ZVS）脉冲调宽变换器、移相控制零电流转换全桥式DC／DC变换器和移相控制零电压转换全桥式DC／DC变换器的工作原理及设计方法作以简单介绍,还列举了几个实用的软开关电源电路。     

A generalized geometrical piecewise‐affine model of DC‐DC power electronic converters

A generalized model of the dynamics (GMD) of DC‐DC power electronic converters (PECs) is discussed in this paper. It is a geometrical piecewise‐affine continuous‐time model. The general idea of the GMD is to determine the local dynamic behavior of trajectories on the faces of the PEC commutation structure, which is a geometrical model of its commutation. This allows us to establish the direction of PEC dynamics on these faces. It can be either ‘entering’ into specific regions in state space or ‘exiting’ from them. Therefore, the local PEC dynamics can be treated as logical (two‐state). In practice, the GMD can be used for the analysis of PEC practical stability, which is a completely different concept from the concept of PEC stability in the classical Lyapunov sense. An outline of the design‐oriented approach to PEC practical stability analysis, which is based on the GMD, has also been presented. As illustrative examples, the GMD of a boost converter under peak current‐mode control and its application are presented. These examples show that the Lyapunov stability of a given PEC does not imply its practical stability, and that the results of PEC Lyapunov stability analysis and practical stability analysis are complementary to each other. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DC/DC变换器的切换仿射线性系统模型及控制

DC/DC变换器控制的主要难点之一在于它所特有的混杂特性。从切换线性系统理论及无源系统理论角度提出了DC/DC变换器建模和调节问题的新方法。首先建立基本DC/DC变换器Buck、Boost和Buck-Boost的切换仿射线性系统模型,然后根据凸组合稳定条件及无源性理论,选取电感和电容的储能函数为各切换子系统的共同Lyapunov函数,据此划分各子系统的运行区域,构造切换律保证系统在任意切换下的二次稳定,最后进行了仿真分析和验证。所提出方法不仅适用于开关变换电路的控制,亦适用于其他具有端口受控哈密顿结构的切换系统的控制。     

Bifurcations in current-programmed DC/DC buck switching regulators—conjecturing a universal bifurcation path

This paper studies the bifurcation paths exhibited by a DC/DC buck switching regulator under current-programmed control. Previous studies with the boost converter and the Ćuk converter have shown that two distinct types of bifurcation paths, namely one that goes through a region of quasi-periodic orbits and via period-doubling, are possible. We conjecture that these two different types of bifurcation paths are part of another bifurcation in which the quasi-periodic sequence transmutes into the period-doubling sequence, and that such a bifurcation is characteristic of current-programmed DC/DC converters. In this paper we demonstrate that such a universal phenomenon is manifested in the current-programmed buck switching regulator. We shall derive the describing iterative map in closed form and use it to develop the main results via a series of computer experiments. The characteristic multipliers are calculated and the first on-set of flip-bifurcation is predicted. Computer simulations from the ‘exact’ model verify the results. The exhibition of quasi-periodic orbits is confirmed by computation of the Lyapunov exponent. Finally, a series of return maps are generated to provide an alternative viewpoint to the reported bifurcations in terms of a transmutation from a tent-like map to a logistic-like map. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reliability challenge for impedance network‐based DC‐DC boost converters

In this paper, reliability evaluation is proposed for some of the most famous impedance network‐based DC‐DC boost converters. Markov reliability approach is used to evaluate the reliability of the converters. Also, some other factors such as components' failure rates, reliability functions, and mean time to failures are introduced and evaluated. Detailed explanations for the evaluation methods of the mentioned factors are also provided in the context of the paper. In addition to the mathematical analysis, numerical calculations are also done through the simulation results of the converters. Simulations are done in PSCAD/EMTDC. Finally, a numerical and graphical reliability comparison is provided for the mentioned converters. The purpose of this paper is to give a comprehensive reliability evaluation and comparison for some of the most popular impedance network‐based DC‐DC converters. In addition, this paper gives a detailed reliability analysis that can be used in reliability assessment of all types of power electronic converters, so it can help the researchers to consider reliability calculations into their designing.     

组合式双管正激直流变压器研究

随着电力电子技术的发展,出现利用电力电子器件构成的新型变压器。特别是具有输入电压和输出电压基本成比例特性的不可调压形式的直流变压器,得到了越来越多的人们关注。本文提出一种组合式双管正激直流变压器,详细地分析了其工作原理以及输入、输出特性、零电压条件,最后在原理样机上进行实验验证。实验结果证明理论分析的正确性。     

Steady‐state solutions of a voltage source converter with dq‐frame controllers by means of the time‐domain method

A voltage source converter (VSC) is one of the most widely used power converters in a power system. In this paper, a time‐domain‐based accelerated steady‐state method is proposed to solve for a closed‐loop pulse‐width modulated (PWM) VSC with dq‐frame controllers, which is able to account for the harmonic interactions between the converter and the rest of the power network, between the AC and DC sides of a VSC, and between the converter and its controllers. The proposed time‐domain method is based on the modified time‐domain shooting method, where the Jacobian matrix is updated by the quasi‐Newtons method. This will drastically increase the computation efficiency as it avoids re‐evaluating and inverting the Jacobian matrix, whose size is usually very large for a PWM‐VSC due to high number of times of switching. All the results are shown to be consistent with those obtained by a PSCAD/EMTDC model, which has been validated with the experiment in a previous publication. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

新型模块化多电平变流器 在电力系统无功补偿中的应用研究

模块化多电平变流器(MMC)是一种新型的多电平电压源变流器,每个桥臂由数个具有独立直流源的子模块单元串联而成。随着子模块增加,其空间矢量调制算法也越来越繁杂。提出一种基于60°坐标系下MMC任意电平逆变器的空间矢量脉宽调制通用算法;并将模块化多电平变流器并联接入电力系统中实现无功补偿技术,实现了内环解耦控制和外环的子模块电容电压平衡控制,最后通过仿真结果验证了60°坐标系空间矢量脉宽调制算法和该无功补偿装置控制算法的正确性和扩展性。     

开关切换非线性系统的同步方法研究

电力电子电路作为一种功率变换系统,属于开关切换类非线性系统,可进一步开发其中的信息传递的潜在应用.本文以(C) uk变换器为例研究了开关切换非线性系统的同步方法和同步性能,构造了基于驱动-响应结构的同步混沌系统,根据李雅普诺夫稳定性原理设计了包含开关切换变量在内的同步控制器.精确仿真结果证实系统达到了同步工作状态,且对...     

基于双PWM变换器的交流电子负载研究

为节省能源和简化电源设备测试的投入,研究了一种结构简单、可测试交流电能装置各种电特性并将试验电能回馈至电网的交流电子负载。根据其主电路的两级AC/DC/AC变换结构,分析了起传递能量桥梁作用的直流母线电容工作和谐波产生机理,提出了将两级PWM变换器分开控制的方案即前级变换器采用固定开关频率的单P环直接电流控制,后级变换器采用三角波调制的经典电压外环和电流内环的双闭环结构。基于32位定点TMS320F2812DSP控制器设计控制系统,实现了上述设计方案并应用于小功率交流电子负载实验样机。实验论证表明,该方案控制简单易行,可以实现对单相测试电源的阻抗特性精确模拟,同时完成功率因数接近于1的有源逆变,将测试电源电能回馈电网。     

Linear robust control of DC/DC converters: Part I – Deterministic switching

The purpose of this paper is to show ways to use modern H/-optimality theory as a tool for power electronics robust control synthesis. Both common methods of DC/DC converter control, Voltage Mode Control and Current Mode Control, are considered. From the control systems point of view, three classes of systems are discussed: stable minimum phase, stable non-minimum phase and unstable systems. The performance and stability specifications of the DC/DC converter control system are clearly stated, H/-optimal synthesis is carried out, and robust controllers are obtained. Transient behavior and robustness to uncertainties of closed loop systems are tested for the robust controllers by means of simulation, using a nonlinear model for the DC/DC converter, which includes switching effects. Results of the deterministic synthesis will be used in the synthesis of robust controllers for random switching converters.     

Switching frequency determination of a bidirectional AC-DC converter to improve both power factor and efficiency

This paper investigates the possibility to optimize both the efficiency and the power factor of energy conversion systems which include power electronic converters. The values of these important power quantities depend on different parameters, such as the switching technique and the switching frequency of the power electronic elements. Comparing the already known and used switching techniques with each other we can conclude that the sPWM method offers the highest values of the efficiency and the power factor simultaneously. However, when using this technique the basic current harmonic lags as to the voltage in case of ohmic inductive loads resulting in the decrease in the power factor. In the present work a new sPWM switching technique is suggested in order to achieve higher power factor and efficiency compared to the traditional sPWM method. The aforementioned switching technique is a modified sPWM method based on an appropriate shifting of the input current to the grid voltage. But, the following question is raised: Is there a switching frequency value in a given converter topology by which both the efficiency and the power factor gain optimal value? Thus, the main aim of the present paper is determine this specific switching frequency value. This is achieved by using a simple method based on a criterion suggested in this work. In order to demonstrate how this specific frequency value can be found, a bidirectional AC-DC converter composed of a single phase bridge and two switching elements at the DC side is used. This proposed converter topology excels in that the total number of the switching elements is minimal. The study of this subject is carried out through Matlab/Simulink simulation and experimentation.