Effect of the pore size on the creep deformation behavior of Ni-Fe-Cr-Al porous metal

The effect of the pore size on the creep deformation behavior of new Ni-Fe-Cr-Al powder porous metal was investigated. Two different powdered porous metals having different average pore sizes of 580 μm and 800 μm were used. Creep tests were conducted at 1073 K under three different compressive stresses between 0.5 and 1.5 MPa. The Ni-Fe-Cr-Al porous metals mainly consisted of the three phases of γ′-Ni, γ′ and Ni_1.1Al_0.9. The materials exhibit secondary creep behavior following a power law characterized by creep exponents of 3.7 for the 580 μm and 2.5 for the 800 μm porous metals. The stress exponent values that appeared as two creep exponent values could be made to converge to one value, 3.06, using the new concept of the estimated stress (as determined by the area fraction of the porous metal). This study also presents a creep deformation analysis method that can be applied regardless of the pore size or the presence of a porous structure.     

Effect of grain size reduction on high temperature oxidation of binary two-phase alloys

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High temperature oxidation behavior of Ni-Cr-Al based powder porous metal

This study investigated the high temperature oxidation behavior of newly developed Ni-Cr-Al powder porous metal. High temperature isothermal oxidation tests were conducted at 900, 1000 and 1100 °C temperatures for 24 h under an atmosphere of 79% N₂ + 21% O₂ gas. Oxidation weight gain vs. time curves represented typical oxidation behavior of parabolic shape. Weight gain increased with increasing oxidation temperature. Ni-Cr-Al porous metal mainly created oxides such as α-Al₂0₃, Cr₂O₃, NiCr₂O₄. The α-Al₂0₃ oxide could be still maintained up to 1100 °C oxidation temperature as a thick and stable protective layer. It was noted that Ni-Cr-Al porous metal had better high temperature oxidation resistance than those of other Ni-based and Fe-based porous metals. The catastrophic degradation of oxidation resistance especially at very high temperature was not observed up to 1100 °C in this porous metal. The micro-mechanism of high temperature oxidation of Ni-Cr-Al porous metal was also discussed.     

The influence of metal lattice vacancies on the oxidation of high temperature materials

When an oxide scale grows on a metal by the outward diffusion of cations, it is anticipated theoretically that lattice vacancies will be injected into the metal substrate. Experiments are reviewed which provide direct evidence for vacancy injection, including X-ray and electron microscope observations of the growth of vacancy dislocation loops and optical microscopy of voids. The influence of a vacancy supersaturation on the kinetics of oxidation is discussed in detail, but the effects are shown to be small in practical cases. The main consequence of vacancy injection is shown to be the eventual breakdown of the initial scale and subsequent growth of a duplex porous oxide. In some cases, this transition has undesirable consequences such as carburization/decarburization of the underlying metal and “breakaway” oxidation.     

Effects of particle size and forming pressure on pore properties of Fe-Cr-Al porous metal by pressureless sintering

With increased hydrogen consumption in ammonia production, refining and synthesis, fuel cells and vehicle industries, development of the material components related to hydrogen production is becoming an important factor in industry growth. Porous metals for fabrication of hydrogen are commonly known for their relative excellence in terms of large area, lightness, lower heat capacity, high toughness, and permeability. Fe-Cr-Al alloys not only have high corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and chemical stability but also ductility, excellent mechanical properties. In order to control powder size and sintering temperature effects of Fe-Cr-Al porous metal fabrication, Fe-Cr-Al powder was classified into 25-35 μm, 35-45 μm, 45-75 μm using an auto shaking sieve machine and then classified Fe-Cr-Al powders were pressed into disk shapes using a uniaxial press machine and CIP. The pelletized Fe-Cr-Al specimens were sintered at various temperatures in high vacuum. Properties such as pore size, porosity, and air permeability were evaluated using perm-porosimetry. Microstructure and phase changes were observed with SEM and XRD. Porosity and relative density were proportionated to increasing sintering temperature. With sufficient sintering at increasing temperatures, the pore size is expected to be gradually reduced. Porosity decreased with increasing sintering temperature and gradually increased necking of the powder.     

Effect of Cr on high temperature oxidation of TiAl

The oxidation behavior of TiAl-Cr（mole fraction of Cr：0-20%） was investigated at 1 173 K in air. The microstructure and composition of the oxide scale were studied by X-ray diffractometry（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and electro-probe micro-analyses（EPMA）. The results show that with the addition of Cr content from 0 to 8%, the oxidation resistance decreases, especially at 3%, which is mainly attributed to the doping effect of Cr^3＋. TiAI-Cr（mole fraction of Cr： 15%-20%） has good oxidation resistance, and the protective alumina layer is preferentially formed on the surface of TiAI alloy, which is due to an increase of mole ratio of Al to Ti in TiAl-Cr alloys.     

Effect of Fe on the high temperature oxidation of TiAl alloys

An alloy of 51.23Ti−48.73Al−0.4Fe (at.%) was oxidized at 800, 900 and 1000°C in air to determine the effect of Fe on oxidation. The scales formed consisted of an outer TiO₂ layer, an intermediate Al₂O₃ layer, and an inner mixed (TiO₂ Al₂O₃) layer, typical of conventional TiAl alloys. A small amount of dissolved Fe ions was weakly segregated in the outer TiO₂ layer and also in the inner (TiO₂−Al₂O₃) mixed layer. Ti₂AIN and TiN were detected in the scale in some instances. A thin, oxygen-affected Ti₃Al sublayer formed at the oxide-substrate interface. The overall oxidation kinetics and the scale morphology were not affected by Fe-addition.     

Cr元素对钢高温氧化行为的影响

利用热重及同步热分析仪对Cr元素含量0.8%(1#)、3.0%(2#)和5.0%(3#)的3种试验钢进行900~1050℃温度区间,氧化时间30 min的氧化增重试验,建立了试验钢氧化动力学模型,对氧化动力学模型预测值与试验值进行平均误差和相关性分析;采用SEM分析氧化膜形貌,研究了Cr元素含量对钢高温氧化行为的影响。结果表明:在不同氧化温度条件下,Cr元素含量不同的3种试验钢氧化增重曲线均呈上升趋势;1#、2#和3#试验钢氧化过程动力学模型预测值与试验值的平均误差小于7.0%,相关系数R大于0.99;氧化温度低于980℃时,随Cr元素含量增加抗氧化能力增强;氧化温度达到1050℃时,3#试验钢表层氧化膜Cr_2O_3进一步反应生成气态CrO_3,抗氧化能力降低。     

钎焊中高温氧化对硬质合金的影响

研究了YG-11C硬质合金在900、950、1000℃下加热的氧化行为,并测试了在钎焊过程中受氧化的硬质合金刀头性能。结果表明,硬质合金在900℃以上加热10 min发生氧化,硬质相WC和粘结相Co被氧化成WO3和Co WO4;氧化后的硬质合金发生变形及增重,随温度升高,氧化现象更严重,变形增重更明显;高温钎焊后的硬质合金刀头表面氧化后,微观组织变得疏松多孔,硬度及耐磨性明显降低。     

氧化时间及铬含量对Fe-Cr钢高温氧化行为的影响

为了测定不同氧化时间以及铬含量对高温条件下钢材表面氧化铁皮组织和厚度的影响,将Fe-5Cr钢与Fe-10Cr钢在1000℃空气条件下氧化60～180 min,采用增重法绘制其氧化动力学曲线,并利用光学显微镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪对氧化铁皮的断面形貌和物相进行研究.结果表明,两试验钢氧化初期为气-固反应,中后期为气...     

不同孔径分布多孔钛的力学性能

从生物学角度出发设计并制备2种不同孔径分布的多孔钛,并研究其力学性能。采用造孔剂烧结方法制备孔隙率为36%~63%的多孔钛,通过室温压缩测试其力学性能。多孔钛的弹性模量和抗压强度分别在2.662~18 GPa和94.05~468.57 MPa范围内,且都随着孔隙率的增加而降低。抗压强度和孔隙率的关系曲线呈现完全的线性特征,表明抗压强度主要受孔隙率的影响,几乎不受孔径的影响。Gibson-Ashby力学关系分析结果显示：常数项C值的差异说明孔径分布对多孔钛的屈服强度有一定的影响;密度指数n值均大于临界值3,表明这2种不同孔径的多孔钛的变形方式相同,为孔壁的屈曲作用。     

合金元素对Nb-Ti-Al-C合金氧化行为的影响

利用真空非自耗电弧炉制备不同Al含量的Nb-25Ti-8C合金,研究Nb-Ti-Al-C合金的组织结构及其高温氧化行为。研究表明,Nb-25Ti-8C-(0,5,10)Al合金由Nbss和(Nb,Ti)C两相构成;Nb-25Ti-8C-15Al合金由Nbss、(Nb,Ti)C和Nb3Al三相构成。800~1000℃氧化过程中,合金氧化膜为由Nb2O5,Ti O2,Al2O3,Nb O2及Ti Nb2O7多种氧化物构成的混合氧化膜。Ti、Al活性元素可优先与氧发生选择性氧化,抑制氧化物Nb2O5生成,提高氧化膜致密度和合金抗氧化性,并且氧化温度越高,Al元素改善铌合金抗氧化性能效果越明显。Nb-25Ti-8C合金800℃氧化时表现出良好的抗氧化性能,1000℃氧化时Nb-25Ti-8C-x Al合金的抗氧化性能明显优于C-103。随氧化温度升高,氧化膜中Nb2O5含量增加,导致氧化膜与合金基体的内应力增大,引起外层氧化膜脱落。碳化物中C元素以CO2形式挥发导致氧化层表面形成氧化空洞。     

合金元素对Co-Al-W合金高温氧化行为的影响

研究新型Co-Al-W合金在800和900℃空气中氧化动力学及元素Mo、Nb、Ta和Ti对合金高温氧化行为的影响。结果表明:在800℃氧化100 h后,Co-8.8Al-9.8W(摩尔分数,%)和Co-8.8Al-9.8W-2Ta合金的质量增加较小,表明其抗高温氧化能力较强;在900℃氧化时,Co-8.8Al-9.8W-2Mo、Co-8.8Al-9.8W-2Nb、Co-8.8Al-9.8W-2Ta和Co-8.8Al-9.8W-2Ti合金的质量增加小于Co-8.8Al-9.8W合金的,表明加入合金元素可以提高合金的抗高温氧化能力;在不同温度下,Co-Al-W合金氧化膜表面出现团聚、开裂和脱落现象;氧化膜分为3层,外层为Co3O4氧化物,中间层为W、Al和合金元素的复杂氧化物,内层为Co和Al的氧化物。从合金氧化动力学曲线来看,在800℃时合金元素增强Co-Al-W合金抗高温氧化能力由强至弱依次为Ta、Ti、Mo、Nb;在900℃时按Ti、Ta、Mo、Nb顺序依次减弱。     

多孔金属结合剂CBN砂轮孔隙结构对磨料层胎体力学性能的影响

为解决多孔金属结合剂CBN砂轮在高孔隙率下的强度下降问题,采用球形尿素颗粒为造孔剂,制作孔径、孔形和孔隙可控的多孔金属结合剂砂轮磨料层胎体,研究不同载荷情况下的孔隙率和孔隙排布等孔隙结构因素,对多孔金属结合剂磨料层胎体力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:孔隙有序排布时的胎体弹性模量要小于孔隙无序排布的;胎体材料的屈服强度随孔隙率增大而下降;在相同孔隙率下,孔隙有序排布的胎体,在纵向受压、孔隙正向排布的情况下屈服强度更高。      

Platinum-catalyzed high temperature oxidation of metals

Samples of Al, Cr, Ni, and Zr were sputter-coated with porous Pt-films with a particle size of 20-30 nm. Thermal oxidation of these samples was studied by gas phase analysis (GPA) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). SIMS analysis on partly Pt-coated samples of Al, Cr, Ni, and Zr at different oxide depths in areas with Pt and in areas away from Pt indicates an enhanced inward oxide growth in the Pt area and mm-ranged distance from Pt-area. Weight gain measurements on Pt-coated Ni samples show a reduced or increased oxidation rate depending on the amount of porous Pt-coating. Pt has two effects on the thermal oxidation of metals and the overall effect of Pt on the oxidation of metals depends on the mechanism of oxide growth in the absence of Pt.     

The high temperature oxidation of nickel

The oxidation of pure Ni has been studied over a temperature range of 1173–1573 K under 1.01 bar oxygen. The oxidation kinetics, the oxide growth and the metal recess obey parabolic time relationships. The dependence of the parabolic rate constant for oxidation can be expressed as: K_p = 7.95 × 10⁻² exp (− 220.9/RT) with the activation energy in kJ mole⁻¹. An attempt is made to calculate K_p in terms of diffusion parameters. These calculated values compare well with those measured experimentally.     

B对一种高Al+Ti镍基高温合金氧化行为的影响

采用真空感应炉制备不同B含量的U720Li合金铸锭并对其进行均匀化处理,研究了B对均匀化态U720Li合金1100℃恒温氧化行为的影响。结果表明,经高温均匀化处理后,不同B含量合金基体中的B均发生了严重损耗,表明在1100℃以上空气中热暴露时B会向氧化皮中迅速扩散;增加B含量降低了合金的氧化速率,减小了氧化膜附近基体中孔洞的体积分数及γ′分解区的厚度;高B和低B合金的氧化膜均分为3层:最外层主要由疏松的(Ni/Co)O、TiO_2和复杂尖晶石化合物构成,中间层主要为Cr_2O_3,最内层是不连续的Al_2O_3+TiO_2层。B提高均匀化态U720Li合金抗氧化性的主要原因是,增加B含量显著增加了Cr_2O_3层的厚度并改善其连续性,使其具有更强的保护性。     

CeO2对Cr-Al渗层组织和高温氧化性能的影响

采用浆料包渗法,以Cr2O3,粉为渗Cr源,纯Al粉为还原剂,NH4Cl作为活化剂,Al2O3,为惰性添加剂,蛋白质(鸡蛋清)为粘结剂,在Cu表面预先镀Ni随后浆料包渗Cr、Al,制备Cr-Al共渗层.研究了稀土氧化物CeO2对Cr-Al渗层的组织和氧化性能影响.结果表明:渗剂中添加CeO2氧化物后,渗层组织由Cr、Al的固溶体为主转变为Ni3Al金属间化合物和固溶体两相混合;与不加稀土氧化物相比,改性后渗层氧化增重由纯铜的1/6降低到1/11,氧化产物为Cr2O3、Al2O3和少量的NiO,氧化层致密,没有明显的裂纹和空洞出现,改善r铜表面抗高温氧化性能.     

Si对高熵合金涂层组织和高温抗氧化性能的影响

研究了Si含量对窄带/宽带激光熔覆NiCoFeCrSixAlCuTiMoB0.4(x=1.0,0.5)高熵合金涂层组织、相结构及高温抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明:窄带涂层组织为树枝晶,主要相结构为BCC固溶体.宽带涂层为较粗大的树枝晶,相结构由BCC固溶体和存在于枝晶间的B(Fe,Si)3、Cr2 B少量第二相组成,且S...