A new method for analysis of atrial activation during chronicatrial fibrillation in man

To further clarify the mechanisms maintaining chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF), a method identifying preferable activation patterns of the atria during fibrillation, by time averaging of multiple discrete excitation vectors, was developed. Repeated recordings, each of 56 atrial bipolar electrograms simultaneously acquired during 8 s, were made at multiple sites in the right atrial free wall and the left atrial appendage in 16 patients with CAF using a 2.17×3.54 cm electrode array. The local activation times (LAT's) in each recording were estimated as the median activation time at the respective measurement point. By calculating the time difference between the LAT's at adjacent measurement points in two spatial dimensions, a direction vector was created for each activation wave passing each set of measurement points, a total of 42 sets. By time averaging of the individual direction vectors (typically n=55) at each set of measurement points, preferable activation patterns were determined. Three types of activation patterns were found: 1) inconsistent activation (n=5), 2) consistent activation with preferential propagation directions (n=7) and 3) consistent activation with impulses originating from a localizable site within the recording area (n=4). All activation patterns were reproducible and the two latter patterns were proven significant using statistical tests. It is concluded that this new method is useful in further clarification of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of atrial fibrillation     

A comparative study of graph-based, eikonal, and monodomain simulations for the estimation of cardiac activation times

The bidomain and monodomain equations are well established as the standard set of equations for the simulation of cardiac electrophysiological behavior. However, the computational cost of detailed bidomain/monodomain simulations limits their applicability in scenarios where a large number of simulations needs to be performed (e.g., parameter estimation). In this study, we present a graph-based method, which relies on point-to-point path finding to estimate activation times for single points in cardiac tissue with minimal computational costs. To validate our approach, activation times are compared to monodomain simulation results for an anatomically based rabbit ventricular model, incorporating realistic fiber orientation and conduction heterogeneities. Differences in activation times between the graph-based method and monodomain results are less than 10% of the total activation time, and computational performance is orders of magnitude faster with the proposed method when calculating activation times at single points. These results suggest that the graph-based method is well suited for estimating activation times when the need for fast performance justifies a limited loss of accuracy.     

Analytical model of extracellular potentials in a tissue slab with a finite bath

Extracellular potentials are often used to assess the activation and repolarization of transmembrane action potentials in cardiac tissue under a variety of experimental conditions. An analytical model of the extracellular potentials arising from a planar wavefront propagating in a three-dimensional slab of cardiac tissue with a variably thick adjacent volume conductor or bath is presented. Starting with the transmembrane potential, the model yields the extracellular potentials at various points in the bath and inside tissue. The results show that the analytical model produces signal timecourses with trivial computational costs that are similar to those computed from a full reaction-diffusion bidomain model with different bath thicknesses for tissue with uniform properties and for tissue with an abrupt ionic inhomogeneity.     

Fast LV motion estimation using subspace approximation techniques

Cardiac motion estimation is very important in understanding cardiac dynamics and in noninvasive diagnosis of heart disease. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging tagging is a technique for measuring heart deformations. In cardiac tagged MR images, a set of dark lines are noninvasively encoded within myocardial tissue providing the means for measurement of deformations of the heart. The points along tag lines measured in different frames and in different directions carry important information for determining the three-dimensional nonrigid movement of left ventricle. However, these measurements are sparse and, therefore, multidimensional interpolation techniques are needed to reconstruct a dense displacement field. In this paper, a novel subspace approximation technique is used to accomplish this task. We formulate the displacement estimation as a variational problem and then project the solution into spline subspaces. Efficient numerical methods are derived by taking advantages of B-spline properties. The proposed technique significantly improves our previous results reported in [3] with respect to computational time. The method is applied to a temporal sequence of two-dimensional images and is validated with simulated and in vivo heart data.     

基于APDL的管道内壁边界识别算法

基于表面测温的缺陷或缺陷边界的定量识别算法是目前红外无损检测从定性向定量发展的关键理论基础。针对目前方法识别不规则缺陷边界精度相对较低的问题,通过关联ANSYS软件和MATLAB软件,利用有限元方法和共轭梯度法对二维管道内壁边界形状的稳态识别进行了研究。针对不同内壁边界形状以及试件形状的识别问题,系统地讨论了边界形状初始假设、检测表面温度测量误差及测温点数目、所识别边界的离散点数目以及试件的导热系数等一系列因素对识别结果的影响。数值实验证明了该方法的有效性及精确性。该方法可以在较短的计算时间内得到非常精确的稳态识别结果,大大提高了管道内壁边界形状识别的效率。     

Imaging myocardial strain

Measuring the local mechanical activity of the heart has lagged behind the measurement of electrical activity due to a lack of measurement tools. Myocardial wall motion abnormalities have been studied for years in the context of regional ischemia. Implanted beads and screws have been used to measure the mechanical activity of the heart in a few isolated regions. Over the past decade, precise and accurate methods for measuring local three-dimensional (3-D) myocardial motion with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been developed using presaturation tagging patterns, velocity encoded phase maps, and displacement encoded phase maps. Concurrently, the quality of cardiac MRI images improved greatly with the use of customized receiver coils and the speed of acquisition has increased dramatically with the advent of undersampling techniques and new generations of MR machines with faster switching gradient coils. The use of these cardiac MRI techniques to produce an image of the local deformation of the heart in the form of a myocardial strain image is described. Using these images, the “mechanical activation” of the heart are defined, that is, the time of onset of contraction. A map of the mechanical activation over the heart is a direct analogy to an electrical activation map of the heart     

分布式光纤测温在通信机房热效能分析中的应用

随着5G技术的快速发展,通信机房快速新建及扩容,机房内设备的数量与功率骤增,传统电子测温方式存在测温点数有限、敷设传输电缆复杂、不利于维护管理等缺点,针对此类通信设备温度监测难题,提出基于拉曼散射与时域反射相结合的分布式光纤测温方法,有效提高系统测温空间分辨与降低系统敷设难度,可为机房效能分析与动态仿真平台提供高质量温度数据,并通过实验应用,验证了系统可行性,为后续通信机房高能效建设规划提供了设计参考。     

抗干扰时延对接收机观测量精度的影响分析

本文针对多系统卫星导航接收机抗干扰时延补偿问题,提出了一种自适应调整抗干扰延时的补偿算法,使不同频点的采样时刻处于同一时刻,提高了抗干扰状态下的伪距测量精度和载波测量精度.定量分析了不同抗干扰延时对观测量精度的影响,并在某型抗干扰接收机上进行了测试验证.测试结果表明:本文设计的自适应调整抗干扰延时的补偿算法有效,消除了由于抗干扰延时引入的观测量偏差,提高了伪距/载波差分的定位精度.     

立体拼接中全局控制点的定向

提出了一种基于光线交汇约束的全局控制点定向方法.精确标定过的单摄像机模拟双目交汇测量系统,在空间2个不同的角度对至少5个自由摆放的全局控制点成像,根据双目视觉测量模型可解算出传感器的转换矩阵R和带有比例因子的平移向量T.通过引入精确长度已知的基准尺提供空间标度,以求得转换因子,进而求得各点在传感器坐标系下的三维坐标.实验表明,该方法简单、精度高,适于现场测量.     

基于数码相机的三维物体空间几何位置的摄影测量

利用数码相机作为图像传感器识别待测工件各特征点位置,避免了接触式测量方法难以精确瞄准的困难.通过一台数码相机从不同方向拍摄的两幅或两幅以上二维图像,实现实际空间坐标和数码相机像平面坐标的透视变换,并实时完成对三维物体非接触测量的数据采集.同时,提出了一种高效、准确、简单的特征点坐标提取方法,实验证明该方法是有效、可行的.     

A novel method for measurement points selection in access points localization

Precise localization of access points (APs) has become more and more important with the booming of diverse location based services. AP localization accuracy heavily relies on the locations of measurement points. However, collecting abundant information from the APs usually requires tremendous manual efforts, which greatly compromise the efficiency and accuracy of the localization of the APs. Thus, the selection of appropriate measurement points becomes an important issue to achieve a high localization accuracy with a low-cost method, which has not been fully explored in existing research. To this end, we propose a novel approach to select measurement points for AP localization under the assumption that the number of APs to be located is known in advance. Specifically, an initial point is selected randomly and the locations of APs are estimated according to the measured information. Then, subsequent measurement points are determined by locating the intersection of the coverage areas of APs in real time, so that as many APs as possible can be detected at each measurement point. Both simulation and experimental results show that our approach can reduce the number of measurement points while improving the AP localization accuracy.     

Fast multiscale modeling of cardiac electrophysiology including Purkinje system

In this paper, we present a modeling methodology to couple the cardiac conduction system to cardiac myocytes through a model of Purkinje-ventricular junctions to yield fast and realistic electrical activation of the ventricles. A patient-specific biventricular geometry is obtained from processing computed tomography scan data. A one-manifold implementation of the fast marching method based on Eikonal-type equations is used for modeling heart electrophysiology, which facilitates the multiscale 1-D-3-D coupling at very low computational costs. The method is illustrated in in-silico experiments where we analyze and compare alternative pacing strategies on the same patient-specific anatomy. We also show very good agreement between the results from the proposed approach and more detailed and comprehensive biophysical models for modeling cardiac electrophysiology. The effect of atrioventricular delay on the distribution of activation time in myocardium is studied with two experiments. Given the reasonable computational times and realistic activation sequences provided by our method, it can have an important clinical impact on the selection of optimal implantation sites of pacing leads or placement of ablation catheter's tip in the context of cardiac rhythm management therapies.     

在稀薄气流中用红外热图测量中低量值热流

在分析高高空热流测量需求基础上,针对高超声速飞行器稀薄气流地面试验热流量值小等特点,从满足模型壁面定常热流假设和一维半无限大假设条件、减小试验模型侧向导热误差和控制试验模型表面温升等方面分析了试验模型加热时间对热流测量的影响。其次选择较低热扩散系数模型绝热材料、采用瞬变平面热源法提高试验模型材料热物性参数标定精度、采用漫反射补偿等提高发射率测量精度等手段,提高中低量值热流测量精度。最后,在利用薄壁量热法获得模型表面热流时,测量MW/m2量级热流是把热电偶焊接在试验模型内壁面,而用红外热图及测量几kW/m2到几百kW/m2量级热流是测量模型外壁面热流,为了对这三者结果进行比较,在马赫数 Ma 为 12、试验总压 P₀ 为4.2 MPa、试验总温 T₀ 为700 K的试验状态下,用热电偶与红外热图同时测量了双锥薄壁模型不同点的热流,结果表明:红外测热结果与热电偶测量外壁面结果更接近,热电偶布置在外壁面位置所获得的热流大于布置在内壁面位置所获得的热流,模型加热时间对不同量值热流测量的影响是不同的。     

反向重投影多线结构光立体视觉测量方法

研究了多线结构光立体视觉测量系统中激光条纹中心点的匹配问题。系统测量过程中,将两幅图像的激光条纹中心点通过重投影相互匹配,计算对应的三维空间点。针对一个激光条纹中心点存在多个匹配点的问题,提出了反向重投影的方法。该方法将匹配点反向重投影到原激光条纹图像,利用光路一致性,筛选出唯一匹配点。另外,分析了在重投影和反向重投影时采用不同大小的匹配窗口对测量结果的影响。实验表明,该方法能够充分利用激光条纹中心点,同时又有较高的唯一匹配率,明显提高了系统的测量效率。     

基于双目视觉的硅棒直径测量方法

提出了一种在实验室环境下模拟工业现场在线测量多晶硅还原炉内硅棒直径的检测系统。该系统采用双目立体视觉测量的方法,首先采用双CCD获取硅捧模型的实时图像,并依次进行摄像机的标定、特征点的提取、立体匹配、然后通过特征点的三维坐标计算硅棒模型的直径。实验结果表明,硅棒直径的测量结果达到了还原炉工艺参数自动化控制所需的精度,并且该测量系统有效地避免了人工长时间目测造成的劳动强度大以及由于主观因素造成误差较大的缺点。     

激活退火对As掺杂型HgCdTe材料的影响

研究了激活退火热处理过程对As掺杂碲镉汞外延材料组分的影响,实验包括不同的热处理条件以及不同厚度外延材料,并用红外透射光谱测量了退火前后材料组分的变化。实验结果表明,在相同温度和相同时间的热处理条件下,外延层的厚度越厚,热处理对材料组分的影响越小;在相同温度不同时间的热处理过程中,随着时间增加,材料的组分变化也随之增加,并且,外延层越厚,组分的变化量也越小。     

Sampled-data filtering framework for cardiac motion recovery: optimal estimation of continuous dynamics from discrete measurements

Quantitative and noninvasive estimation of cardiac kinematics has significant physiological and clinical implications. In this paper, a sampled-data filtering framework is presented for the recovery of cardiac motion and deformation functions from periodic medical image sequences. Cardiac dynamics is a continuously evolving physical/physiological process, whereas the imaging data can provide only sampled measurements at discrete time instants. Given such a hybrid paradigm, stochastic multiframe filtering frameworks are constructed to couple the continuous dynamics with the discrete measurements, and to coordinately deal with the parameter uncertainty of the biomechanical constraining model and the noisy nature of the imaging data. The state estimates are predicted according to the continuous-time biomechanically constructed state equation between observation time points, and then updated with the new imaging-derived measurements at discrete time instants, yielding physically more meaningful and more accurate estimation results. Both continuous-discrete Kalman filter and sampled-data Hinfinity filter are applied for motion recovery. While Kalman filter is the optimal estimator under Gaussian noises, the Hinfinity scheme can give robust estimation results when the types and levels of model uncertainties and data disturbances are not available a priori. The strategies are validated through synthetic data experiments to illustrate their advantages and on canine MR phase contrast images and human MR tagging data to show their clinical potential.     

基于时间间隔测量的宽范围高分辨率时间同步检测方法

针对传统时间同步技术中测量范围与分辨率之间的矛盾,提出一种基于时间间隔测量的宽范围高分辨率时间同步检测方法.利用电磁波信号在特定介质中传播的准确性和稳定性,结合任意信号之间无需频率归一化处理的异频相位检测原理,以时空转换关系为基础,将基于长度游标的时频测量技术应用于导航卫星1pps信号的同步检测,进而提高1pps信号之间时间差测量的分辨率.同时,该技术与传统的高精度时间间隔测量方法配合使用,形成多层次逐级测量法,可以进一步扩宽测量范围.实验结果证明了该方法的合理性和科学性,其测量分辨率可达到50ps量级,稳定度优于10ps.该方法将为我国航空航天、导航定位、通信、计量、雷达、天文等高科技领域的进一步发展提供理论指导并对其中关键的时间同步方面提供技术支持.     

一种适合于计算机辅助测量的产生寿命确定方法

提出了MOS电容线性电压扫描法产生寿命测量的新方法。通过在MOSC t曲线上读取n个不同时刻的电容值 ,计算出相应的产生寿命值 ,其精度随读取点的增加而提高 ,该方法也特别适合于计算机辅助测量系统。