Adaptive interference suppression for CDMA overlay systems

It has been proposed that CDMA systems can be assigned to spectral bands which are presently occupied by narrowband users to further increase spectral capacity. Such CDMA overlay systems could provide new options for efficient utilization of the spectrum with minimal disruption to existing narrowband users, especially if adaptive interference suppression techniques are utilized in the spread spectrum receiver. Previous studies have defined the SNR improvement ratio which can be achieved for tone interferers and for narrowband interferers for which the center frequency of the interference is at the carrier frequency of the CDMA signal. In this paper the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of the mobile-to-base link of a CDMA system for a single narrowband user which occupies a significant portion of the CDMA bandwidth is evaluated. It is shown that the narrowband model used in previous studies does not apply in this case, especially for the large, effective, bandwidths which are characteristic of the interferers in the overlay system. The dependence of the BER on the filter order, the bandwidth of the interference, and its center frequency relative to the CDMA carrier frequency are defined. Additionally the increase in BER for a digital implementation of the adaptive suppression filter relative to the optimal Wiener filter is characterized with respect to the adaptive time constant and the quantization errors due to finite wordlength. It is shown that these implementation errors can be made negligible compared to the errors which are characteristic of the optimal Wiener filter. Analytic results are validated by simulation for typical system parameters     

Active interference suppression in CDMA overlay systems

Communication networks involving the overlay of spread-spectrum systems an narrower band services are of increasing interest as a means of producing greater efficiencies and flexibility in the use of the radio spectrum. Although spread-spectrum systems enjoy a natural immunity to interference from narrowband sources, their performance in the presence of such interference can be significantly enhanced by active suppression techniques. The study of this problem has elicited a very rich body of methodology, which has progressed over nearly 25 years from some of the simplest signal processing paradigms to some of the most advanced. This paper provides an overview of a number of these techniques, most of which have been developed over the past decade. In particular, a progression of techniques is described, in which successively more information about the spread-spectrum signal and interference is used to make improvements on the interference suppression capability via more advanced signal processing methods. These include linear predictive methods that make use of the spectral properties of the spread-spectrum and narrowband signals, nonlinear predictive methods that make use of the spectra and first-order probability distribution of these signals, linear code-aided methods that make use of the spreading codes of the signals of interest and the second-order statistics of the narrowband interference, and finally, a maximum-likelihood code-aided technique that makes use of essentially all that is known about the useful signals and interference. Performance comparisons show that moving up this progression of improved modeling is rewarded with performance gains that can be quite significant     

Code-aided interference suppression for DS/CDMA communications. II.Parallel blind adaptive implementations

For pt.I see ibid., vol.45, no.9, p.1101-11 (1997). An adaptive code-aided technique for the simultaneous suppression of narrow-band interference (NBI) and multiple-access interference (MAI) in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) networks is proposed. This technique is based on the recursive least-squares (RLS) version of the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) algorithm for multiuser detection. The convergence dynamics of the RLS blind adaptive algorithm for suppressing the combined NBI and MAI are analyzed. The steady-state performance of this algorithm in terms of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is also derived. Systolic array structures for parallel implementations of the RLS adaptive interference suppression algorithms are then proposed. Versions of the rotation-based QR-RLS algorithms for both the blind adaptation mode and the decision-directed adaptation mode are derived. These algorithms exhibit high degrees of parallelism, and can be mapped to VLSI systolic arrays to exploit massively parallel signal processing computation     

Adaptive power techniques for blind channel estimation in CDMA systems

The problem of blind adaptive channel estimation in code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems is considered. Motivated by the iterative power method, which is used in numerical analysis for estimating singular values and singular vectors, we develop recursive least squares (RLS) and least mean squares (LMS) subspace-based adaptive algorithms in order to identify the impulse response of the multipath channel. The schemes proposed in this paper use only the spreading code of the user of interest and the received data and are therefore blind. Both versions (RLS and LMS) exhibit rapid convergence combined with low computational complexity. With the help of simulations, we demonstrate the improved performance of our methods as compared with the already-existing techniques in the literature.     

Adaptive blind receivers for MC‐CDMA communication systems

In this paper, we propose three adaptive blind algorithms for multiuser multicarrier code division multiple‐access systems in multipath fading channels. The proposed adaptive blind receivers are based on the property of the discreteness of the input data symbol and are updated in every symbol interval. We also use the concept that the variance of the output signal approaches to the variance of the desired signal to get the cost function. The three proposed receiver structures are the traditional finite impulse response (FIR) structure, the despreading (DES) filter structure and the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) structure. The advantage of the FIR filter is that the length of the filter weights does not have to be the same length as the spreading code. For the DES filter, the combination of the adaptive weight and the despreading code has the simplest structure than the other two proposed receiver structures. The constrained GSC filter is superior to the other two proposed receiver structures in the environments dominated by multiple‐access interference. By this constraint, the blind GSC filter can guarantee to converge to the desired solution. Simulation results are given to show the effectiveness and comparison of the proposed adaptive blind receivers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive multiuser interference suppression for CDM satellite systems

This paper deals with the application of linear multiuser detectors in mobile terminals of code division multiplex (CDM) satellite systems. Generally, the interference caused by other users can dramatically reduce the performance of a CDM‐based satellite communication system. Since no spreading information of other users is given and since there are no trainings sequences, a blind adaptive interference detector with low complexity is needed. In order to implement a detector for suppressing the interference from other users, different adaptation algorithms can be applied. Comparing them in terms of complexity, adaptation speed and bit error rate, the LMS (least means squares) algorithm with adaptive step size shows the best performance. However, the implementation of this algorithm in a satellite system still leads to high processing times. For this reason, two new schemes with reduced complexity are presented. A very important point is, that the adaptive algorithms are basically restricted to short spreading codes (code period equals symbol period) whereas CDM‐based satellite systems use long codes (one‐code period spans over multiple symbols). In this paper, a new scheme is presented which can be applied to long codes. By cascading multiple separated interference detectors the adaptation is done every time when the same part of the spreading sequence appears. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Array processing for nonstationary interference suppression inDS/SS communications using subspace projection techniques

Combined spatial and time-frequency signatures of signal arrivals at a multisensor array are used for nonstationary interference suppression in direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) communications. With random PN spreading code and deterministic nonstationary interferers, the use of antenna arrays offers increased DS/SS signal dimensionality relative to the interferers. Interference mitigation through a spatio-temporal subspace projection technique leads to reduced DS/SS signal distortion and improved performance over the case of a single antenna receiver. The angular separation between the interference and desired signals is shown to play a fundamental role in trading off the contribution of the spatial and time-frequency signatures to the interference mitigation process. The expressions of the receiver signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) implementing subspace projections are derived, and numerical results are provided     

Adaptive nonlinear filters for narrow-band interference suppressionin spread-spectrum CDMA systems

This paper presents a novel nonlinear filter and parameter estimator for narrow band interference suppression in code division multiple access spread-spectrum systems. As in the article by Rusch and Poor (1994), the received sampled signal is modeled as the sum of the spread-spectrum signal (modeled as a finite state independently identically distributed (i.i.d.) process-here we generalize to a finite state Markov chain), narrow-band interference (modeled as a Gaussian autoregressive process), and observation noise (modeled as a zero-mean white Gaussian process). The proposed algorithm combines a recursive hidden Markov model (HMM) estimator, Kalman filter (KF), and the recursive expectation maximization algorithm. The nonlinear filtering techniques for narrow-band interference suppression presented in Rusch and Poor and our proposed HMM-KF algorithm have the same computational cost. Detailed simulation studies show that the HMM-KF algorithm outperforms the filtering techniques in Rusch and Poor. In particular, significant improvements in the bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement are obtained in low to medium SNR. Furthermore, in simulation studies we investigate the effect on the performance of the HMM-KF and the approximate conditional mean (ACM) filter in the paper by Rusch and Poor, when the observation noise variance is increased. As expected, the performance of the HMM-KF and ACM algorithms worsen with increasing observation noise and number of users. However, HMM-KF significantly outperforms ACM in medium to high observation noise     

Adaptive closed-loop power control algorithms for CDMA cellular communication systems

Power control has been widely studied and shown to be crucial for the capacity and performance of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. Practical implementations typically employ fast closed-loop power control, where transmitters adjust their transmit powers according to commands received in a feedback channel. The loop delay resulting from the measurements, processing, and transmission of the power control commands can result in oscillations of the transmission powers and lead to degradation in the system performance. In this paper we present new adaptive closed-loop power control algorithms that are able to alleviate the effect of the loop delay. The algorithms are based on self-tuning controllers designed for a log-linear model of the power control process. We carried out computational experiments on a DS-CDMA network using the distributed constrained power control (DCPC) as a reference algorithm. Practical versions of the algorithms are also provided and they were compared with the fixed-step power control (FSPC) algorithm employed in the IS-95 and WCDMA systems. The numerical results indicate that our algorithms can significantly improve the radio network capacity without any increase in power control signaling.     

Blind adaptive code-constrained constant modulus algorithms for CDMA interference suppression in multipath channels

A code-constrained constant modulus (CCM) design criterion for linear receivers is investigated for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) in multipath channels based on constrained optimization techniques. A computationally efficient recursive least squares (RLS) type algorithm for jointly estimating the parameters of the channel and the receiver is developed in order to suppress multiaccess (MAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI). An analysis of the method examines its convergence properties and simulations under nonstationary environments show that the novel algorithms outperform existent techniques.     

MMSE interference suppression for timing acquisition anddemodulation in direct-sequence CDMA systems

It has been shown that minimum-mean-squared-error (MMSE) demodulators are effective means of interference suppression in code division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. The MMSE demodulator can be implemented adaptively using an initial training sequence, followed by decision-directed adaptation. This requires that the symbol-level timing of the desired user be known prior to training. We remove this requirement by providing a method for timing acquisition in which the output of the acquisition process is a near-far-resistant demodulator which automatically accounts for the delays and amplitudes of both the desired signal and the interference without explicitly estimating these parameters. The only requirements are a training sequence for the desired user and a finite uncertainty regarding the symbol timing. The latter condition can be realized by using a periodic training sequence even if the absolute timing uncertainty is arbitrarily large     

Channel estimation and interference suppression for uplink CDMA mobile communication systems

Wireless communications for mobile telephone and data transmission is currently undergoing very rapid development. Code division multiple‐access (CDMA) implemented with direct sequence spread spectrum signaling is among the most promising multiplexing technologies for cellular telecommunications services. In this paper, jointly period inserted pilot symbols assisted recursive (PIPSAR) channel estimation and interference suppression techniques are proposed for uplink CDMA mobile communication systems. The uplink CDMA mobile communication system model is described in the form of space‐time domain through antenna array and multipath expression. Interference suppression is achieved by using adaptive minimum mean squared error (MMSE) digital filters that span several successive received chip oversampling vectors of a symbol interval. PIPSAR techniques are used to estimate channel parameters. The correlation between the successive periods is considered to further improve the performance of the proposed scheme. Analysis and simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New nonlinear algorithms for narrowband interference suppression inCDMA spread-spectrum systems

The narrow-band interference suppression capability of spread-spectrum systems can be further enhanced by employing interference suppression filters. This paper proposes a number of new nonlinear algorithms for narrow-band interference suppression in code division multiple access spread-spectrum systems. Our research consists of two parts. (1) We propose a multiuser decision-directed Kalman (MDK) filter, which has the same performance as the nonlinear approximate conditional mean (ACM) filter but a much simpler algorithm. (2) We use the nonlinear function in the ACM and the MDK filters to develop nonlinear adaptive least mean square filters with significantly improved performance. Simulation results indicate that our nonlinear algorithms outperform conventional linear ones     

Space-time interference suppression in DS/CDMA networks

Low-complexity adaptive receivers based on smart antennas with post- and pre-despreading structures are presented. Comparisons between three space-time (ST) schemes employing minimum-mean-square-error, a constant modulus algorithm, and a decision-directed algorithm for constant modulus signals are investigated in detail     

A new blind adaptive interference suppression scheme foracquisition and MMSE demodulation of DS/CDMA signals

We present an efficient blind algorithm for estimating the code timing of a desired user in an asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) system over frequency-nonselective-fading channels. The proposed algorithm acquires the code timing explicitly and results in a near-far resistant minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) demodulation without requiring the knowledge of the timing information, amplitudes, and transmitted symbols of all transmissions. The only required knowledge is the information of the signature sequence used by the desired transmission. Several computer simulations are done for additive white Gaussian channels, Rayleigh fading channels, and two-ray Rayleigh fading multipath channels, respectively. Numerical results show that the new algorithm is near-far resistant to the multiple-access interference (MAI) in the DS/CDMA system     

光码分多址多用户干扰抑制系统性能研究

针对光码分多址多用户干扰问题,主要研究两种减小多用户干扰的方法(引入两个光硬限幅器法和多比特传输法)中哪种方法对多用户干扰的抑制效果更强.推导了上述方法的误码率性能,并进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,引入两个光硬限幅器的方法对多用户干扰的抑制效果比多比特传输的方法要好,当接收功率＞-52 dBm时,前者比后者的误码率可改善5个数量级.     

Blind adaptive interference suppression for direct-sequence CDMA

Direct sequence (DS) code division multiple access (CDMA) is a promising technology for wireless environments with multiple simultaneous transmissions because of several features: asynchronous multiple access, robustness to frequency selective fading, and multipath combining. The capacity of DS-CDMA systems is interference-limited and can therefore be increased by techniques that suppress interference. In this paper, we present developments in interference suppression using blind adaptive receivers that do not receive knowledge of the signal waveforms and propagation channels of the interference, and that require a minimal amount of information about the desired signal. The framework considered generalizes naturally to include additional capabilities such as receive antenna diversity. The most powerful application of the methods described here is for linearly modulated CDMA systems with short spreading waveforms (i.e., spreading waveforms with period equal to the symbol interval), for which they provide substantial performance gains over conventional reception. Implications for future system design due to the restriction of short spreading waveforms and directions for further investigation are discussed     

一种用于抑制直扩通信中窄带干扰的非线性自适应方法

在分析线性自适应滤波抑制单频干扰、自回归过程窄带干扰和窄带BPSK调制信号干扰的性能的基础上,提出了一种非线性自适应波抑制方法.在对窄带干扰进行预测前,通过对扩谱信号的估计,使得窄带干扰预测的背景噪声由非高斯转变为高斯,并消除扩谱信号对干扰估计的影响,再通过NLMS和RLS自适应算法进行干扰抑制.理论分析和仿真试验结果表明,这种改进方法对于系统性能的改善效果,明显优于常规自适应滤波抑制方法.