A study stressing the need for a static postural force model for work analysis

The maximum endurance time (MET) in static force exertions was used as a parameter for the assessment of five working postures. By applying the methodology of Rohmert to the construction of a general model for static muscular work and evaluating the measured MET results, the need for a new static posture model has been shown.

The aim of the present pilot study was to test MET in load situations that would indicate when the general model can be used or when a new static postural force model is needed.

Subjects exerted static postural forces at different load levels until exhaustion. In the first two postures, the strain was concentrated on the upper limbs, where active forces (muscular) play a key-role and justify the use of the model. In the remaining postures, the strain affected mainly the back/trunk, where the mechanical equilibrium of the body is brought about by active (muscles) and passive (skeleton and ligaments) structures.

During the tests electromyographic (EMG) measurements of selected muscles (objective measurements) as well as rated perceived exertion (RPE; subjective measurements on Borg's CR-10 scale) were recorded.

The results show that the maximum endurance times in upper extremity postures are predicted by the general model whilst in the back/trunk postures the measured MET was longer than predicted by the model. New models are presented for static postural force on the back.

The EMG measurements supported the conclusion that the muscles studied play a key role in the chosen upper-extremity postures but gave no clear indication in the back-oriented postures. Ratings of perceived exertion coincided with the EMG measurements in upper extremity postures and proved to be a good substitute for measurement and calculation of the load levels studied. The initial RPE can therefore be used in models for predicting maximal endurance times in complex cases.

For the range of relative postural loads tested, an exponential function for predicting MET in static posture exertions produced the best fit curve.     

Reliability of myoelectric trapezius muscle activity in repetitive light work

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of selected electromyographic (EMG) parameters describing the muscle activity in repetitive light work. EMG from the trapezius muscle of twelve female workers were recorded during a 20-min work session, morning and afternoon; Monday, Wednesday, Friday and the following Monday. The estimated reliability coefficient was 0·59 for static muscle activity and 0·85 for short interruptions in muscle activity (EMG gaps) during work. The reliability coefficient was 0·94 for the EMG signal's average median frequency of test contractions associated with the work session. The median frequency declined significantly during the work session. No time trend was found during the day or the week for these parameters. Consequently, it is possible to get representative measurements of the mentioned EMG parameters during repetitive light work by a recording taken at any time of the day or week.     

One-handed dynamic pulling strength with special application to lawn mowers

A laboratory study was conducted to determine one-handed dynamic and static pulling strengths of 50 males and 49 females from 14 to 71 years of age. The dynamic strength for a 11m pull was measured to simulate the act of starting a lawn mower engine for four different starting-rope handle locations: on the engine, in the middle, on the right and on the left side of the frame. The last three were located at the back of the lawn mower at a vertical height of 63 cm from the floor and the handle on the engine was located at 42 cm. Static strength was measured for the handle in the middle. Ratings of perceived exertion were recorded for different body parts.

Peak and average dynamic pulling strengths were 55% and 34% of static pulling strengths. Dynamic pulling strengths were highly correlated with peak velocity (r = 0·84). Men in the age group 21-34 years had the highest strength and women in the age group 51-71 years the least strength. Dynamic pulling strengths for women were 62% of strengths for men. Women took 10% longer to pull, had a lower peak velocity (16%), reached peak force faster (17%) and took a longer time (6%) to reach peak velocity than men.

The starting handle located on the engine resulted in the maximum pulling strength and on the left side in the minimum strength. However, two out of three subjects preferred the handle either on the right side or in the middle. Fifty-five percent of the subjects indicated they would prefer a height higher than 63 cm.

Maximum stresses were perceived on the shoulder and upper arm with a mean rating between fairly light and somewhat hard. Graphs of cumulative frequency distributions of average and peak dynamic pulling strengths are presented to aid in the determining forces required to start a lawn mower engine in order to satisfy a desired percentage of the population.     

Do mechanical tests of glove stiffness provide relevant information relative to their effects on the musculoskeletal system? A comparison with surface electromyography and psychophysical methods

The main purpose of the present study was to test the construct validity of two mechanical tests of glove stiffness using a surface electromyography (SEMG) methodology that would allow estimating the effect of glove stiffness on forearm muscle activation during a standardized grip contraction. The mechanical tests [free-deforming multidirectional test (FDMT) and Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KESF)] were applied on 27 gloves covering a wide range of stiffness. In 30 human subjects, a psychophysical assessment of these gloves was also carried on in addition to the SEMG test. The results showed that the sensitivity of the different tests to glove stiffness differences was slightly better for the FDMT (75% sensitivity) than for the psychophysical assessment (72%), while the SEMG test showed much lower sensitivity (13-31%, depending on the muscle). The SEMG test was highly correlated to the psychophysical assessment (0.88-0.95, depending on the muscle tested), and the FDMT (0.88-0.94) and KESF (0.77-0.86) mechanical tests, showing the construct validity of mechanical tests, particularly for the FDMT. It was concluded that mechanical tests provide relevant information relative to the effect of glove stiffness on the musculoskeletal system of the forearm.     

公交信号优先控制的应用研究

公交信号优先以公交车流为控制目标,通过选择交通控制策略和设置相关参数,控制交通信号灯,减少公交车辆在路口的等待时间,提高公交车辆的运行优先级。详细介绍了公共交通信息与优先系统PTIPS的系统框架、通讯方式、主要功能、控制策略,并且分两类:基于信息反馈的动态优先;基于历史数据调查研究以及各种算法、理论推导的静态优先。详细阐述了各种控制策略的原理和适用情况。最后采用浦东张江有轨电车工程的实际应用情况作为示例,以动态优先策略为基点,各种检测设备的信息反馈为基础,较好地实现针对单辆有轨电车的优先放行。     

探析医疗设备管理中的动静态管理

为了加强医疗设备的管理,通过对质量控制、安全管理和技术保障中动静态信息的分析,来加强对设备的动静态管理,提高设备的使用率与完好率,更好的服务临床。     

动态表达式的解析和计算

介绍动态表达式的解析和计算的设计和实现,以及为几何作图函数曲线动画的多线程计算提供支持。     

渐进式智能回溯向量化代码调优方法

为了充分发挥高性能计算机的计算能力,缓解程序员设计和编写并行程序的压力,扩充可用软件集合,设计并实现了利用交互界面深入挖掘程序中的可向量化语句,优化生成代码中的向量化语句,提高生成代码的执行效率.该方法对充分发挥高性能计算机的计算能力,增强系统可用性和扩展应用范围具有重要的意义,同时能够提供有效的辅助手段和工具支持.渐进式智能回溯向量化代码调优架构通过对用户提交的串行程序进行程序分析和变换,采用串行程序分析、数据依赖分析、向量化分析等技术手段,根据分析结果对程序进行变换和优化,自动生成最终的向量化代码.该方法通过分析串行程序中潜在的并行性,将其自动变换为等价的向量化代码形式,大大简化了程序员的工作.     

The impact of ergonomic intervention on individual health and corporate prosperity in a telecommunications environment

This paper is a summary of several papers published in different journals and conference proceedings. The contents deal with the incidence of load related musculoskeletal illness of female workers exposed to various workloads. Furthermore, the changes in workload due to improved workplace design and the effect on the incidence of musculoskeletal illness was evaluated. The sick-leave due to musculoskeletal illness was reduced from 5·3% to 3·1% and the reduction in turn-over from 30·1% to 7·6%. The cost and the benefits of this ergonomic intervention were analysed, and showed that an investment of NOK. 350 000 produced total savings of NOK. 3 200 000.

Postural load was assessed by recording electromyography (EMG) on the upper part of musculus trapezius, postural angles of the upper arm and flexion/extension of the head and back. A quantitative relationship was found between the static trapezius load and the development of musculoskeletal sick-leave, related to the length of employment. Indications were found that certain factors were associated with reduced incidence of musculoskeletal illness. These were:

? increasing the number and total duration of trapezius load below 1% to 2% MVC (Maximum Voluntary Contraction);

? reducing the magnitude of flexion angle of the upper arm in the sagittal plane and distributing the work between flexors and extensors; and

? a more dynamic work pattern of the upper arm.

The relationship between postural load and musculoskeletal injury was studied in comparable groups of female workers with respect to age, working hours per day and time of employment. Psychosocial problems, spare time activities and living habits of the workers did not show any significant differences across the groups. The results from this study indicate that:

? the static trapezius load must be kept at a minimum;

? a median arm flexion should be less than 15° and a median arm abduction less than 10°. These values seem roughly to approach an acceptable arm position; and

? a forward median flexion of the back of less than 20° seems not to lead to a higher rate of low back pain for workers with long periods of employment.     

动静结合的攻击代码检测方法

缓冲区溢出攻击是近年来最主要的安全问题之一,攻击者利用缓冲区溢出漏洞执行远程代码,从而达到攻击的目的。Shelleode作为攻击的载体,是缓冲区攻击检测的主要对象。随着检测技术的发展,攻击者更倾向于使用多态技术对Shellcode进行加密来绕过IDS的检测。针对MS Windows操作系统下的Shellcode,提出了一种将静态检测和动态执行相结合的新的攻击代码检测方法。在判断依据上做了新的定义,既使用动态模拟技术提高了对使用多态技术的Shellcode的检侧率,也兼顾了检测的效率。基于该方法,设计和实现了一套原型系统,并进行了检测率、误报率和吞吐率等方面的测试。测试结果表明,该系统在检测Shellcode的准确率和性能方面都达到了令人满意的效果。     

ASP动态网页与静态网页比较研究

通过笔者多年的教学与实践,在网页程序设计中．可用ASP技术来实现B／S系统,ASP技术与数据库技术结合,用户在浏览器端可以随意查询自己需要的文本,而数据的后台操作则由服务器端处理。这样提高了网页的互动性,使整个系统能更好的为用户服务。     

Web集群系统可用度分析与设计算法

通过建立Web集群系统状态的马尔可夫模型,并利用稳态马尔可夫模型中状态转移概率平衡的特点来求解系统静态配置可用度,着重对系统动态配置的可用度进行了研究,提出了一种基于表的动态可用度调度算法来实现系统的动态高可用度,实验结果表明了算法的有效性.     

基于中间表示的可复用程序分析系统

采用一种语言独立AST中间格式以便把程序的分析算法同编译器内部表示分离,利用这种格式设计与实现了Compiler Auxiliary Toolkit(COA)系统框架。COA可同时应用于静态分析算法和动态分析算法。在介绍了COA框架之后,用实例说明了如何利用COA框架进行函数调用图生成算法的静态分析和循环不变量的动态分析。     

Visual Basic中DataReport的报表设计

文章专门讨论关于MIS系统中对报表的静态和动态打印,主要使用当今较为广泛应用的VB开发工具,为MIS的开发和应用提供了有效的应用工具。该文详细介绍了基于VB中的DataReport的报表打印的设计方法和编程要点等。     

The effects of prior warning and lifting-induced fatigue on trunk muscle and postural responses to sudden loading during manual handling

This study investigated the effects of warning and lifting-induced fatigue on trunk muscle activity and postural responses to sudden loading. Thirty-one male subjects were subjected to sudden loading of a hand-held box with and without prior warning, before and after either lifting-induced fatigue or light callisthenic exercises. Results showed that warning did not alter the level of trunk muscle activity prior to sudden loading. Following warning, there was a reduction in all muscle and joint onset latencies and the magnitude of hip and knee flexion. Although fatigue did not influence muscle and joint initiation, it did negate the effects that warning had on reducing joint displacement. These findings indicate that warning prior to sudden loading may enhance postural responses, reduce ranges of joint motion and increase stability. However, the benefits of prior warning for reducing ranges of joint motion may not be present when a person is fatigued. Sudden unexpected loading and fatigue arising from manual handling practices in the workplace have been identified as contributing factors to the risk of low back injury. Findings from this study provide information that is important for the design of interventions intended to reduce the incidence of manual handling-related back injuries.     

Posture,muscle activity and muscle fatigue in prolonged VDT work at different screen height settings

With the increasing use of video display terminals (VDTs), there is growing concern over the corresponding increase in the number of health problems reported. Although much research has focused on identifying the optimal screen height, there is to date no consensus. This study aimed to investigate the effect of prolonged (89 min) VDT work at four different screen heights on head-neck posture, muscle activity and the development of muscle fatigue. The results show that lowering screen height, starting from 15 cm above the baseline (i.e. top of the screen level with eye height while sitting), decreased the ear-eye angle, increased the viewing angle, increased the viewing angle relative to the ear-eye line, and increased the muscle activity of the neck extensor muscles. There were also some significant time effects on postural angles and muscle activity. In this study there were only rare occurrences of muscle fatigue, defined as a simultaneous increase in EMG amplitude and a shift of the EMG power spectrum to lower frequencies. Muscle activity increased significantly in some muscles and for certain screen heights.     

微型触觉传感器敏感单元的力学分析

通过对微型触觉传感器敏感单元的理论和有限元（ＦＥＭ）分析的对比，得出了Ｅ型方膜结构类型传感器的静态特性（变形、应力等）和动态特性（固有频率、振型等）。并讨论了静态和动态特性对结构的敏感性，为传感器的优化设计提供依据