Is there any relation between helium isotope composition of underground fluids and heat flow in continental areas?

The regression formula between³He/⁴He ratio of underground fluids and terrestrial heat flow in continental areas is tested by data sets from the former Soviet Union and the mainland of China. The results show that there is no close relation between the two values. The heat-He relation might estimate the regional heat flow value with ±25% accuracy at best. We propose that the ratio of crust/mantle component of continental heat flow (q _c/q _m) be inversely related to the³He/⁴He ratio of underground fluids. Based on data sets of³He/⁴He ratio andq _c/q _m in the Eurasia and Canadian Shield, we obtain the regression relation betweenq _c/q _m and³He/⁴He:q _c/q _m=0.815?0.300^*log_e (³He/⁴He), in which the unit of³He/⁴He is Ra (atmospheric³He/⁴He ratio). The crust and mantle heat flow components can be taken from surface heat flow andq _c/q _m ratio. Based on this formula and heat flow data in major basins of China, the crustal, mantle heat flow values and the average crustal heat production rates were estimated. The estimated crustal chemical composition of China is in agreement with the result inferred by deep seismic sounding survey. Helium isotope ratio (³He/⁴He) of underground fluids may be a useful parameter for separating crust and mantle components of continental heat flow.     

Studies of geothermal waters in Jiangxi Province using isotope techniques

Isotope hydrogeological studies of thermal waters conducted in the Lushan hotspring area, northern Jiangxi Province, the Maanping hotspring area, central Jiangxi, and the Henjing hotspring area, southern Jiangxi Province show that the local meteoric water line of Jiangxi Province is similar to the Craig line. The δD and δ¹⁸O values of geothermal waters in the province are roughly in accord with the local meteoric line, which implies that the thermal waters are of meteoric origin. Variations of isotopic composition of natural waters in the study areas reveal that the recharge areas of the geothermal fields are the adjacent mountains. The ages of geothermal waters measured by different dating methods, such as Ra/Rn dating and tritium dating, range from several decades to several hundred years in the Province which suggests that the geothermal waters are undergoing active circulation. The³He/⁴He ratios of gases from the hotsprings in the Hengjing hotspring area show that the hotspring gases originate from the depth, and probably partly from the mantle source.

     

Component fractionation of temporal evolution in adsorption–desorption for binary gas mixtures on coals from Haishiwan Coal Mine

Adsorption–desorption experiments on CO₂–CH₄ gas mixtures with varying compositions have been conducted to study the fractionation characteristics of CO₂–CH₄ on Haishiwan coal samples. These were carried out at constant temperature but different equilibrium pressure conditions. Based on these experimental results, the temporal evolution of component fractionation in the field was investigated. The results show that the CO₂ concentration in the adsorbed phase is always greater than that in the original gas mixture during the desorption process, while CH₄ shows the opposite characteristics. This has confirmed that CO₂, with a greater adsorption ability has a predominant position in the competition with CH₄ under different pressures. Where gas drainage is employed, the ratio of CO₂ to CH₄ varies with time and space in floor roadways used for gas drainage, and in the ventilation air in Nos.1 and 2 coal seams, which is consistent with laboratory results.     

Origin,migration and mixing of oilfield brines: Stable isotopic evidence from Kuqa Foreland Basin

⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δD and δ¹⁸O together with chemistry of oilfield brines, were measured from Cambrian to Neogene strata in the Kuqa Foreland Basin, northwest China. The brines have⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.70944 to 0.71716, δD values from −33‰ to −67‰ and δ¹⁸O from −9.0‰ to 3.9‰. The most radiogenic⁸⁷Sr brines have relatively heavy δ¹⁸O in the Cambro-Ordovician carbonates, and are suggested to originate from crystalline basement. δD and δ¹⁸O systematics show that all the brines slope to Global Meteoric Water Line, and intersect at δD=−60‰ and δ¹⁸O=−8.8‰, close to that of present-day local meteoric water, suggesting that meteoric water has mixed with evaporated ancient meteoric water. More saline samples have the lowest δD and δ¹⁸O contents and molar Na/Cl ratios of more than 0.9, resulting from salt dissolution.

     

Spatial-temporal coupling between high-quality source rocks and reservoirs for tight sandstone oil and gas accumulations in the Songliao Basin,China

The spatial-temporal relationship between high-quality source rocks and reservoirs is a key factor when evaluating the formation, occurrence, and prospectivity of tight oil and gas reservoirs. In this study, we analyze the fundamental oil and gas accumulation processes occurring in the Songliao Basin, contrasting tight oil sand reservoirs in the south with tight gas sand reservoirs in the north. This is done using geochemical data, constant-rate and conventional mercury injection experiments, and fluid inclusion analyses. Our results demonstrate that as far as fluid mobility is concerned, the expulsion center coincides with the overpressure zone, and its boundary limits the occurrence of tight oil and gas accumulations. In addition, the lower permeability limit of high-quality reservoirs, controlled by pore-throat structures, is0.1*10~(-3) lm~2 in the fourth member of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation(K_1 q~4) in the southern Songliao Basin, and 0.05 *10~(-3) lm~2 in the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation(K_1 sh) in the northern Songliao Basin. Furthermore, the results indicate that the formation of tight oil and gas reservoirs requires the densification of reservoirs prior to the main phase of hydrocarbon expulsion from the source rocks.Reservoir ‘‘sweet spots" develop at the intersection of high-quality source rocks(with high pore pressure)and reservoirs(with high permeability).     

铜绿微囊藻衰亡过程中产甲烷动态及关键影响因子

为探究铜绿微囊藻水华自然衰亡和水华堆积区藻快速衰亡对CH₄释放的影响,构建了室内模拟实验,研究了铜绿微囊藻自然衰亡和快速衰亡过程中水环境因子和CH₄、CO₂气体释放通量的变化。结果表明：高密度铜绿微囊藻衰亡中水环境因子和产气的变化遵循相似的时间模式,且衰亡对CH₄和CO₂的产生有显著的促进作用。自然衰亡和快速衰亡的CH₄累积释放量分别为对照组的22.80倍37.72倍,CO₂累积释放量分别为对照组的5.36倍和4.03倍。自然衰亡与快速衰亡的总碳（C）释放量差异不大,但快速衰亡释放的气体组分中CH₄的占比是自然衰亡的1.86倍。相关性分析表明,溶解性有机碳（DOC）是铜绿微囊藻衰亡中影响CH₄和CO₂释放的主导因子,且DOC中的芳香蛋白类物质和溶解性微生物代谢产物是CH₄和CO₂产生的主要底物来源。     

人工红树林碳通量变化特征及其影响因素分析

红树林是重要的滨海蓝碳生态系统.人工红树林在恢复过程中碳交换过程受到气候、植被等环境的影响,与成熟红树林呈现较大差异.本研究采用闭路涡动相关系统对珠江河口人工红树林湿地生态系统进行二氧化碳(CO2)通量和甲烷(CH4)通量的观测,并基于通径分析方法探讨了环境要素对总初级生产力(GPP)、生态系统呼吸(Re)、CO2和C...     

藻型湖泊溶解有机碳特征及其对甲烷排放的影响

湖泊碳通量研究已成为全球碳循环研究的前沿和热点问题.本研究以太湖藻型湖区(西北湖区、梅梁湾、贡湖湾、西南湖区和湖心)为研究对象,基于为期一年的连续野外观测,旨在揭示富营养化湖泊DOC变化特征及其对CH₄排放的影响.结果表明,太湖藻型湖区DOC质量浓度均值为4.15 mg/L,且具有显著的空间变化.受外源输送和内部蓝藻增殖影响,西北湖区和梅梁湾DOC质量浓度较高,且其DOC时间变化与流域降雨量紧密相关,尤以西北湖区最为明显(R²=0.67,P<0.01).但在受外源输送影响较小的湖心区域,其DOC的时间变化主要受蓝藻生物量驱动(R²=0.60,P<0.01).太湖藻型湖区CH₄排放均值为0.083 mmol·m^-2·d^-1,不同湖区CH₄排放量差异明显.藻型湖区较高的蓝藻生物量显著提高了CH₄的排放量,且DOC含量是蓝藻影响CH₄产生和排放的主要因子.总体上,太湖藻型湖区DOC的累积致使其是CH₄排放的热点区域,但DOC对CH₄产生和排放的影响受湖泊内部因子和外部因子的综合调控,其潜在的控制机制还需要进一步探讨.     

Numerical analyses and experiment investigations of an annular micro gas turbine power system using fuels with low heating values

This study investigates the effects of using fuels with low heating values on the performance of an annular micro gas turbine (MGT) experimentally and numerically. The MGT used in this study is MW-54, whose original fuel is liquid (Jet A1). Its fuel supply system is re-designed to use biogas fuel with low heating value (LHV). The purpose is to reduce the size of a biogas distributed power supply system and to enhance its popularization. This study assesses the practicability of using fuels with LHVs by using various mixing ratios of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Prior to experiments, the corresponding simulations, aided by the commercial code CFD-ACE+, were carried out to investigate the cooling effect in a perforated combustion chamber and combustion behavior in an annular MGT when LHV gas was used. The main purposes are to confirm that there are no hot spots occurring in the liners and the exhaust temperatures of combustor are lower than 700°C when MGT is operated under different conditions. In experiments, fuel pressure and mass flow rate, turbine rotational speed, generator power output, and temperature distribution were measured to analyze MGT performance. Experimental results indicate that the presented MGT system operates successfully under each tested condition when the minimum heating value of the simulated fuel is approximately 50% of pure methane. The power output is around 170 W at 85000 r/min as 90% CH₄ with 10% CO₂ is used and 70 W at 60000 r/min as 70% CH₄ with 30% CO₂ is used. When a critical limit of 60% CH₄ is used, the power output is extremely low. Furthermore, the best theoretical Brayton cycle efficiency for such MGT is calculated as 23% according to the experimental data while LHV fuel is used. Finally, the numerical results and experiment results reveal that MGT performance can be improved further and the possible solutions for performance improvement are suggested for the future studies.     

A study of36Cl age in Quaternary groundwater of Hebei plain,China

Chlorine-36 has various advantages as a dating tool for old groundwater. In this paper,³⁶Cl of Quaternary groundwater in the Hebei plain of North China has been measured using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Ages calculated from the³⁶Cl/Cl ratio show that ion filtration, which is responsible for the Cl concentration increasing with depth and along flow paths in Hebei plain groundwater. It is concluded that³⁶Cl age of the groundwater in the 3rd Group of the Quaternary (Q₂) in the Cangzhou area is 250ka, and that of the 4th Group(Q₁) is 300 ka.

     

A study of<Superscript>36</Superscript>Cl age in Quaternary groundwater of Hebei plain,China

Chlorine-36 has various advantages as a dating tool for old groundwater. In this paper,³⁶Cl of Quaternary groundwater in the Hebei plain of North China has been measured using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Ages calculated from the³⁶Cl/Cl ratio show that ion filtration, which is responsible for the Cl concentration increasing with depth and along flow paths in Hebei plain groundwater. It is concluded that³⁶Cl age of the groundwater in the 3rd Group of the Quaternary (Q₂) in the Cangzhou area is 250ka, and that of the 4th Group(Q₁) is 300 ka.     

火箭发动机启动过程的部分可观Petri网故障诊断

针对液氧/甲烷膨胀循环发动机启动过程中存在的不可观事件和不可观运行状态,现有故障诊断方法仍存在诊断不准确的问题,提出一种基于部分可观Petri网的故障诊断方法.首先,将系统获取的观测序列分解为单位长度的基础观测序列,应用线性矩阵不等式计算与基础观测序列相符的点火序列集;然后,采用向前-向后算法拓展诊断区间、参数K限定故障诊断序列长度,通过分析点火序列集中不可观变迁是否正常点火,判定观测序列是否包含故障;最后,将部分可观Petri网故障诊断算法应用于液氧/甲烷膨胀循环发动机启动过程.结果表明:所提出的算法使计算复杂性缩小为原来的h_o~(-1)·e~(h_o-K),避免随状态空间复杂性增大而出现的状态空间爆炸问题,同时算法能进行实时跟随、在线诊断,诊断准确性可达到99.134%.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from shallow uncovered coal seams

This study discusses a method of quantifying emissions from surface coal mining that has been trialled in Australia. The method is based on direct measurement of surface emissions from uncovered coal seams in mine pits, concurrent measurement of residual gas content of blasted coal in mine pits, and measurement of pre-mining gas content of the same seam from cores retrieved from exploration boreholes drilled away from active mining. The results from one of the mines studied are presented in this paper. In this mine, the pre-mining gas content of the target seam was measured using cores from an exploration borehole away from active mining. Gas content varied from 0.7 to 0.8 m³/t and gas composition varied from 16% to 21% CH₄ (84–79% CO₂). In-pit measurements included seam surface emissions and residual gas content of blasted and ripped coal. Residual gas content varied from 0.09 to 0.15 m³/t, less than twofold across the mine pit. Composition of the residual gas was in general 90% CO₂ and 10% CH₄, with slight variation between samples. Coal seam surface emissions varied from 1.03 to 7.50 mL of CO₂-e per minute and per square meter of the coal seam surface, a sevenfold variation across the mine pit.     

Preferential adsorption behaviour of CH4 and CO2 on high-rank coal from Qinshui Basin,China

In order to better understand the prevailing mechanism of CO₂ storage in coal and estimate CO₂ sequestration capacity of a coal seam and enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) with CO₂ injection into coal, we investigated the preferential adsorption of CH₄ and CO₂ on coals. Adsorption of pure CO₂, CH₄ and their binary mixtures on high-rank coals from Qinshui Basin in China were employed to study the preferential adsorption behaviour. Multiple regression equations were presented to predict CH₄ equilibrium concentration from equilibrium pressure and its initial-composition in feed gas. The results show that preferential adsorption of CO₂ on coals over the entire pressure range under competitive sorption conditions was observed, however, preferential adsorption of CH₄ over CO₂ on low-volatile bituminous coal from higher CH₄-compostion in source gas was found at up to 10 MPa pressure. Preferential adsorption of CO₂ increases with increase of CH₄ concentration in source gas, and decreases with increasing pressure. Although there was no systematic investigation of the effect of coal rank on preferential adsorption, there are obvious differences in preferential adsorption of gas between low-volatile bituminous coal and anthracite. The obtained preferential adsorption gives rise to the assumption that CO₂ sequestration in coal beds with subsequent CO₂-ECBM might be an option in Qinshui Basins, China.     

海域地震动水平加速度反应谱阻尼修正系数

为估算不同阻尼比海域工程结构的反应谱,研究了海域工程反应谱的阻尼修正系数(D_MF)模型。基于S-net台网的5 680条海底水平向地震动记录,分析了矩震级、断层深度和震源类别等震源参数,以及震源距和沉积层厚度对D_MF的影响,提出了考虑阻尼比和谱周期的海域地震动水平加速度反应谱D_MF模型,并与陆域模型进行了对比。研究表明:矩震级和震源距对D_MF影响显著,低阻尼D_MF随矩震级和震源距增大而增加,高阻尼D_MF随之增大而降低,而D_MF受断层深度和沉积层厚度的影响不显著;与陆域研究不同,在低阻尼中长周期时海域地震动的浅地壳和上地幔地震的D_MF略大;谱周期大于0.1 s时和小于0.1 s时,可分别用三次和二次对数多项式模拟阻尼比对D_MF的影响,谱周期的影响可分别用四次和三次多项式表示;海域D_MF模型与陆域模型差异显著,海域D_MF模型更能合理预测不同阻尼比的海域地震动反应谱,提出的海域地震动反应谱D_MF模型为海域工程多阻尼抗震设计谱的确定提供了参考。     

Nonselective etching of GaN/AlGaN heterostructures by Cl<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Ar/BCl<Subscript>3</Subscript> inductively coupled plasmas

A systematic study of the nonselective and smooth etching of GaN/AlGaN heterostructures was performed using Cl₂/Ar/BCl₃ inductively coupled plasmas (ICP). Nonselective etching can be realized by adjusting the BCl₃ ratio in the Cl₂/Ar/BCl₃ mixture (20%–60%), increasing the ICP power and dc bias, and decreasing the chamber pressure. Surface morphology of the etched heterostructures strongly depends on the gas chemistry and the chamber pressure. Specifically, with the addition of 20% BCl₃ to Cl₂/Ar (4∶1) gas mixture, nonselective etching of GaN/Al_0.28Ga_0.72N heterostructures at high etch rate is maintained and the surface root-mean-square (rms) roughness is reduced from 10.622 to 0.495 nm, which is smoother than the as-grown sample. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis shows that the effective removal of residual oxygen from the surface of AlGaN during the etching process is crucial to the nonselective and smooth etching of GaN/AlGaN herterostructures at high etch rate.     

Review of coal and gas outburst in Australian underground coal mines

Outburst of coal and gas represents a significant risk to the health and safety of mine personnel working in development and longwall production face areas. There have been over 878 outburst events recorded in twenty-two Australian underground coal mines. Most outburst incidents have been associated with abnormal geological conditions.Details of Australian outburst incidents and mining experience in conditions where gas content was above current threshold levels are presented and discussed. Mining experience suggests that for gas content below 9.0 m³/t, mining in carbon dioxide (CO₂) rich seam gas conditions does not pose a greater risk of outburst than mining in CH₄ rich seam gas conditions. Mining experience also suggests that where no abnormal geological structures are present that mining in areas with gas content greater than the current accepted threshold levels can be undertaken with no discernible increase in outburst risk. The current approach to determining gas content threshold limits in Australian mines has been effective in preventing injury from outburst, however operational experience suggests the current method is overly conservative and in some cases the threshold limits are low to the point that they provide no significant reduction in outburst risk. Other factors that affect outburst risk, such as gas pressure, coal toughness and stress and geological structures are presently not incorporated into outburst threshold limits adopted in Australian mines. These factors and the development of an outburst risk index applicable to Australian underground coal mining conditions are the subject of ongoing research.     

H2S对CH4着火延迟及还原NO影响的数值模拟

为探究硫化氢(H_2S)在常压范围内对甲烷(CH_4)燃烧特性的影响,采用化学动力学软件CHEMKIN-PRO中的0-D和PFR反应器研究H_2S浓度、过量空气系数、压力和温度对CH_4点火延迟及还原NO的影响,并通过敏感性和生成率分析揭示其化学动力学机理.模拟结果表明:H_2S的存在促进活性基团(H,O,OH,HO_2,HO_2和H_2O_2)的生成速率,从而缩短预混气点火延迟时间,且在低温下的影响作用更加明显;预混气点火延迟时间随着过量空气系数的增大而减小;压力增加亦有利于缩短点火延迟时间. H_2S可降低CH_4/H_2S还原NO的温度,主要由于H_2S降低CH_4的反应温度,使还原性基团CH_i在较低温度下产生;但同时H_2S的存在,在一定程度上降低NO的还原效率,且在贫氧气氛中的影响更为显著.     

燃瓦斯气蓄热式加热炉再燃低氮改造数值模拟

为实现燃瓦斯气加热炉氮氧化物(NOx)排放低于200 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%)的要求,提出高效的再燃低氮改造方案.通过数值计算和工业试验相结合的方法对其进行验证.采用FLUENT软件计算不同再燃瓦斯气比例和当量比下,不同截面温度及NOx质量浓度分布,NOx生成还原特性和瓦斯气未燃尽率等.根据优化的数值计算结果对加热炉进行改造,进行连续一周的工业试验.结果表明:增加再燃比,燃烧空间高温区域比例降低,热力型NOx生成量减少且减幅增大,再燃作用对NOx的还原率先升高后降低.当再燃比为0.20时,再燃作用还原NOx的效率最高.增加再燃比或降低主燃区当量比将降低NOx浓度,但瓦斯气未燃尽率升高.通过与工业试验对比,验证了计算的可靠性.当再燃比为0.15~0.20,主燃区当量比为1.15~1.20时,NOx质量浓度最高值约160 mg/m3,均值约130 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%),且瓦斯气未燃尽率较低.     

Synthesis and characterization of triclinic structural LiVPO4F as possible 4.2 V cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

A potential 4.2 V cathode material LiVPO4F for lithium batteries was prepared by two-step reaction method based on a carbon-thermal reduction （CTR） process. Firstly, V2O5, NH4H2PO4 and acetylene black are reacted under an Ar atmosphere to yield VPO4. The transition-metal reduction is facilitated by the CTR based on C→CO transition. These CTR conditions favor stabilization of the vanadium as V^3＋ as well as leaving residual carbon, which is useful in the subsequent electrode processing. Secondly, VPO4 reacts with ElF to yield LiVPO4F product. The property of the LiVPO4F was investigated by X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and electrochemical measurement. XRD studies show that LiVPO4F synthesized has triclinic structure（space group p I ）, isostructural with the naturally occurring mineral tavorite, EiFePO4-OH. SEM image exhibits that the particle size is about 2μm together with homogenous distribution. Electrochemical test shows that the initial discharge capacity of LiVPO4F powder is 119 mA·h/g at the rate of 0.2C with an average discharge voltage of 4.2V （vs Ei/Li^＋）, and the capacity retains 89 mA·h/g after 30 cycles.