甲烷干气重整镍基复合结构催化剂的研究进展

甲烷干气重整反应能够实现温室气体CO₂和CH₄的转化利用, 其反应产物合成气可以通过费托反应进一步生产液态燃料, 该反应在能源与环境领域具有重要意义。寻找合适的催化剂是推动甲烷干气重整工业化的关键。镍基复合结构催化剂因其与贵金属催化剂相媲美的催化活性和低廉的工业成本而受到广泛关注, 但镍基催化剂存在高温下长时间反应后碳沉积和金属组分烧结所导致的失活问题, 严重影响了其工业应用和干气重整化工的发展。本文从镍基复合结构催化剂的成分、结构、制备方法及模拟计算设计等方面出发, 介绍了改进镍基催化剂活性、抗积碳和抗烧结性能的研究进展, 并结合最新的原子催化以及原位表征等研究进展对干气重整研究的发展趋势进行 展望。     

Ni/Rh催化剂下微通道甲烷自热重整制氢特性研究

针对微细通道内甲烷自热重整反应,采用活性位浓度比为10∶1的Ni/Rh催化剂建立了数学物理模型,通过数值模拟方法研究了绝热工况下温度、流量、氧碳比及水碳比等因素对催化重整特性的影响规律。结果表明:催化反应的温度阈值为750K,当温度超过750K时甲烷转化率迅速升高;在纯氧条件下随着甲烷流量的增大,制氢功率增大,而在空气条件下制氢功率减小;随着氧碳比的增加,甲烷的转化率升高,制氢功率先增大后逐渐减小;随着水碳比的增加,甲烷转化率降低;当入口反应气中氧碳比控制在0.5以下、水碳比为3.5且入口温度为900K时,可实现微通道内甲烷催化重整的高效转化。     

医用大型蒸汽灭菌器蒸汽"冷点"分布特性研究

医用大型灭菌器承担着医疗器械的消毒灭菌工作,关系到患者的生命安全.医疗器械灭菌过程内部的温度,尤其是局部的"冷点"温度的监测对灭菌质量有着决定性的影响.本文采用实验和数值模拟方法对医用大型灭菌器内内部冷点分布情况进行研究,为医用大型蒸汽灭菌器的计量校准和溯源提供技术依据.研究发现高温灭菌室内温度并非全部均匀分布,以点盖全的监测手段在医院灭菌监控中存在不足,单靠某一测点温度来维持除菌时间并不可靠.灭菌过程中蒸汽的流速对灭菌室内"冷点"分布极其重要,随着入口蒸汽速度的增加,温度的最大值与最小值之差逐渐减小,局部低温区域将逐渐消失;对于非满载工况,室内温度变化相差较大,传统冷点测试方法不适用.     

Degradation of C-1/2Mo Steel Pipe by Metal Dusting in a Steam Reforming Process

A C-1/2Mo steel pipe of a heat recovery economizer in a steam reforming process used in the production of high-purity hydrogen has developed large pits at the inner surface. Light optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy have been used to characterize the microstructure of the pitted pipe. Degradation of the pipe has been correlated with higher than normal temperature enhancing metal dusting as well as a material not intended to function in such an environment. Microstructural characterization shows that the sequence of events leading to the observed pitting follow a model proposed to explain metal dusting of carbon and low-alloy steels.     

溶液燃烧法制备Ni-Al2O3催化剂用于CO2-CH4重整研究

采用溶液燃烧法制备了Ni含量为2wt%、4wt%、6wt%、8wt%和10wt%系列催化剂, 并对反应前后催化剂进行N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR、TPH、Raman、TEM和TG-DTG等表征。与等体积浸渍法(以溶液燃烧法制备的Al₂O₃为载体)制备的催化剂相比, 溶液燃烧法制备的催化剂具有较大的比表面积, 孔径分布可分为2~4.5 nm和4.5~10 nm两段, 属典型的多级孔结构; NiO高度分散在载体上, 与载体具有较强的相互作用, 这种相互作用有利于提高催化剂的稳定性。催化剂210 h稳定性试验表明, 溶液燃烧法制备的Ni含量为8wt%试样的CH₄转化率维持在90%左右, 失活速率仅为0.035%/h, 优于浸渍法制备的相同Ni含量催化剂。     

Prediction of Fatigue Characteristics of Metals at Different Loading Frequences

The procedure for predicting fatigue characteristics by high-frequency test results over lifetime ranges up to 10¹⁰ cycles is proposed. The procedure is based on the fatigue fracture model accounting for the loading frequency and stress ratio. The potentials of the method are exemplified by the tests of smooth specimens and specimens with a stress concentrator from different materials (nickel-, aluminum-, and titanium-base alloys). The prediction results for different loading frequencies (35–10,000 Hz) and stress ratios (from -1 to 0.5) are shown to vary by about 10% from experimentally obtained data.     

基于熔融盐加热的甲烷蒸汽重整制氢反应器的熵产生率和氢气产率分析

太阳能热化学储能能够有效解决太阳能时间和空间分布不均的问题。在工业甲烷蒸汽重整反应器模型的基础上,利用有限时间热力学理论建立了基于熔融盐加热的甲烷蒸汽重整反应器（steam methane reforming reactor heated by molten salt,MS-SMRR）模型,得到了MS-SMRR的设计参数,并分析了MS-SMRR的几何参数和操作参数对氢气产率和总熵产生率的影响规律。结果表明：在氢气产率一定时,逆流参考反应器比顺流参考反应器的总熵产生率低,且消耗的熔融盐少;增大熔融盐进口温度和减小反应混合物进口压力能够显著提高MS-SMRR的氢气产率。研究结果对实际MS-SMRR的优化设计具有一定的理论指导意义。     

Characteristics of Localized Plasticity Autowaves and the Debye Parameter in Metals

Technical Physics Letters - A correlation between the characteristics of localized plasticity autowaves and the Debye temperature of crystalline lattice in 19 metals has been analyzed. It is shown...     

机械压力机闭合高度改造

制定了压力机改造方案:对设备闭合高度进行改造,使压力机与模具匹配,以提高设备利用率、冲压件生产效率及冲压件质量,降低冲压件外协生产成本.对立柱垫块及拉紧螺栓进行了校核分析.实践证明,改造是成功的.     

超超临界汽轮机高温铸钢的性能特征

采用正交设计方法进行了材料的热处理及性能试验,并对该材料进行了弹性模量和线膨胀系数的试验测定,通过计算获得该材料在室温和高温时的弹性模量和线膨胀系数.对该材料性能的分析和评价表明:ZG1Cr10MoWVNbN耐热钢作为超超临界高温用耐热钢具有良好的常温力学性能;其弹性模量随温度的升高而下降;其线膨胀系数较小,并且随着温度的升高增幅也较小.     

Effect of Electropolishing of Metals and Alloys in a Deep Eutectic Solvent on Their Corrosion Characteristics

Materials Science - It is shown that the electrochemical anodic treatment of alloys (stainless steels, Al–Mg alloys, and bronzes) in Ethaline (eutectic mixture of choline chloride and...     

船用汽轮机组振动激励源特性分析

船用汽轮机组运行时会产生较强的振动,易引发关键构件的疲劳破坏,而充分了解船用汽轮机组的振动激励源特性是减小其振动的前提。对某船用汽轮机组在不同运行工况下的振动激励源特性进行仿真研究。首先,分别通过理论分析和数值计算得到汽轮机组的旋转和气动激励源,计算不同运行工况下的等效激励力;然后,将等效激励力加载到地面安装条件下的汽轮机组有限元模型上,计算不同工况下汽轮机组的振动响应;最后,通过对比不同工况下汽轮机组的响应特征,确定旋转不平衡力是汽轮机组所受激励的主要成分,并进一步建立船用汽轮机组的振动加速度与机组转速的关系。该研究方法及有关结论对船用汽轮机组减振优化设计具有一定的指导意义。     

几种线缆金属材料的土壤腐蚀特性

采用自然埋藏的研究方法,对线缆金属材料铜、铝、铅在我国各种土壤中的腐蚀试验结果和腐蚀产物进行了分析,总结了腐蚀特征和规律,探讨了土壤及微生物对腐蚀的影响.结果表明:铜、铝、铅平均腐蚀率随时间变化规律基本遵循方程式V=At8;铜在内陆盐土,铝在碱性土壤,铅在酸性土及潮湿草甸土、紫色土中呈局部斑点腐蚀;局部腐蚀产物不具保护性;影响铜、铝、铅局部腐蚀的主要因素是土壤质地,含水量,可溶性盐Clˉ、SO2ˉ4及微生物.     

Selective Permeation of Water through Angstrom-Channel Graphene Membranes for Bioethanol Concentration

Graphene-based laminate membranes have been theoretically predicted to selectively transport ethanol from ethanol–water solution while blocking water. Here, robust angstrom-channel graphene membranes (ACGMs) fabricated by intercalating carbon sheets derived from chitosan into thermally reduced graphene oxide (GO) sheets are reported. ACGMs with robust and continuous slit-shaped pores (an average pore size of 3.9 Å) are investigated for the dehydration of ethanol. Surprisingly, only water permeates through ACGMs in the presence of aqueous ethanol solution. For the water-ethanol mixture containing 90 wt% ethanol, water can selectively permeate through ACGMs with a water flux of 63.8 ± 3.2 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ at 20 °C and 389.1 ± 19.4 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ at 60 °C, which are over two orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional pervaporation membranes. This means that ACGMs can effectively operate at room temperature. Moreover, the ethanol can be fast concentrated to high purity (up to 99.9 wt%). Therefore, ACGMs are very promising for production of bioethanol with high efficiency, thus improving its process sustainability.     

Determination of Elastic Characteristics of Structural Metals in Micro- and Macroelastic Strain Regions

Precision methods and devices for determining Young's moduli and transverse strain factors of structural metals in the range of microstrains (~10^-7) and strains corresponding to operating stresses are described. The accuracy of experimental results is adequate for solving both scientific (determination of second-order transitions in these metals) and practical problems.     

某汽轮机抽汽疏水弯管泄漏失效分析

某电厂汽轮机一抽汽疏水弯管在服役约4a(年)后发生泄漏,在弯管两颊出现了两条轴向裂纹,现场调查发现该弯管两端有4道环焊缝及补焊现象。采用宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相分析、扫描电镜与能谱分析等手段对弯管泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明:该管段内部介质中含有一定量的氯离子,在焊接残余应力及循环热应力的共同作用下弯管发生了应力腐蚀开裂和腐蚀疲劳开裂,最终导致弯管发生泄漏失效。     

催化剂研究应用的新成果

统计表明,在石油化工、环保、医药、食品等行业的产品或原料生产中,大约有1/3以上与催化剂有关.随着各行业的发展,催化剂的应用领域不断扩展,在工农业生产中显示出越来越重要的地位.报道和分析了催化剂研究应用的最新成果,探讨了催化剂研究应用的趋势.