基于DHT的物联网分布式发现系统

物联网中海量设备的频繁接入、退出以及动态的网络变化为节点管理带来了压力,结构化的P2P网络可以有效缓解这种压力,但是大多数物联网P2P网络只能利用节点ID进行简单搜索。本文对分布式哈希表（DHT）进行改进,实现利用节点的多个属性和属性的范围进行搜索和管理。基于改进后的DHT,实现了一种新的物联网资源发现系统,它可以将物联网内的各类资源组织在一起,形成一个分布式、松耦合的物联网架构。实验结果表明该搜索系统可以在物联网中实现高效的资源发现。     

Quality of Service Support in RPL Networks: Standing State and Future Prospects

The development of IP-based Internet of Things (IoT) networks would facilitate more effective end-to-end IP network architectures, but it remains a challenge. Network routing needs to be effectively addressed in the IoT environments of scarce computational and energy resources. Accordingly, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has specified the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) to provide a bespoke IPv6-based routing framework for IoT networks. However, RPL comes with no Quality of Service (QoS) support which is an essential requirement for many IoT applications. The network research community has introduced a number of research proposals enhancing RPL with different QoS solutions. This paper presents a review of these proposed solutions and aims to establish a firm understanding of recent QoS developments for RPL and possible areas for future IoT routing research. The focus is on comprehending the protocol and networking properties that can affect QoS performance in RPL networks. Consideration is also given to different objective functions developed for addressing varying QoS aspects such as throughput, delay, and packet loss. RPL is also extended in a number of QoS solutions following different approaches at the MAC, network, and application layers. However, there is still a need for further developments to address effective QoS support, particularly for dynamic RPL networks.     

基于实用拜占庭容错的物联网入侵检测方法

物联网入侵的检测率虽高，但面临节点能力消耗过大的问题，为此提出一种基于共识的实用拜占庭容错（PBFT）算法的入侵检测方法。首先，使用支持向量机（SVM）进行预训练得到入侵检测判定规则，并将训练规则应用于物联网中的每个节点；然后，选举出部分节点对网络中其他节点进行主动入侵检测，同时将自身的检测结果向其他节点公布；最后，每个节点依据PBFT算法判断其他节点的状态，使检测结果在系统内达到一致性。在NSL-KDD数据集上使用TinyOS进行仿真的实验结果表明，所提方法与集成入侵检测系统（ⅡDS）和双重降维双重检测（TDTC）方法相比，能量消耗平均降低12.2%和7.6%，能够有效地降低物联网的能量消耗。     

Performance evaluation of MAC transmission power control in wireless sensor networks

In this paper we provide a method to analytically compute the energy saving provided by the use of transmission power control (TPC) at the MAC layer in wireless sensor networks (WSN). We consider a classical TPC mechanism: data packets are transmitted with the minimum power required to achieve a given packet error probability, whereas the additional MAC control packets are transmitted with the nominal (maximum) power. This scheme has been chosen because it does not modify the network topology, since control packet transmission range does not change. This property also allows us to analytically compute the expected energy savings. Besides, this type of TPC can be implemented in the current sensor hardware, and it can be directly applied to several MAC protocols already proposed for WSN. The foundation of our analysis is the evaluation of L ratio, defined as the total energy consumed by the network using the original MAC protocol divided by the total energy consumed if the TPC mechanism is employed. In the L computation we emphasize the basic properties of sensor networks. Namely, the savings are calculated for a network that is active for a very long time, and where the number of sensors is supposed to be very large. The nodes position is assumed to be random – a normal bivariate distribution is assumed in the paper – and no node mobility is considered. In the analysis we stress the radio propagation and the distribution of the nodes in the network, which will ultimately determine the performance of the TPC. Under these conditions we compute the mean value of L. Finally, we have applied the method to evaluate the benefits of TPC for TDMA and CSMA with two representative protocols, L-MAC and S-MAC using their implementation reference parameters. The conclusion is that, while S-MAC does not achieve a significant improvement, L-MAC may reach energy savings up to 10–20%.     

一种新颖的传感器网络聚类路由协议

提出了一种能量有效的基于聚类的传感器网络路由协议—EEHCA（an Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for wireless sensor networks）。该协议通过最小化通信能量消耗并在所有节点之间实现能量消耗负载平衡的方式,达到了延长传感器网络生存时间的目的。协议提出了一种新颖的簇首确定机制,该机制可以避免感知区域内的节点进行频繁的簇首选举,从而节约了能量。为提高传感器网络的容错性能,引入了备用簇首的概念。在簇首与基站通信方面,采用多跳传输的方式进行,从而避免了距离基站较远的簇首进行长距离通信时所造成的能量过早耗尽的问题。仿真结果表明提出的协议拥有比LEACH和HEED协议更长的网络生存时间。     

Internet of Things Enabled Energy Aware Metaheuristic Clustering for Real Time Disaster Management

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a major element of Internet of Things (IoT) networks which offer seamless sensing and wireless connectivity. Disaster management in smart cities can be considered as a safety critical application. Therefore, it becomes essential in ensuring network accessibility by improving the lifetime of IoT assisted WSN. Clustering and multihop routing are considered beneficial solutions to accomplish energy efficiency in IoT networks. This article designs an IoT enabled energy aware metaheuristic clustering with routing protocol for real time disaster management (EAMCR-RTDM). The proposed EAMCR-RTDM technique mainly intends to manage the energy utilization of nodes with the consideration of the features of the disaster region. To achieve this, EAMCR-RTDM technique primarily designs a yellow saddle goatfish based clustering (YSGF-C) technique to elect cluster heads (CHs) and organize clusters. In addition, enhanced cockroach swarm optimization (ECSO) based multihop routing (ECSO-MHR) approach was derived for optimal route selection. The YSGF-C and ECSO-MHR techniques compute fitness functions using different input variables for achieving improved energy efficiency and network lifetime. The design of YSGF-C and ECSO-MHR techniques for disaster management in IoT networks shows the novelty of the work. For examining the improved outcomes of the EAMCR-RTDM system, a wide range of simulations were performed and the extensive results are assessed in terms of different measures. The comparative outcomes highlighted the enhanced outcomes of the EAMCR-RTDM algorithm over the existing approaches.     

多等级通信半径的无源传感器网络中的覆盖问题

无源传感器网络是近年来兴起的一种新型的网络结构,可用于解决传统无线传感器网络能量有限、寿命受限的问题.在无源传感器网络中,每个无源传感器节点配备有能量收集模块,可以从周围环境中获取能量.由于周围环境中的能量是无限的,这样,从能量的角度来讲,无源传感器网络的网络寿命是无限的.这样就解决了传统无线传感器网络寿命受限的问题.然而,由于周围环境中的能量源具有能量低、分布不均匀等特点,导致无源传感器网络中的覆盖问题比传统的无线传感器网络中的覆盖问题更加复杂.为了解决无源传感器网络中的覆盖问题,同时也为了让无源节点更有效地利用环境中的能量,考虑了一种具有多等级通信半径的无源节点,并提出了基于多等级通信半径的无源传感器网络中的覆盖问题.证明了这个问题是NP-Hard问题.提出一种基于贪心策略的近似算法,解决了这个问题,并证明了该算法的近似比.同时,采用模拟实验的方式验证了该算法的性能.根据实验结果,该算法是有效且可靠的.     

EnergIoT: A solution to improve network lifetime of IoT devices

Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm attracting significant attention in the modern wireless telecommunications field. However, in some scenarios, the performance of IoT network is limited by energy-constrained devices. In order to improve the energy efficiency of such IoT devices, researchers have proposed several approaches based on duty cycle operation (switching devices between sleeping and active mode). However, current solutions adopting duty cycle (i.e., the fraction of time in which a node is active) have three issues: (i) they assign the same duty cycle ratio to all the nodes without balancing energy consumption; or (ii) they distribute different duty cycle ratios without considering the energy consumption during network construction phase; or (iii) their network structure models are based on concentric corona, instead of clustering structure.In this paper, we propose EnergIoT, a hierarchical clustering approach based on duty cycle ratio to maximize network lifetime of battery-powered IoT devices. In particular, we assign different duty cycle ratios to devices according to their distance from the sink, since different duty cycle ratios balance the energy consumption among devices at different layers. Furthermore, we calculate the energy consumption of IoT devices, considering both network construction phase and data processing phase. We evaluate EnergIoT through extensive simulation analyses on the OMNet++ platform. The result shows that EnergIoT is not only feasible but also efficient. Moreover, EnergIoT improves the network lifetime by 32%, compared to the uniform duty cycle approach, without sacrificing the network performance (i.e., end-to-end delay).     

基于外层空间的无线传感器网络组播路由协议研究*

研究航天器部署在火星表面的无线传感器节点,首次提出了外层空间无线传感器网络(outer space wireless sensor network,OSWSN)的概念,指出该网络的节点以自组织方式组网。基于已有的地面无线传感器网络经典组播路由协议,结合无线自组织网络组播协议建树思想,设计应用于外层空间无线传感器网络的OSWSNMP（OSWSN multicast protocol）。与已有的MAODV组播路由协议以及应用于地面无线传感器网络的EMRS组播路由协议进行比较,在NS2上搭建OSWSNMP仿真环     

无线传感器网络中关键节点的节能问题

无线传感器网络是能量受限的网络,近年来发表的路由协议考虑了传感器节点的节能问题,但是未在重要程度不同的节点之间进行区分.将网络拓扑中的关键节点概念与路由协议的设计相结合,给出了如何在路由过程中标示关键节点以及如何进一步为关键节点节能的算法.实验结果显示,算法能够有效地延迟网络的分离.     

Optimized Tuning of LOADng Routing Protocol Parameters for IoT

Interconnected devices and intelligent applications have slashed human intervention in the Internet of Things (IoT), making it possible to accomplish tasks with less human interaction. However, it faces many problems, including lower capacity links, energy utilization, enhancement of resources and limited resources due to its openness, heterogeneity, limited resources and extensiveness. It is challenging to route packets in such a constrained environment. In an IoT network constrained by limited resources, minimal routing control overhead is required without packet loss. Such constrained environments can be improved through the optimal routing protocol. It is challenging to route packets in such a constrained environment. Thus, this work is motivated to present an efficient routing protocol for enhancing the lifetime of the IoT network. Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol—Next Generation (LOADng) protocol is an extended version of the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. Unlike AODV, LOADng is a lighter version that forbids the intermediate nodes on the route to send a route reply (RREP) for the route request (RREQ), which originated from the source. A resource-constrained IoT network demands minimal routing control overhead and faster packet delivery. So, in this paper, the parameters of the LOADng routing protocol are optimized using the black widow optimization (BWO) algorithm to reduce the control overhead and delay. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed model is analyzed with the default LOADng in terms of delay, delivery ratio and overhead. Obtained results show that the LOADng-BWO protocol outperforms the conventional LOADng protocol.     

基于虚拟引力的WSNs路由协议设计与实现

数据采集是无线传感器网络(WSNs)主要功能之一,大规模的传感器网络采集并回收数据时容易出现节点负载不均衡,导致负载重的节点过早死亡.为了延长传感器网络的生存时间,本文提出了一种基于虚拟力的分簇路由协议(CRPVG),选取合适的节点出任簇首;根据簇首与普通节点的虚拟引力大小进行分簇;通过簇首之间多条传输将采集的数据包发送至基站节点.实验结果表明:提出的分簇路由协议在能耗均衡方面起到了较好的作用,延长了网络的生存时间.     

Blockchain with Explainable Artificial Intelligence Driven Intrusion Detection for Clustered IoT Driven Ubiquitous Computing System

In the Internet of Things (IoT) based system, the multi-level client’s requirements can be fulfilled by incorporating communication technologies with distributed homogeneous networks called ubiquitous computing systems (UCS). The UCS necessitates heterogeneity, management level, and data transmission for distributed users. Simultaneously, security remains a major issue in the IoT-driven UCS. Besides, energy-limited IoT devices need an effective clustering strategy for optimal energy utilization. The recent developments of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) concepts can be employed to effectively design intrusion detection systems (IDS) for accomplishing security in UCS. In this view, this study designs a novel Blockchain with Explainable Artificial Intelligence Driven Intrusion Detection for IoT Driven Ubiquitous Computing System (BXAI-IDCUCS) model. The major intention of the BXAI-IDCUCS model is to accomplish energy efficacy and security in the IoT environment. The BXAI-IDCUCS model initially clusters the IoT nodes using an energy-aware duck swarm optimization (EADSO) algorithm to accomplish this. Besides, deep neural network (DNN) is employed for detecting and classifying intrusions in the IoT network. Lastly, blockchain technology is exploited for secure inter-cluster data transmission processes. To ensure the productive performance of the BXAI-IDCUCS model, a comprehensive experimentation study is applied, and the outcomes are assessed under different aspects. The comparison study emphasized the superiority of the BXAI-IDCUCS model over the current state-of-the-art approaches with a packet delivery ratio of 99.29%, a packet loss rate of 0.71%, a throughput of 92.95 Mbps, energy consumption of 0.0891 mJ, a lifetime of 3529 rounds, and accuracy of 99.38%.     

A distributed reliable collusion-free algorithm for selecting multiple coordinators in IOTA using fog computing

IOTA is a distributed ledger technology with a new structure called Tangle, which offers high scalability, no fees, and near-instant transfers for the internet-of-things (IoT) networks. The most important issue of IOTA is consensus achievement, which is handled by a single node acting as a coordinator. A single and default coordinator node exposes IOTA to the single point of failure and incomplete distribution issues. In this paper, a novel algorithm for selecting multiple coordinators to participate in the consensus process at milestones is proposed (i.e., MCS algorithm) to overcome the problem of a single coordinator in IOTA network. The MCS algorithm is applied in a two-layered architecture including IoT devices (i.e., Layer 1) and fog nodes (i.e., Layer 2). We define and formulate four different properties as metrics to select multiple coordinators in this architecture. Moreover, a collusion list is defined to decrease the risk of collusion between fog nodes in the network. Experimental results show that using multiple fog nodes as coordinators in IOTA network can improve the average response time and average throughput while does not considerably sacrifice the total cost and system utilization in comparison with the use of a single default coordinator in IOTA network.     

Efficient data-forwarding method in delay-tolerant P2P networking for IoT services

These days Internet of Things (IoT), which consists of smart objects such as sensor nodes is the most important technology for providing intelligent services. In the IoT ecosystem, wireless sensor networks deliver collected information from IoT devices to a server via sink nodes, and IoT services are provided by peer-to-peer (P2P) networking between the server and the IoT devices. Particularly, IoT applications with wide service area requires the mobile sink nodes to cover the service area. To employ mobile sink nodes, the network adopts delay-tolerant capability by which delay-tolerant nodes try to transmit data when they connect to the mobile sink node in the application service field. However, if the connection status between a IoT device and a mobile sink node is not good, the efficiency of data forwarding will be decreased. In addition, retransmission in bad connection cause high energy consumption for data transmission. Therefore, data forwarding in the delay-tolerant based services needs to take the connection status into account. The proposed method predicts the connection status using naïve Bayesian classifier and determines whether the delay tolerant node transmits data to the mobile sink node or not. Furthermore, the efficiency of the proposed method was validated through extensive computer simulations.     

无线网络中的一种基于小世界模型的路由协议

最近,利用节点的移动性提升网络系统性能的方法引起了不少关注。这些方法已经被运用于包括移动Adhoc网络（MANET）、无线传感网络（WSN）和容忍延时网络（DTN）在内的一些新兴网络中,他们都认为节点是随机或者可控移动的。为了达到优化或平衡包括延时、平均中继节点数目和移动距离在内的一些度量参数的目的,本文提出了一种基于于小世界模型的路由协议（SWR）。通过分析,该协议只有多对数数量级的中继节点,大大减少了报文传输过程中中继节点的数量。文中定义了短链接与长链接的概念,其中每一节点与其最邻近的节点之间存在“短”链接,而与其他遵循桌一概率分布的节点间存在着“长”链接。短链接通常是无线链接,而长链接通常是利用移动节点来实现的。本文在网络规模、使用数据搭乘者、多重长链接和等待移动节点时间方面进行了分析。通过仿真结果,我们对各方面性能进行了评估。     

基于能量强度的簇区分路由方法研究

传感器节点体积微小,通常携带能量十分有限的电池。由于传感器节点个数多,成本要求低廉,分布区域广,而且部署区域环境复杂,有些区域甚至是人员不能到达的,所以传感器节点通过更换电池的方式来补充能量是不现实的。如何高效使用能量来最大化网路的生命周期是无线传感器网络面临的首要挑战。为了提高网络的寿命,目前人们已经提出了很多基于网络层的路由协议。比较研究了传感器网络现有的路由协议,参考LEACH分簇算法和MTP协议,提出了一种在MTP协议基础上将LEACH分簇思想引入进来的改进方法,即在基于能量强度将网络节点分层后,再在各层上进行簇区分,均衡各传感器节点的能量来提高网络的寿命。实验表明该路由算法可提高网络寿命。     

Ad Hoc网络的多路由协议模型

在Ad Hoc网络中,对于不同的节点移动模式、网络规模、节点分布和节点功能分类,很难用单一路由协议使网络路由性能和路由开销达到最优。在很多实际应用场合需要考虑部分节点同时支持多种路由协议,使网络路由协议的选择更加灵活、效率更高。基于已有的具体路由协议的更高层次,本文提出了一种Ad Hoc网络的多路由协议模型MRM,用它实现一个多种路由协议可以同时运行的平台,这种模型使AdHoc网络在选择路由协议时具有更大的灵活性。为了清晰准确地表述这种路由模型的工作原理,本文引入了DFA（Deterministic Finite Automaton）工具对其进行描述,对比仿真数据,分析了采用MRM模型后对网络性能带来的影响。     

无线传感器网络高能效分簇路由算法

无线传感器网络与传统无线网络相比,网络节点在具有的电源能量、计算与处理能力、通信带宽等方面都十分有限。延长网络的生命周期成为无线传感器网络的一个关键问题。在低功耗自适应分簇路由算法(LEACH)的基础上提出了一种改进算法,其主要思想在于根据监测区域面积、节点数目及基站位置来确定最优簇个数而不是低功耗自适应算法中的固定值。最后仿真结果表明,改进后的算法与LEACH算法相比,无论是在能量消耗还是网络生命周期方面都有较大的提高。