咪唑类离子液体表面活性剂的合成及其形成微乳液的增溶能力研究

合成并提纯了3种离子液体表面活性剂——溴代-1-十二烷基(十四烷基、十六烷基)-3-甲基咪唑(C12 mimBr、C14mimBr、C16mimBr),利用平衡表面张力法测定了临界胶束浓度,检验了其纯度.利用δ-γ“鱼形”相图研究了C12 mimBr (C14mimBr、C16mimBr)/醇/烷烃/盐水(5％ NaC...     

离子液体表面活性剂的合成与应用(Ⅱ)——离子液体表面活性剂的合成

按照离子液体表面活性剂的种类,分别介绍了不同类型离子液体表面活性剂的合成方法。阳离子型离子液体表面活性剂可以采用直接季铵化法、复分解法和离子交换法合成;阴离子型离子液体表面活性剂是采用传统阴离子表面活性剂与离子液体在有机溶剂或水/有机溶剂中复分解反应完成的;两性离子液体表面活性剂通常采用直接季铵化法合成;双子和Bola型离子液体表面活性剂与传统双子和Bola型表面活性剂的合成方法相似;微波和超声等新的辅助合成方法将明显促进离子液体表面活性剂的合成。     

活性可控表面活性剂及分子结构设计

从表面活性剂聚集行为和表面特性角度综述了国内外开关型表面活性剂的类型及研究状况.剖析了温度开关、酸碱开关、电开关、氧化还原开关、光开关、离子开关和二氧化碳开关等方法调控分子极性的原理及表面活性剂分子结构特点,为新型开关型表面活性剂的分子设计提供了思路.指出了研制开关型表面活性剂的意义及在清洁生产等领域中的作用和应用前景.     

Mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants with single and twin head groups: Solubilization and adsolubilization of styrene and ethylcyclohexane

Mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants with single and twin head groups were used to solubilized styrene and ethylcyclohexane into mixed micelles and adsolubilize them into mixed admicelles on silica and alumina surfaces. Two combinations of anionic and cationic surfactants were studied: (i) a single-head anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with a twin-head cationic surfactant, pentamethyl-octadecyl-1,3-propane diammonium dichloride (PODD), and (ii) a twin-head anionic surfactant, sodium hexadecyl-diphenyloxide disulfonate (SHDPDS), with a single-head cationic surfactant, dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPCl). Mixtures of SDS/PODD showed solubilization synergism (increased oil solubilization capacity) when mixed at a molar ratio of 1∶3; however, the SHD-PDS/DPCl mixture at a ratio of 3∶1 did not show solubilization enhancement over SHDPDS alone. Adsolubilization studies of SDS/PODD (enriched in PODD) adsorbed on negatively charged silica and SHDPDS/DPCl adsorbed on positively charged alumina showed that while mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants had little effect on the adsolubilization of styrene, the adsolubilization of ethylcyclohexane was greater in mixed SHPDS/DPCl systems than for SHDPDS alone. Finally, it was concluded that whereas mixing anionic and cationic surfactants with single and double head groups can improve the solubilization capacity of micelles or admicelles, the magnitude of the solubilization enhancement depends on the molecular structure of the surfactant and the ratio of anionic surfactant to cationic surfactant in the micelle or admicelle.     

离子液体表面活性剂的合成与应用(XII)——微乳液

离子液体表面活性剂替代传统表面活性剂构建微乳液具有明显的优势,且结构可设计;所制备的微乳液分为单相微乳液和多相微乳液,其相图主要包括拟三元相图和“鱼状”相图;微乳液的微观结构,如液滴尺寸、相互作用或极性等,可通过电化学技术、动态激光散射、小角X射线散射等技术来确定。此类微乳液可广泛应用于纳米粒子制备、聚合反应、金属离子萃取等领域。     

离子液体表面活性剂的合成与应用(I)——离子液体表面活性剂的结构和分类

在介绍了离子液体的结构特点和特性的基础上,重点综述了离子液体表面活性剂的结构特征,并且按阳离子型、阴离子型、两性型、双子型和Bola型五类分别介绍了离子液体表面活性剂的典型结构和文献发表的主要品种,显示了离子液体表面活性剂具有较强的结构可设计性和未来品种的多样性。     

离子液体表面活性剂的合成与应用(III)——离子液体表面活性剂的物化性能

重点介绍了离子液体表面活性剂的熔点与结构的关系。阳离子母体结构越不对称熔点越低,烷基链长增加熔点稍有提高;对阴离子型离子液体表面活性剂,阳离子的半径越大,其熔点越低;双子和Bola型离子液体表面活性剂比单疏水基离子液体表面活性剂的熔点高。室温呈液态的离子液体表面活性剂一般为黏稠液体,密度比一般有机溶剂大,在1 g/cm3左右,其表面张力为25~35 mN/m。     

金属离子对2-乙基已基膦酸单(2-乙基已基)酯钠盐的微乳体系水增溶的影响

测算了由 2 乙基已基膦酸单 ( 2 乙基已基 )酯钠盐、正辛醇、正辛烷和水形成的W/O微乳液体系中 ,金属盐 (Mg2 + 、Ni2 + 、Co2 + 、Zn2 + 、Cr3+ 等 )水溶液的最大增溶分数 φ′H2 O。用金属萃取络合物的结构和亲油性解释了金属离子对 φ′H2 O的影响。     

表面活性剂的性能与应用(XXV)——表面活性剂在纺织工业中的应用

纺织工业是表面活性剂在工业方面的最大用户之一,表面活性剂在其中扮演着多重角色。详细介绍了表面活性剂作为洗净剂、润湿剂和渗透剂、退浆剂、染色剂、防水防油剂在纺织业中的应用,并对纺织用表面活性剂的发展前景进行了展望。     

Synergism in mixed monolayers of alkylpolyglucoside and alkylsorbitan surfactants at liquid/liquid interface

A study of nonideal behavior in the formation of mixed monolayers at the oil-water interface was performed for a nonionic-nonionic surfactant system. Mixtures containing alkylpolyglucoside and alkylsorbitan derivatives were investigated. As the oily phase, colza-rapeseed and olive oils were used. To evidence a synergetic effect in the interfacial tension reduction in the oil-water-surfactant-cosurfactant system, the model based on the regular solution theory was modified for the case of both surfactants being soluble in the water as well as in the oily phase. For determination of the condition for the synergism and the point of the maximum synergetic effect, the molar fraction in the mixed monolayer X ^s and the interaction parameter β^s were calculated, using experimental data for the interfacial tension and for the partition coefficient. A set of general equations was developed, to allow the analysis of a mixture containing a water-soluble and an oil-soluble surfactant. The equations are applied according the characteristics of studied quaternary systems. The mathematical model was tested with literature data, and the results were compared with those obtained from the phase diagram of oil-water-mixed surfactant system. The systems water-vegetable oil-alkylpolyglucoside-alkylsorbitan show a maximum synergetic effect at molar fractions between 0.85 and 0.90. The liquid-liquid interfacial tension and partition coefficient data were used to calculate the point of the maximum synergetic effect, i.e., the surfactant-cosurfactant ratio, which ensures the interfacial tension miniumum. The dramatic reduction in interfacial tension due to the presence of the surfactant mixture at the interface at the point of the synergism maximum is related to the formation of three-phase and single-phase microemulsions. The results were applied to obtain single-phase microemulsion in water-vegetable oil-alkylpolyglucoside-alkylsorbitan systems.     

腐殖酸钾对十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）增溶作用

以苯为石油类物质代表,比较研究了单一的腐殖酸钾、SDBS以及二者的混合溶液对苯的增溶作用。用紫外分光光度法测定了各溶液对苯的增溶能力。研究了腐殖酸钾的质量浓度、矿化度、pH值以及温度等因素对单一或混合表面活性剂溶液对苯的增溶能力的影响。结果表明,苯增溶量随着腐殖酸钾浓度的增大产生突越,并渐渐趋于平衡;适量的无机阳离子电解质能够增大单一或混合表面活性剂的增溶能力;腐殖酸钾溶液的增溶体系在pH〉7．0时基本不受的pH变化影响;体系的温度越高增溶量越大。     

Non‐ionic surfactants for enhancing electrospinability and for the preparation of electrospun nanofibers

BACKGROUND: Electrospinning is widely used to produce nanofibers; however, not every polymer can be electrospun into nanofibers. To enhance electrospinability, much effort has been made in designing new apparatus, such as vibration‐electrospinning, magneto‐electrospinning and bubble‐electrospinning. RESULTS: A representative non‐ionic surfactant, TritonR X‐100, is used to enhance electrospinability. The surfactant is added to an electrospun poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) polymer solution, and a dramatic reduction in surface tension is observed. As a result, a moderate voltage is needed to produce fine nanofibers, which are commonly observed during the conventional electrospinning procedure only at elevated voltage. CONCLUSION: The novel strategy produces smaller nanofibers than those obtained without surfactants, and the minimum threshold voltage is much decreased. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

表面活性剂在叶面肥中的应用与进展

表面活性剂可以改善喷施液的表面活性,有利于叶面肥在作物叶面上的润湿、粘附与渗透,增加作物叶片对养分的吸收率。不同表面活性剂的助吸效果有一定差异,如果使用不当,容易引起叶面伤害、养分利用率降低等不良反应。复合型表面活性剂表现出协同增效作用,可以显著提高表面活性剂的助吸效果,在叶面施肥中得到了广泛的应用。随着人们对环境问题的关注,无公害类表面活性剂的应用逐渐得到了重视。     

Solubilization and release of fragrance agents in the aqueous solution of CO2 switchable surfactants

This study describes the enhancement in the solubility and controlled-release of fragrance agents (menthol, four n-alkanols, and three aromatic esters) using three CO₂ switchable surfactants (N-alkylimidazolium bicarbonates). The surfactants significantly improved the solubility of fragrance agents in water. N-Dodecylimidazolium bicarbonate was the most effective surfactant to solubilize menthol. A stability test indicated that the surfactant could stably disperse menthol in water. Moreover, the surfactants improved the solubility of n-alkanols to different levels, however, the solubility of the aromatic esters equally. The release of menthol from the surfactant solution under N₂ at different durations of bubbling time, temperatures, and flow velocities were studied.     

氟表面活性剂和氟聚合物(XI)——全氟碳流体

介绍了全氟碳流体的性能特点、发展历程、结构特点、制备方式和应用领域,分析了国内全氟碳流体市场现状,并对我国在该领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

氟表面活性剂和氟聚合物(IV)——PFOS问题的应对策略

碳氟链的特殊性质决定了某些氟烷基化合物在目前很多特殊场合是不可替代的,但传统的PFOS引发的环境及安全问题亟待解决。讨论了PFOS问题的若干解决办法,包括探索其降解方法或分离及循环使用方法、或降低PFOS的使用浓度至规定限量以下,而根本解决之道还是寻求PFOS的替代品。从几个角度讨论了PFOS的替代品并对其应用的合理性进行了分析。     

氟表面活性剂和氟聚合物(II)——环境与安全问题

主要从全氟辛烷磺酰氟/磺酸/磺酸盐(统称为PFOS)的生产、在环境中的存在和排放、接触和摄入、监管和减排、长距离迁移、生物累积和排泄、降解及毒性等8个方面对PFOS的环境与安全问题进行详细介绍;并就PFOS的安全性,从一个表面活性剂工作者的角度提出了自己的一点见解,旨在提高氟表面活性剂的应用价值。     

二甲基硅油及其表面活性剂在化纤生产中的应用

综述了二甲基硅油及其表面活性剂在化纤油剂中的应用 ,化纤油剂应具有的高平滑性、高耐热等特性 ;介绍了改善油剂的综合性能及硅油表面活性剂用来提高纤维的可纺性等性能的方法。建议我国应尽快开发研制含硅油的化纤油剂     

氟表面活性剂和氟聚合物(I)——性能、合成(生产)及应用概述

介绍了氟表面活性剂和含氟聚合物的基本概念、类型与结构、重要物理化学性质、重要的工业生产方法以及在工业和高科技领域的应用。简单介绍了它们目前遇到的环境安全问题及对策。     

W/O型反相微乳法制备纳米材料及其应用

简要介绍了反相微乳液的结构、性质、相行为及微观结构的检测方法；阐述了在W／O型反相微乳液中制备纳米材料的反应原理、制备方法及影响纳米微粒成核、增长的因素；综述了近年来国内外使用该方法制备纳米材料的研究进展。