Ym155 Induces Oxidative Stress-Mediated DNA Damage and Cell Cycle Arrest,and Causes Programmed Cell Death in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with a median survival time of about 4 months. Currently, there is no effective treatment, and the development of new therapies is an important and urgent issue for ATC patients. YM155 is a small molecule that was identified as the top candidate in a high-throughput screen of small molecule inhibitors performed against a panel of ATC cell lines by the National Cancer Institute. However, there were no follow-up studies investigating YM155 in ATC. Here, we determined the effects of YM155 on ATC and human primary benign thyroid cell (PBTC) survival with alamarBlue assay. Our data show that YM155 inhibited proliferation of ATC cell lines while sparing normal thyroid cells, suggesting a high therapeutic window. YM155-induced DNA damage was detected by measuring phosphorylation of γ-H2AX as a marker for DNA double-strand breaks. The formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified alkaline comet assay in conjunction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and glutathione (GSH)/glutathione (GSSG) assay suggests that YM155-mediated oxidative stress contributes to DNA damage. In addition, we provide evidence that YM155 causes cell cycle arrest in S phase and in the G2/M transition and causes apoptosis, as seen with flow cytometry. In this study, we show for the first time the multiple effects of YM155 in ATC cells, furthering a potential therapeutic approach for ATC.     

Opportunities and Challenges of Liquid Biopsy in Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, encompassing different entities with distinct histological features and clinical behavior. The diagnostic definition, therapeutic approach, and follow-up of thyroid cancers display some controversial aspects that represent unmet medical needs. Liquid biopsy is a non-invasive approach that detects and analyzes biological samples released from the tumor into the bloodstream. With the use of different technologies, tumor cells, free nucleic acids, and extracellular vesicles can be retrieved in the serum of cancer patients and valuable molecular information can be obtained. Recently, a growing body of evidence is accumulating concerning the use of liquid biopsy in thyroid cancer, as it can be exploited to define a patient’s diagnosis, estimate their prognosis, and monitor tumor recurrence or treatment response. Indeed, liquid biopsy can be a valuable tool to overcome the limits of conventional management of thyroid malignancies. In this review, we summarize currently available data about liquid biopsy in differentiated, poorly differentiated/anaplastic, and medullary thyroid cancer, focusing on circulating tumor cells, circulating free nucleic acids, and extracellular vesicles.     

(S)-4-(甲硫基)-2-[2-羰基-1-吡咯烷基]丁酰胺的合成

(S) 2 氨基 4 (甲硫基)丁酸甲酯盐酸盐于浓氨水中,发生酰胺化反应,制得(S) 2 氨基 4 (甲硫基)丁酰胺,收率63%;(S) 2 氨基 4 (甲硫基)丁酰胺用甲醇溶解,与浓盐酸成盐,得(S) 2 氨基 4 (甲硫基)丁酰胺盐酸盐,收率66%;(S) 2 氨基 4 (甲硫基)丁酰胺盐酸盐在相转移催化剂四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)及研细氢氧化钾的作用下,与4 氯丁酰氯发生取代、环化反应,制得(S) 4 (甲硫基) 2 [2 羰基 1 吡咯烷基]丁酰胺,收率61%。产品的结构经TLC、IR、1HNMR等进行了表征。     

氨噻肟酸乙酯的合成研究

以乙酰乙酸乙酯为原料,经肟化、甲基化、卤化及环合合成了(Z)-2-(2-氨基-4-噻唑)-2-甲氧基亚胺基乙酸乙酯。其中,肟化、甲基化无需分离提纯,简化了操作步骤,卤化过程用磺酰氯代替了传统的卤化试剂溴素,降低了反应的成本,并考察卤化反应中各因素对收率的影响。采用红外、核磁及液质连用色谱等确定其结构,通过高效液相色谱测定该工艺制得的氨噻肟酸乙酯的纯度可达到98%以上。产品的总收率达到46%(以乙酰乙酸乙酯计)。     

4-(5-甲醛基-2-噻吩基)-7-(2-噻吩基)[2,1,3]苯并噻二唑的合成

采用两种不同的途径合成了4-(5-甲醛基-2-噻吩基)-7-(2-噻吩基)[2,l,3]苯并噻二唑。研究结果表明,DMF/POCl3体系较n-BuLi/DMF体系产率更高。改变两种合成途径的反应条件,或用单醛化产物进一步醛化,均未发现二醛取代产物的生成。     

氨噻肟酸乙酯的合成研究

以去甲氨噻肟酸乙酯(DMAT)为原料,对影响反应收率的反应温度、物料配比、相转移催化剂及其用量、甲基化试剂、反应时间等因素进行了研究。最佳反应条件为:反应温度20℃,NaOH为碱性试剂,DMAT∶NaOH∶(CH3O)2SO3为1∶1.2∶1.2,四丁基碘化铵作相转移催化剂,用量为底物摩尔数的7%,硫酸二甲酯为甲基化试剂,乙醇和四氢呋喃为溶剂,反应时间约为4 h,总收率为79%。     

1-(2-氯苯基)-2-(4-氟苯基)-3-溴-1-丙烯的合成

1-(2-氯苯基)-2-(4-氟苯基)-3-溴-1-丙烯(2)是氟环唑的关键中间体。以1,2-二氯乙烷和水为溶剂,1-(2-氯苯基)-2-(4-氟苯基)-1-丙烯(1)在氢溴酸/双氧水体系中发生α-溴代反应得到该化合物。通过使用氢溴酸/双氧水代替溴素或N-溴代丁二酰亚胺,提高了溴的利用率及产品的收率,避免了烯烃的加成,减少了副反应的发生,减少了三废。通过实验获得了反应的优惠条件:二氯乙烷和水为溶剂,回流反应,n(1)∶n(HBr)∶n(H2O2)=1∶1.1∶2.5,氢溴酸和双氧水的滴加时间为6 h,在上述反应条件下,反应收率为90.6%,选择性90.6%。     

7-对氟苯甲酰基喜树碱的合成及其抗癌活性研究

为提高天然喜树碱的活性并降低其毒性,在它的7位引进了含氟的亲脂基团。以对氟苯甲醛、20(S)-喜树碱等为原料,经Fenton自由基取代反应,合成了7-对氟苯甲酰基-20(S)-喜树碱,产率38.5%,合成的新化合物结构经MS、1HNMR和IR确证,并对FeSO4.7H2O?过氧化氢?对氟苯甲醛?浓硫酸的投料量等反应条件进行了初步优化。目标产物经北京大学药学院天然药物及仿生药物国家重点实验室用磺酰罗丹明B(SRB)法在体外对人癌细胞增殖的抑制作用进行了测定,结果表明,在20μmol/L时,该化合物对人白血病(HL-60)、人胃癌(BGC-823)、人肝癌(Bel-7402)3种人癌细胞增殖都有抑制作用。     

2-(2-氯苄基)-2-(1-氯环丙基)环氧乙烷的合成

报道了丙硫菌唑中间体2-(2-氯苄基)-2-(1-氯环丙基)环氧乙烷的合成方法。以1-氯-N,N-二甲基环丙基甲酰胺和邻氯氯苄为原料,经格氏反应制备2-氯苄基-(1-氯环丙基)酮;后者再与硫叶立德试剂反应得到相应的环氧化物。     

2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-(2-烷氧基苯基)-1,3,4-(噁)二唑的合成及表征

以对硝基苯甲酸和水杨酸甲酯为起始原料合成了两种新的1,3,4-噁二唑类化合物——2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-(2-乙氧基苯基)-1,3,4-噁二唑和2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-(2-戊氧基苯基)-1,3,4-噁二唑。合成过程中,1,3,4-噁二唑化合物上的硝基采用钯碳催化氢化的方法还原成氨基,使后处理变得容易,产率显著提高,分别达98.4%和96%。通过IR和1HNMR确证了相关化合物的结构。     

1-[7-氟-4-炔丙基-1,4-苯并嗪-3-酮-6-基]-3-正丙基-2-硫代咪唑啉三酮的合成及其除草活性

标题化合物(SYP-300)是沈阳化工研究院的试验除草剂。由丙基异硫氰酸酯与6-氨基-7-氟-4-炔丙基-1,4-苯并嗪-3-酮经两步反应制得。其结构经核磁共振谱、红外光谱和元素分析确证。SYP-300在温室条件下100ga.i./hm2可防除多种阔叶杂草,在200ga.i./hm2对小麦和水稻安全。     

1-[7-氟-4-炔丙基-1，4-苯并噁嗪-3-酮-6-基]-3-正丙基-2-硫代咪唑啉三酮的合成及其除草活性

标题化合物(SYP-300)是沈阳化工研究院的试验除草剂。由丙基异硫氰酸酯与6-氨基-7-氟-4-炔丙基-1，4-苯并噁嗪-3-酮经两步反应制得。其结构经核磁共振谱、红外光谱和元素分析确证。SYP-300在温室条件下100ga．i．／hm^2可防除多种阔叶杂草，在200ga．i．／hm^2对小麦和水稻安全。     

1-甲基-3-(7-氟-4-炔丙基-1,4-苯并噁嗪-3-酮-6-基)-1,3-喹唑啉-2,4-二酮的合成及其除草活性

标题化合物(SYP-298)是沈阳化工研究院的试验除草剂,由邻硝基苯甲酸经5步反应制得。其结构经核磁共振谱和质谱分析确证。SYP-298在温室条件下38 g a.i./hm2可防多种阔叶杂草,在600 g a.i./hm2对玉米和水稻安全。     

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of 7-(4-(acryloyloxy)butoxy)coumarin

The light sensitive vinyl monomer with coumarin unit, 7-(4-(acryloyloxy)butoxy)coumarin (7AC), was synthesized. The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of 7AC, initiated by 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), was carried out using 2-cyanoprop-2-yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) as a RAFT agent in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. The kinetics exhibited first-order relationship with respect to the monomer concentration. The molecular weight of the polymer increased linearly with the monomer conversion. The chain extension of poly(7-(4-(acryloyloxy)butoxy)coumarin) (P7AC) using styrene (St) as the second monomer demonstrated that the obtained polymers were almost “living”. The fluorescence intensity of P7AC increased with the molecular weight of P7AC and was stronger than that of the monomer. The obtained polymer had strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption at 322 nm. The molecular weights of the polymer had no effect on its ultraviolet absorption intensity. The coumarin structure existing in P7AC underwent [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction (photodimerization) under UV irradiation in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution, which can be further used to prepare small particles from the single polymer.     

20(S)-7-对氟苯甲酰基-10-羟基喜树碱的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

以20(S)-喜树碱(6)为原料,经氧化,光反应重排,制得10-羟基喜树碱(4)并对其工艺条件进行了改进,氧化产率由60.2%提高到86.1%,光反应产率由30.6%提高到49.8%;再以10-羟基喜树碱(4)为原料,经乙酰化、Minisci自由基反应、水解反应,最终得到20(S)-7-对氟苯甲酰基-10-羟基喜树碱(1),并用IR、1 H NMR和MS进行了结构表征。用SRB法对1进行了体外抗肿瘤活性实验,显示1对人白血病(HL-60)、人胃癌细胞(BCG-823)、人肝癌细胞(Bel-7402)和人鼻咽癌细胞(KB)均有抑制作用。     

7-(2-甲基-3-丁炔-2-氧基)-香豆素的合成研究

分别考察了常规条件下和微波合成条件下,碘催化法合成7-(2-甲基-3-丁炔-2-氧基)-香豆素的研究.实验结果表明,微波合成法不仅大大缩短了反应时间,还节省了昂贵原料3-氯-3-甲基-1-丁炔的用量,是合成该产物较优的合成方法.此外,还对比考察了Mitsunobu成醚法与碘催化法合成目标产物,并对二者的反应历程进行了探讨,对DCC法合成进行了尝试.     

2-(E-2-苯乙烯基)-6,7-亚甲二氧基喹啉的合成

以苯甲醛为原料在碱性条件下与丙酮缩合得苄叉丙酮,再与6－氨基胡椒醛发生Friedlaender缩合反应,得到新的目标产物2－（E－2－苯乙烯基）－6,7－亚甲二氧基喹啉,产率84％。     

氨噻肟酸的合成

4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯经亚硝酸异丙酯肟化、硫脲环合一步反应制得去甲氨噻肟酸乙酯。反应条件为:n(4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(亚硝酸异丙酯)=1∶1.05,肟化反应温度为10~12℃,肟化反应、环合反应时间分别为22、3.5h。去甲氨噻肟酸乙酯经甲基化、水解反应后得到氨噻肟酸,总收率46.3%(以4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯计)。产物经1HMNR表征,符合结构特征。     

Reactions of 2-(4-morpholinothio)- and 2-(4-morpholinodithio)benzothiazole in the presence of polyisoprene

2-(4-Morpholinothio)benzothiazole (MOR) and 2-(4-morpholinodithio)-benzothiazole (MDB) were reacted, in combination with sulfur and ZnO, in the presence of polyisoprene (IR). Samples were heated in a DSC at 2.5°C/min and characterized by swelling experiments. The products formed at various temperatures were analyzed by HPLC. Crosslinking only occurred once all the benzothiazole sulfenamide had been consumed, the onset of vulcanization characterized by a considerable increase in 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) concentration. Crosslinking occurred earlier in all corresponding MDB formulations. Higher crosslink densities were recorded with addition of ZnO. The delayed action experienced in MOR systems was attributed to an exchange reaction between benzothiazole-terminated pendent groups and MOR and not due to the stability of the disulfide, MDB. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1093–1099, 1997     

(R)-(-)-α-对氯苯基异戊酸消旋利用的研究

(R)-(-)-a-对氯苯基异戊酸为光学活性菊酯类杀虫剂顺式氰戊菊酯生产中产生的无效旋光异构体。本文研究了它消旋利用的工艺,在NaOH作用下在DMSO溶剂中回流反应4～6h可消旋化得到(±)-对氯苯基异戊酸,其产品含量大于98%,比旋光度=0。该消旋产物经过拆分得到的(S)- 对氯苯基异戊酸完全适用于(S,S)- 氰戊菊酯的合成。