多孔陶瓷膜的制备、应用和发展前景

本文概述了用于制备从大孔支撑体到微孔或致密膜片等各种构造的陶瓷膜的传统方法,如挤出法、浸渍法和溶胶-凝胶法,分析了其它薄膜制备技术,如用于制备致密或微孔薄膜的化学气相沉积法,制备沸石膜的水热法等,提出中空纤维作为陶瓷膜的新构造.     

电场强化陶瓷膜超滤牛血清蛋白

以相对分子质量67 000的牛血清蛋白(BSA)为分离对象,通过膜通量、截留率、膜通量衰减程度和恢复率等膜参数的测定,考察了外加直流电场作用陶瓷膜(γ-Al2O3)的分离性能。结果表明,外加正电场陶瓷膜的膜通量和截留率都有所提高,20 V/cm时,分别提高了67%和46.8%,而膜通量衰减程度由84.64%降低到60.87%,经过"电场自净"的陶瓷膜,其膜通量的恢复率可达95%以上,能较大改善膜的抗污染性能。     

Effects of α‐amylase and glycerol levels on the composition optimization of poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate)/starch blended biodegradable resin analyzed with response surface methodology

Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effects of the enzyme level (X₂) and glycerol level (X₁) on objective attributes [water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), and maximum loading (Y₃)] of a cornstarch/poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate) blended composite. A rotatable central composite design was used to develop models for the objective responses. The experiments were run at barrel temperatures of 160, 160, 165, and 165°C, with a screw speed of 40 rpm and complete feeding (filling ratio = 1). Responses were most affected by changes in X₂ and to a lesser extent by X₁. Individual contour plots of the different responses were overlaid, and regions meeting the optimal WSI of 8.73%, WAI of 3.94 g of gel/g of dry weight, and Y₃ of 304.17 N were established at an X₂ of 5.43 g and an X₁ of 120.79 mL. These predicted values for the optimal process conditions were in good agreement with the experimental data. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Microporous anisotropic phase inversion membranes from bisphenol A polycarbonate: Effect of additives to the polymer solution

Phase inversion is a very flexible technique to obtain membranes with a large sort of morphologies. Membrane properties can vary greatly depending on the kind of polymer system used. Bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) could be used as a phase inversion membrane base polymer, and presents very good properties. Nevertheless, very little information on membrane preparation using PC and the phase inversion process can be found in the literature. In this work flat‐sheet microporous membranes were obtained by the phase inversion process using the immersion precipitation technique. A new polymer system was studied, consisting of polycarbonate, N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as solvent, water as the nonsolvent, and an additive. The influence of some parameters on membrane morphology, such as polymer solution composition, exposition time before immersion into the precipitation bath, and the kind of additive was investigated. Precipitation was followed using light transmission experiments and membrane morphology was observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The viscosity and cloud points of all polymer solutions were also determined. The results were related to the studied synthesis parameters, using the basic principles of membrane formation by the phase inversion technique, looking forward to establishing criteria to control the morphology of flat‐sheet membranes using polycarbonate as the base polymer. The results showed that both additives were able to increase pore interconnectivity and even suppress macrovoid formation. The decrease in the miscibility region of the polymer system and increase in mass transfer resistance are found to be the determining factors during polymer solution precipitation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3085–3096, 2002     

聚烯烃工业生产装置添加剂进展

针对聚烯烃工业生产装置产品稳定化要求,分析了“在线”添加剂的作用原理和使用特点,归纳介绍了“在线”添加剂主要种类和使用发展趋势,指出“在线”添加剂的更新换代具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

Effect of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) concentration and coagulation bath temperature on the morphology,permeability, and thermal stability of asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes

Cellulose acetate (CA) is widely used in membrane processes. In this study, CA (weight‐average molecular weight = 52,000) was mixed with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP; weight‐average molecular weight = 15,000) as an additive in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as a solvent. The phase‐inversion method was used for the preparation of flat‐sheet membranes. The effects of PVP concentration and coagulation bath temperature (CBT) on the morphology, pure water permeation flux, and thermal stability of the prepared membranes were studied and are discussed in this article. The solute rejection of the developed CA membranes was quantified with an insulin protein solution. The results showed that an increase in the CBT levels from 0 to 23°C along with an increase in the PVP concentration in the cast film from 0 to 1.5 wt % resulted in an increase in the macrovoid formation in the membrane sublayer, an increase in the pure water flux (PWF), and a decrease in insulin rejection. Further increases in the PVP concentration from 1.5 to 3, 6, and 9 wt % resulted in gradual suppression of the macrovoid formation, a decrease in PWF, and an increase in insulin rejection. Higher PVP concentrations and lower CBT levels also appeared to result in higher glass‐transition temperatures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

聚丙烯腈超滤膜的制备

为了得到高性能的超滤膜,采用相转化法,以聚丙烯腈(PAN)为原料,N-甲基-吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,制备了聚丙烯腈超滤膜.采用纯水通量以及膜对牛血清蛋白(BSA)的截留率作为评价标准,并使用扫描电镜对膜结构进行表征.研究了聚合物质量分数、添加剂种类、凝胶浴温度、凝胶浴种类对膜性能的影响.研究发现:在一定范围内提高聚合...     

Hemicelluloses separation from caustic-containing process stream by ultrafiltration

The present work aimed to study the performance of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for hemicelluloses separation, from a caustic-containing highly alkaline, cellulose purification solvent stream of viscose rayon production process, and to understand the membrane behaviour, effect of multiple use cycle, identify potential performance drawbacks and propose possible solutions. Screening experiments showed that an UF membrane with a nominal molecular weight cut-off value of 3 kDa can be used to separate hemicelluloses from alkaline process stream. UF membrane was found to be prone to performance deterioration with time due to fouling. Higher feed temperature helped in improving the membrane flux values while maintaining hemicelluloses retention.     

Primary study of novel poly(acrylic sodium)/poly(ether sulfone) composite ultrafiltration membranes (I) the preparation of composite membrane

The poly(acrylic sodium) (PAS)/poly(ether sulfone) (PES) composite ultrafiltration membranes were prepared by coating PAS membrane solution on PES support membrane. The effects of substrate membrane, the composition of PAS solution such as PAS concentration, the choice of the solvent and the additive, and the thickness of PAS active layer on the performance of the composite membranes were extensively investigated. The experimental results have indicated the optimal PAS/PES composite membranes, containing a PES substrate with MWCO of 70,000, together with a PAS top layer having a thickness of about 20 μm, were tested at room temperature and under the pressure of 0.6 MPa with the mass concentration of 0.005 g/L poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (Mw = 1000 g/mol) solution, a flux of 32.6 L/(m² h) and a rejection of 92.2% were obtained, which are superior to those of the common commercial membranes reported.     

Ultrafiltration of metal ions by water‐soluble chelating poly(N‐acryloyl‐N‐methylpiperazine‐co‐N‐acetyl‐α‐aminoacrylic acid)

Water‐soluble copolymers of N‐acryloyl‐N‐methylpiperazine and N‐acetyl‐α‐aminoacrylic acid were synthesized by radical polymerization. The copolymerization yield ranged between 60 and 97%. The FTIR and NMR spectra demonstrated that the copolymerization occurred. The copolymer composition was determined from ¹H‐NMR spectra by comparison of methyl groups from both moieties. The copolymers were richest in AAA units. The metal ion retention properties were investigated by the liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention (LPR) technique at different pH and filtration factors. The affinity for the metal ions depended on the copolymer composition, pH, and filtration factor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2556–2561, 2002     

膜分离技术分离纯化泰乐菌素的研究

简要介绍膜分离技术,采用超滤膜、纳滤膜对泰乐菌素发酵液进行脱色除蛋白试验。通过考查该体系膜通量、发酵液浓缩情况及滤液质量等,发现采用膜系统处理泰乐菌素发酵液在工艺、技术上是可行的,比传统过滤方式具备很多优越性。     

Influence of Ultrasonic Treatment on Various Membrane Materials: A Review

Ultrasound treatment is a feasible option for membrane cleaning but its exploitation is possible only if membranes withstand the treatment. In this review an overview of the literature concerning the membrane tolerance to ultrasonic irradiation is provided. The amount of available information concerning stability of membranes under exposure to ultrasound is limited. The tolerance to ultrasonic irradiation has been evaluated only for some membrane materials. The most examined material, polyvinylidenefluoride, stands up well to ultrasonic treatment compared to other tested materials. However, experimental arrangements differ significantly from each other and the comparison of membrane tolerances is challenging. The results of the review reveal that standardized test methods are needed for getting comparable information on membrane tolerances to ultrasound.     

陶瓷部件挤出成型工艺

本文以蜂窝陶瓷生产工艺为例，讨论了陶瓷部件挤出成型过程中，塑性泥料的制备、成型、干燥和烧成等工艺技术和装备问题。     

影响多孔陶瓷挤出成型工艺因素探讨

对影响多孔陶瓷挤出成型工艺的一些因素进行了简要分析，重点论述了塑性泥料的制备方法。     

MA-AA聚合物陶瓷助磨剂的助磨机理研究

通过测定MA-AA对陶瓷瘠性原料(石英)以及含粘土的陶瓷塑性原料的助磨作用,以及MA-AA对陶瓷塑性原料泥浆 的粘度和ζ-电位的影响规律,并结合试样的红外光谱分析结果,研究了MA-AA对陶瓷原料的助磨机理。结果表明: MA-AA对陶瓷原料的助磨作用是由于其同时具有降低颗粒表面硬度和调节泥浆流变性两种作用。     

Perfluorosulfonated ionomers membranes: Melt‐processing and characterization for ion exchange applications

Perflurosulfonated ionomers membranes with different ionic‐exchange capacity were successfully fabricated via melt‐extruding and casting of their –SO₂F precursors. A systematical investigation of the thermal stability, crystallinity, and rheological properties of the precursors was performed to secure their optimized processing conditions. The tensile properties of acid‐form membranes are found to increase with base‐hydrolysis time, where a tensile strength of 38.2 MPa is readily obtained after 24 h's base‐hydrolysis. The content of –SO₂F or –SO₃H containing side‐chains plays an important role in the thermal stability, rheological, and mechanical properties of the precursor or the acid‐form membranes. The strong ionic interactions, attributed to the –SO₃H groups, lead to decreased crystallinity and tensile strength for different IEC membranes. The acid‐form membranes exhibit good proton conductivity and low methanol crossover in comparison with reference Nafion membrane. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39944.     

Influence of sodium bromide additive on polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes

The effect of sodium bromide (NaBr) on performance and characteristics of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes was studied. Asymmetric UF membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique from a multicomponent dope polymer solution consisting of the polymer; polyethersulfone (PES), solvent; N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and NaBr as micromolecular additive. The dissolution of PES‐DMF‐NaBr was carried out using microwave irradiation technique to induce rapid dissolution through minimal heating time. Various concentrations of NaBr were mixed with PES in the range of 1–5 wt % and its influence on membrane characteristics such as surface hydrophilicity was measured by contact angle and the performance in terms of water flux and rejection rates were evaluated using micromolecular test substances. The morphology and streaming potential of PES UF membranes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ζ‐potential measurement, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that the membrane consisting of 1 wt % NaBr exhibits the best performance in terms of rejection and flux rates with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 45 kDa and mean pore size of 6 nm. The membrane with the 1 wt % addition of NaBr demonstrates most negative charge which indicates less fouling characteristics and displays approximately three times higher permeation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Preparation and characterization of porous poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes for dehumidification with poly(ethylene glycol) as an additive

Porous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes for dehumidification were prepared from a PVDF/dimethylformamide/water system by phase inversion with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as an additive at various concentrations (1.2, 1.8, and 2.4%) and with various molecular weights (1000, 2000, and 6000). The surface morphologies of the resultant membranes were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and the pore diameter, porosity, and pore size distribution of the membranes were also determined by a gas‐sorption method. The influence of the concentration and molecular weight of PEG on water‐vapor transport through the membranes was evaluated. The moisture‐transport property of the membranes was improved significantly with increases in the concentration and molecular weight of PEG, and a membrane with good moisture permeability was obtained with 2.4% PEG‐6000 as an additive. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010