Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid contents,and the GAD activity in germinated brown rice (Oryza sativa L.): Effect of rice cultivars

The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid (Glu) contents, and the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity in brown rice (BR) and germinated BR (GBR) of the 5 Thai rice cultivars KDML105, PT1, CN1, SP1, and PL2 were investigated. BR was soaked at 35°C for 12 h and then germinated for 24 h to produce GBR. Amounts of GABA and Glu, and the GAD activity in samples were determined. The GABA content and GAD activity in GBR samples of all cultivars were increased 7–50× and 10–100× over levels in BR. The GABA content in BR had no effect on GABA accumulation in GBR. There was no trend in changes in the Glu content for different cultivars after soaking and germination. Variation in the GABA amount in GBR was due to both the GAD activity and the amount of Glu. These two parameters affected accumulation of GABA in all cultivars.     

Germination Conditions Affect Physicochemical Properties of Germinated Brown Rice Flour

ABSTRACT:  Germinated brown rice has been reported to be nutritious due to increased free gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The physicochemical properties of brown rice (BR) and glutinous brown rice (GNBR) after germination as affected by different steeping times (24, 36, 48, and 72 h depending on the rice variety) and pHs of steeping water (3, 5, 7, and as-is) were determined and compared to those of the nongerminated one (control). As the steeping time increased or pH of steeping water decreased, germinated brown rice flours (GBRF) from both BR and GNBR had greater reducing sugar, free GABA and α-amylase activity; while the total starch and viscosity were lower than their respective controls. GBRFs from both BR and GNBR prepared after 24-h steeping time at pH 3 contained a high content of free GABA at 32.70 and 30.69 mg/100 g flour, respectively. The peak viscosity of GBRF obtained from both BR and GNBR (7.42 to 228.22 and 4.42 to 58.67 RVU, respectively) was significantly lower than that of their controls (255.46 and 190.17 RVU, respectively). The principal component analysis indicated that the important variables for discriminating among GBRFs, explained by the first 2 components at 89.82% of total explained variance, were the pasting profiles, α-amylase activity, and free GABA.     

Effect of different soaking and germination methods on bioactive compounds of germinated brown rice

Germination of brown rice can be completed by full soaking and partial soaking methods. This study aimed to analyse the influence of germination methods on the bioactive accumulations in germinated brown rice (GBR). Germination was conducted in four treatments: (i) membrane reactor with full (RFS) and (ii) partial soaking method soaking (RAG), (iii) manual soaking for complete germination (MFS) and (iv) partial manual soaking in combination with atmospheric germination (MAG). The results showed that soaking BR in membrane reactor accelerated the shoots' growth and increased GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) content compared with the manual soaking method. The RAG treatment achieved higher GABA content (up to 125 mg/100 g), total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity than other germination methods. The main finding of this research indicates that membrane reactor effectively enhances the growth of sprouts. The combination of partial soaking in membrane reactor and atmospheric germination (RAG) is a suited method to increase GABA accumulation in GBR.     

Effects of parboiling and fluidized bed drying on the physicochemical properties of germinated brown rice

Changes in physicochemical properties of germinated brown rice (GBR) and parboiled germinated brown rice (PGBR) dried in a fluidized bed dryer at 110–150 °C were investigated. Results indicated that parboiling altered the properties of GBR owing to starch gelatinisation. The moisture content, yellowness, peak viscosity and hardness of PGBR increased, but internal fissured kernel, cooking time, water absorption and total solids loss decreased when compared to GBR. γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in GBR was 23.31 mg per 100 g and was reduced to 17.91 mg per 100 g in PGBR. The drying times required to reduce the moisture content of GBR and PGBR to 16% d.b. were 4.01–7.65 min and 5.11–9.50 min, respectively. Final moisture content, which is optimum to prevent internal fissures of dried GBR and PGBR, was 27–29% and 25–28% d.b., respectively. The same trend was observed in the physicochemical properties of GBR and PGBR when increasing drying temperature and time.     

糙米发芽过程中内源酶活力及主要成分的变化

目的：探讨糙米在发芽过程中内源酶活力和主要成分的变化规律及相关性。方法：以“早944”稻米为材料制备发芽糙米,在30℃下发芽培养72h,每隔12h对其内源酶活力和主要成分含量进行测定。结果：糙米内α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、蛋白酶、谷氨酸脱羧酶、植酸酶等内源酶活力呈现上升趋势,发芽72h时酶活力分别达5.45U/g、3.78U/g、14.08U/g、9.72U/100g、3.44U/g;γ-氨基丁酸、还原糖、游离氨基酸含量呈现增长趋势,发芽72h时含量分别为237.05mg/100g、18.15mg/g、214.94μg/g;同时,总糖、粗蛋白和植酸含量呈现降低趋势,发芽72h时含量分别为44.16、9.59、1.99mg/g。结论：内源酶与其代谢的底物及代谢产物之间都存在显著相关性,部分内源酶与非内源酶代谢相关底物及产物之间亦存在显著相关性。糙米发芽72h后的营养价值高于发芽前,适宜用作新型糙米食品的生产原料。     

发芽糙米的富硒及其微波干燥与挤压膨化工艺优化

以普通粳稻为原料,探讨了发芽糙米的富硒效果和微波干燥、挤压膨化对富硒发芽糙米营养品质的影响。结果发现,硒质量浓度为10 mg/L时,可以获得较高质量的富硒发芽糙米,此条件下糙米的发芽率为97.9%,有机硒含量为977.6 μg/kg（质量分数98.5%）,γ-氨基丁酸含量为445.9 mg/kg;40 ℃的低温微波干燥有利于保持发芽糙米的硒和γ-氨基丁酸含量;挤压膨化产品中有机硒和γ-氨基丁酸的含量与原糙米相比,分别提高到其29 倍和5 倍。研究认为,亚硒酸钠可以作为富硒试剂实现发芽糙米的有效富硒,富硒发芽糙米可以用于开发相关的营养膨化食品。     

发芽糙米γ-氨基丁酸形成的谷氨酸脱羧酶活性与底物变化的相关性分析

以糙米为原料,采用浸泡发芽结合超声波逆境处理方式增加糙米中γ-氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA）含量。对发芽过程中谷氨酸（glutamic acid,GA）含量、谷氨酸脱羧酶（glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD）活性及GABA含量进行分析,研究GA含量、GAD活性与GABA含量之间的关系。结果表明：随着发芽时间延长,GABA及GA含量持续明显增加,且GABA与GA含量有显著相关性（P＜0.05）。随着发芽时间延长,GAD活性呈先增后降再增的趋势;在发芽0～48?h之间,对照组GAD活性（以GABA量计）均值为9.25?nmol/g,GABA含量增加到6?倍以上;在48～60?h之间,GABA增量不明显。与对照相比,超声波处理促进GA含量增加2?倍以上,并且快速提高GAD活性,在36?h时发芽糙米中GABA含量最高达41.85?mg/100?g。     

超声波辅助处理对发芽糙米营养及食用品质的影响

本研究采用超声波技术辅助加工发芽糙米,探究超声波辅助处理对发芽糙米总黄酮、基本营养成分、米糠皮层微观结构及质构等的影响。结果表明,超声波辅助处理工艺顺序对发芽糙米总黄酮的含量有一定影响,其中糙米先浸泡13 h,再用160 W超声处理25 min后发芽,发芽糙米的总黄酮含量达到最大值218.17 mg/100 g。在此工艺条件下,与未超声处理组相比,发芽糙米的发芽势和发芽率分别升高了19.60%（P<0.01）和4.66%（P<0.05）;蛋白质、维生素B₂及矿物质元素（钾、磷、锰、锌）的含量均显著增加（P<0.05）;糙米皮层变得更加疏松多孔;硬度、黏着性、弹性和粘度均下降。热物性方面,发芽糙米淀粉糊化相关热物性参数无显著性变化（P?0.05）,可见超声波辅助加工能在一定程度上改善发芽糙米的功能营养特性及食用品质。     

超声波辅助酶预处理对糙米发芽及发芽糙米理化特性的影响

结合超声波和外源酶对糙米进行预处理,利用中心组合试验模型,以超声温度、超声时间、酶质量浓度3 个因素为自变量,糙米预处理后处理液中总糖含量、糙米发芽率、发芽糙米γ-氨基丁酸（γ-amiobutyric acid,GABA）含量为响应值,设计了三因素三水平的响应面分析试验,并对数据进行拟合和相关性分析。同时研究超声波辅助酶预处理对发芽糙米中GABA含量、总酚含量、内源淀粉酶活力以及发芽糙米糊化黏度、蒸煮后质构特性的影响。结果表明：超声辅助酶预处理的超声温度和超声时间对糙米发芽率和GABA含量均有显著的影响。通过响应面分析,超声波辅助酶预处理超声温度31.21 ℃、超声时间0.71 h、酶质量浓度0.28 g/L时,发芽率最高预测值为91.98%;超声波辅助酶预处理超声温度35.65 ℃、超声时间0.5 h、酶质量浓度0.22 g/L时,GABA含量最高预测值为38.25 mg/100 g。从发芽糙米的理化特性来看,超声波辅助酶预处理有利于GABA的富集,但不利于总酚的积累。超声波辅助酶预处理可以有效地提高内源淀粉酶的活力,相应地降低发芽糙米粉的糊化黏度以及发芽糙米蒸煮后的硬度。     

超高压处理对发芽糙米酒中γ-氨基丁酸及挥发性成分的影响

以发芽糙米为原料酿造米酒,对发芽温度、发芽时间、超高压处理压力、超高压处理时间进行单因素实验,考察不同条件下酒中γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)含量,并对米酒成品采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱质谱联用(GC/MS)技术检测发芽糙米酒中的挥发性成分。结果显示,发芽条件为温度28℃、时间20 h,获得的发芽糙米GABA含量较高,为346.7 μg/g。发酵后获得的发芽糙米酒GABA含量为24.7 mg/L。在超高压处理压力200 MPa、超高压处理时间30 min,获得的糙米酒成品GABA含量较高,达到27.4 mg/L。在200 MPa处理后的发芽糙米酒中共检测出醇类12种,酯类20种,酮类5种,酸类1种。相较于未经超高压处理的发芽糙米酒,超高压处理后的发芽糙米酒中酯类种类增加,醇类含量减少,酸类含量减少。通过感官评价,发现200和300 MPa处理的样品均优于未处理组,说明加压处理提高了发芽糙米酒的滋味,大大提高了米酒的风味品质。     

未熟粒糙米低氧胁迫发芽期间生理生化变化研究

以未熟粒糙米为试材,研究其低氧胁迫发芽期间主要生理生化变化。结果表明：经低氧胁迫发芽48 h,未熟粒糙米的发芽率达79.3%,芽长为1.92 mm,呼吸强度提高5.6 倍,容重达0.79 g/mL;发芽期间其含水量快速增加后趋于平缓,淀粉含量持续下降,还原糖和游离氨基酸含量则逐渐增加,均与完熟粒糙米变化趋势一致且无显著性差异;未熟粒糙米中γ-氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA）含量随发芽时间延长呈逐渐增加趋势,发芽48 h时GABA含量增加1.08 倍,且谷氨酸脱羧酶（glutamate decarboxylase,GAD）活力和谷氨酸（glutamic acid,Glu）含量与对照组无显著差异。低氧胁迫下未熟粒发芽糙米中GABA含量与芽长、呼吸强度、游离氨基酸和GAD活力均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与淀粉和谷氨酸含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。低氧胁迫发芽改善了未熟粒糙米营养品质,是富集GABA的良好原料。     

Utilization of germinated and heat-moisture treated brown rices in sugar-snap cookies

Utilization of germinated brown rice (GBR) in sugar-snap cookies and effect of heat-moisture treatment of the GBR were investigated. Brown rice was germinated at 30 °C for 48 h and then a heat-moisture treatment was conducted for the moistened GBR (17 g/100 g moisture content) at 100 °C for 4 h. Sugar-snap cookies were prepared with white rice, brown rice, GBR and the treated GBR flours, as substitutes for wheat flour (30–100 g/100 g). All cookies containing rice flours, regardless of germination and heat-moisture treatment, required significantly less force to compress than did the wheat flour cookie, and this softening effect was increased as the level of rice flour substitution increased. The cookies made with the GBR flour displayed inferior physical characteristics compared to those with wheat flour, but the cookies containing the treated GBR flour showed improved physical properties with lower moisture content and higher spread factor than those containing untreated GBR flour. The cookies containing the treated GBR flours showed relatively a low degree of firming during the ambient storage. The overall results showed that the cookies with acceptable quality and improved nutrition could be prepared by partial or complete replacement of wheat flour with the heat-moisture treated GBR flour.     

The impact of germination on the characteristics of brown rice flour and starch

BACKGROUND: In recent years, germinated brown rice as a functional food has received great attention with its improved sensory and nutritional properties. Particularly of interest are the high levels of γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA) which can be obtained during germination. However, more studies are needed to fully understand the effect of germination on the physicochemical properties of brown rice. RESULT: Germination altered the chemical composition of brown rice, resulting in an increase in reducing sugar and ash content, and a reduction in amylose. Solubility, paste viscosity, transition temperatures (T_o, T_p and T_c) and percentage of retrogradation (%Retrogradation) were decreased, while swelling power and turbidity were significantly increased. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that starch granules from germinated brown rice became smaller and less homogeneous. Moreover, germination shortened the chain length of amylopectin and amylose molecules. CONCLUSION: This investigation provides information on changes in the characteristics of rice flour and rice starch during germination, leading to a better understanding on the chemistry of brown rice germination. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Germinated high-resistant starch rice: A potential novel functional food

High-resistant starch rice has been showing great potent in preventing diabetes but with inferior eating quality. Germinated brown rice (GBR) shows improved eating quality, GBR intake can reduce the risk of some chronic diseases and is beneficial for human health. Germination treatment might be a good solution to the dilemma between nutrition and sensory qualities. To deepen the understanding on the physiochemical properties of high RS rice during germination and widen the applications of high RS rice in functional food industry. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant RS4 (RS ca.10.3%), GZ93 (RS ca.0.1%) and the wild-type R7954 (RS ca.1.6%) were used to investigate the primary physicochemical properties, antioxidant and functional substances after germination. After germination, though the contents of RS were decreased in R7954, GZ93 and RS4, the RS content in RS4 was still as high as 4.09%. Meantime, RS4 exhibited pronouncedly enhanced lipids, free glucose, polyphenolic compositions, flavonoid, GABA and β-glucan contents after germination. Germination treatment decreased the gelatinisation temperature of RS4, made RS4 cooked easier but maintained lower digestibility and higher nutrients. Germinated RS4 with high RS content might be potent in food industry as antioxidant, hypolipidaemic and immune-enhancing ingredients.     

Effects of parboiling and infrared radiation drying on the quality of germinated brown rice

This research investigated the physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and microstructure of brown rice (BR) and non-parboiled and parboiled germinated brown rice (GBR and PGBR). The GBR and PGBR were treated by sun, hot-air oven, or infrared irradiation (IR) drying. The results showed that IR drying enhanced the bioactive compounds of non-parboiled GBR, including γ-aminobutyric acid, α-tocopherol, and total phenolic compounds, while γ-oryzanol and antioxidant activity were comparable to BR. Meanwhile, IR drying significantly improved the head rice yield (HRY) of PGBR while reducing fissured grains. Parboiling also affected the color values of rice grains, suggesting the diffusion of husk color into endosperm and the formation of brown polymers by the Maillard reaction. In addition, IR drying altered the internal structure of rice grains, resulting in abundant intercellular voids. Specifically, the IR-dried non-parboiled GBR significantly enhanced essential bioactive compounds and improved HRY while maintaining the color of standard BR.     

发芽糙米米糠营养成分和γ-氨基丁酸分析及缓解体力疲劳功效

目的：测定发芽糙米米糠（germinated brown rice bran,GBRB）中营养成分及重金属的含量,建立高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）法测定GBRB中γ-氨基丁酸（gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA）,并研究GBRB的抗疲劳功效。方法：1）采用邻苯二甲醛柱前衍生、HPLC法测定GBRB中GABA的含量;2）50 只SD大鼠按体质量随机分为5 组,即空白对照组、高脂对照组和GBRB质量分数分别为30%、20%、10%的高、中、低3 个剂量组。喂饲83 d,进行负重游泳实验,记录游泳力竭时间。结果：1）GBRB的粗纤维、灰分质量分数分别不到普通米糠的29%、33%,粗蛋白、总氨基酸及单一氨基酸（除胱氨酸）、粗脂肪与普通米糠中的含量相近,无机元素含量都低于普通米糠,重金属含量在GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》安全食用限量以下;2）用实验建立的HPLC条件检测GABA,在68.7～275.0 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,R2为0.999 9,测出的GABA含量为53 mg/100 g,平均回收率为99.61%;3）与空白对照组相比,GBRB高剂量组大鼠游泳力竭时间显著延长（P＜0.05）。结论：GBRB的营养成分含量较发芽前有所变化,GABA含量增加,食用高剂量GBRB有利于延长大鼠负重游泳力竭时间,说明GBRB具有缓解体力疲劳的功效。     

发芽对糙米理化特性的影响

采用富集γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的优化糙米发芽工艺条件,研究糙米发芽前后内部结构和理化特性的变化,主要包括膨胀度、透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉特性、糊化特性及质构特性等。结果表明:糙米发芽后,膨胀度增大,且随温度的升高而提高;透光率比发芽前升高了20%;冻融稳定性提高,凝沉特性得到改善,这说明发芽使糙米不易老化,有助于食品货架期的延长;峰值黏度降低,糊化温度基本不变;糙米发芽后凝胶黏性有所提高,硬度和胶凝性均降低;电镜分析结果显示,发芽后整个米粒结构变得较疏松。通过对糙米淀粉酶活力的测定,表明发芽后糙米淀粉酶活力上升。综上得出,发芽对糙米的理化特性有一定的改善作用。     

高γ-氨基丁酸营养干面条的研制

γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)作为新食品原料具有多种生理功效,为开发高GABA功能性面条,本研究以经胁迫发芽制得的富含GABA的发芽糙米和发芽大豆匀浆后,与面粉复配,通过单因素和正交实验,以制得的面条中GABA含量和感官评分为指标,优化面条配方及其加工工艺。结果显示,以50 g面粉为基准,发芽大豆匀浆液添加量为9.0 g,发芽糙米匀浆液添加量为9.0 g,食盐添加量为0.5 g,醒发时间为20 min,干燥温度为75 ℃,干燥时间为4.0 h,在此条件下制得的面条感官评价得分最高为(86.7±1.6)分,其GABA含量达到(6.96±0.13) mg/100 g DW。     

发芽糙米铁生物强化的正交试验优化及其形态分析

研究稻谷品种、铁营养剂、Fe2＋浓度、浸泡温度、浸泡时间、培育温度、培育时间对发芽糙米有机铁和γ-氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA）含量的影响,优化了糙米发芽过程中有机铁生物强化的生产工艺,并对发芽糙米铁形态进行分析。结果表明,以0.005 mol/L FeSO4溶液为铁营养剂对‘绿旱1号’品种糙米进行铁强化发芽处理时,有机铁和GABA含量显著提高。获得铁强化发芽糙米最优生产工艺条件为：浸泡温度30 ℃、浸泡时间10 h、培育温度32 ℃、培育时间44 h。在此条件下获得的铁强化发芽糙米的有机铁含量为（405.48±9.18）mg/kg,是普通发芽糙米的51 倍, 其中铁主要是与蛋白结合的形态, 占总铁含量的53.74%;GABA含量为（508.04±13.50）mg/kg,是普通发芽糙米的14 倍。     

活性化糙米富集γ-氨基丁酸的雾化液组分优化

通过单因素试验和正交试验,优化了糙米湿润活性化富集γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的雾化液p H值、VB6及Ca Cl2浓度,同时研究了最优条件下活性化糙米谷氨酸脱羧酶活力及主要物质含量变化。结果表明:最优培养条件为雾化液p H 3.5、VB6浓度2 mmol/L和Ca Cl2浓度10 mmol/L;在此条件下,活性化糙米中GABA含量可达7.67 mg/100 g,为原料糙米的2.74倍。随着活性化时间的延长,糙米中游离氨基酸、还原糖含量及谷氨酸脱羧酶活力呈现逐渐增加的趋势,可溶性蛋白及淀粉含量呈现逐渐下降趋势。相关性分析表明,GABA含量与谷氨酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白含量之间均显著相关。