Bond performance of FRP rebars with various surface deformations in reinforced concrete

One of the methods used to overcome the corrosion problem associated with steel rebars in reinforced concrete is the application of reinforced polymer (FRP) rebars. Bonding between the rebar and concrete is one of the major factors affecting the mechanical behavior of the structures. In this study, FRP rebars with four different surface configurations and geometries were constructed and their bonding to concrete was examined. These include a pultruded rod with a smooth surface (RO), externally wound FRP rib on the pultruded rod (RT), pultruded rod with sand sprayed on the surface (RS), and a combination of the last two configurations (RTS). Bonding strength of the rebars to concrete was assessed using pull‐out test at the embedment lengths of 12 and 18 cm. Results showed that the increase in surface roughness of the rebars and hence a greater inter‐mechanical locking, plays a major role in their bonding strength to concrete. RO rebar showed the lowest bonding strength to the concrete followed by the RT rebar. Bonding strength to concrete in the latter type was entirely controlled by the adhesion strength of the externally wound FRP rib to the pultruded core. RTS rebars with embedment length of 12 cm showed greater adhesion to the concrete, where as, in samples with embedment length of 18 cm, RTS and RS rebars showed close results. In all the tests conducted, delaminating of the surface texture was the major failure mode. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Interfacial stresses in FRP-plated RC beams: Effect of adherend shear deformations

A recently popular method for retrofitting reinforced concrete (RC) beams is to bond fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plates to their tensile faces. An important failure mode of such plated beams is the debonding of the FRP plates from the concrete due to high level of stress concentration in the adhesive at the ends of the FRP plate. This paper presents an improved solution for interfacial stresses in a concrete beam bonded with the FRP plate by including the effect of the adherend shear deformations. The analysis is based on the deformation compatibility approach where both the shear and normal stresses are assumed to be invariant across the adhesive layer thickness. In the present theoretical analysis, the adherend shear deformations are taken into account by assuming a parabolic shear stress through the thickness of both the concrete beam and the bonded plate. Numerical results from the present analysis are presented both to demonstrate the advantages of the present solution over existing ones and to illustrate the main characteristics of interfacial stress distributions.     

防腐混凝土梁长期力学性能试验研究(英文)

玻璃钢(FRP)筋防腐混凝土是一种强度高、全方位耐腐蚀的新型工程材料,具有十分广泛的应用前景.本文先对防腐混凝土梁采用四点弯曲试验方法,对FRP筋加强混凝土梁的弯曲长期力学特性进行了试验研究与分析,得到了梁在不同荷载水平作用下的蠕变曲线.结果表明,FRP筋不仅提高了防腐混凝土梁的初始刚度和强度,且明显降低了梁的蠕变变形.最后,运用最小二乘法确定蠕变模型参数,分别建立了防腐混凝土粱和FRP筋加强防腐混凝土梁的弯曲蠕变幂律模型,为估计材料的长期力学性能提供依据,对FRP筋防腐混凝土结构设计具有重要的价值.     

Rheological modeling and finite element simulation of epoxy adhesive creep in FRP-strengthened RC beams

We have shown that a significant creep occurs at the concrete–fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) interface based on double shear long-term test. The primary test parameters were the shear stress to ultimate shear strength ratio, the epoxy curing time before loading as well as the epoxy thickness. The test results showed that when the epoxy curing time before loading was earlier than seven days the shear stress level significantly affected the long-term behavior of epoxy at the interfaces, and in particular the combined effect of high shear stress and thick epoxy adhesive can result in interfacial failure if subjected to high-sustained stresses. In this paper, based on the previous experimental observations, an improved rheological model was developed to simulate the long-term behavior of epoxy adhesive at the concrete–FRP interfaces. Furthermore, the newly developed rheological creep model was incorporated in finite element (FE) modeling of a reinforced concrete (RC) beam strengthened with FRP sheets. The use of rheological model in FE setting provides the opportunity to conduct a parametric investigation on the behavior of RC beams strengthened with FRP. It is demonstrated that creep of epoxy at the concrete–FRP interfaces increases the beam deflection. It is also shown that consideration of creep of epoxy is essential if part or the entire load supported by FRP is to be sustained.     

Influence of the adhesive thickness and steel plate thickness on the behaviour of strengthened concrete beams

The technique of strengthening concrete structures by epoxy bonding the steel plates to the tension face of the structure has been widely used in civil engineering. In this paper, the surface preparation of the concrete and steel plates is described and then the bonding technique is discussed. The influence of the adhesive thickness and the steel plate thickness on the behaviour of strengthened concrete beam is investigated. Beams with six different thicknesses of adhesive layer and five different thicknesses of steel plate were used in this study. The measured load versus strain curves for both the steel plate and the concrete of the strengthened beam were plotted. The results indicate that the ultimate flexural strength does not increase with increasing thickness of the adhesive. The strain at the first cracks in the concrete is unchanged with increasing adhesive thickness. However, at higher loads, the strain in the plate, as well as in the concrete, increased with increasing adhesive thickness. The strain in the steel plate increased at the same rate as that in the concrete in the elastic region and then the strain in the steel plate increased at a much faster rate for the same beam. The results also indicate that the strain corresponding to the ultimate load in the steel plate decreased with increasing plate thickness. The stiffness of the beam increased with the plate thickness, especially in the higher load range.     

FRP筋和钢筋混合配筋混凝土梁受弯性能数值模拟及理论分析

近年来,FRP筋和钢筋混合配筋混凝土结构已逐渐成为土木工程界的研究热点问题之一。在试验研究基础上,应用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了GFRP筋和钢筋混合配筋混凝土梁的数值模型,对其抗弯性能进行了有限元分析,提出了FRP筋和钢筋混合配筋混凝土梁名义配筋面积的概念,并结合中国《纤维增强复合材料建设工程应用技术规范》建立理论模型,对混合配筋混凝土梁的抗弯承载力和挠度进行了理论分析。通过与试验结果对比,证明了有限元模型的精确性以及基于《纤维增强复合材料建设工程应用技术规范》提出的理论计算模型对混合配筋混凝土梁的有效指导性。     

A stress singularity approach to failure initiation in a bonded joint with varying bondline thickness

The stress singularity at the theoretical point of maximum stress in an uncracked single lap joint is analysed by a finite element method. By treating the interface corner of a bonded joint (between adherend and adhesive) as a perfectly bonded wedge and using a fracture mechanics method, considerable advantages over other continuum mechanics approaches for investigating the bondline thickness effect on joint strength are shown. This study has essentially two aims: (i) determination of the strength of the singularity by finite element analysis and comparison with the analytical prediction of Bogy for varying bondline thickness; and (ii) determination of stress intensity factors for varying bondline thickness. Good agreement is shown between the numerically-calculated strength of the singularity with the analytical value obtained from Bogy. The calculated stress intensity, after an initial decrease in the low bondline thickness range, is found to increase with increasing bondline thickness. This agrees well with the trends predicted by experiments.     

Defining anchor lengths of steel and CFRP plates bonded to concrete

At Luleå University of Technology, research is taking place in the area of plate bonding, i.e. when concrete members are strengthened by bonding steel or fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) plates to their surface. The research work started in 1988. Both comprehensive experimental work and theoretical work have been performed. This paper presents the results of tests performed on concrete prisms onto which steel or carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) plates have been bonded. The criteria for the necessary anchor lengths for both the materials are presented as well as the critical strain level in the concrete at failure. Tests are compared with the Volkerson theory for lap joints. The results from the tests show that there is a specific anchor length for each material used. The tests also show that the strain limit in the concrete is the governing factor for failure. Furthermore, a compression between test and theory shows that the derived elastic theory can be used for moderate levels of load.     

Testing of in situ properties of adhesives

A theoretical-experimental investigation has been carried out on an adhesive butt joint — ie, one which joins two adherends that are loaded in a direction perpendicular to the bondline by a remote, uniformly distributed stress. To obtain analytical expressions for the joint stiffness, approximate expressions for displacements and stresses, containing unknown functions, were used together with the minimum potential and minimum complementary energy theorems, respectively.The theoretical results agree well with those obtained from finite element analyses. The solutions indicate that the apparent modulus (ie, the ratio between applied stress and bondline displacement in the load direction, normalized with respect to the bond thickness) will deviate only slightly from the simple linear elastic apparent modulus, except for small values of the joint width to adhesive thickness ratio. The apparent modulus was determine experimentally by measuring the bondline displacement using strain gauges.     

玻璃钢/钢材复合结构舟桥模型试验研究

本文采用玻璃钢/钢材复合结构形式的4折带式舟桥模型为试验对象,对每两个方舟模型互相连接后进行竖向加载试验.试验结果与根据结构相似理论得出的结果相比较表明,模型受力性能较稳定,能承受最大荷载与理论计算的结果较吻合.玻璃钢壳板与钢质构件之间应力分配较为合理,玻璃钢壳板的受载情况良好,能承受较大荷载.但玻璃钢壳板的挠度值偏大,特别是甲板面需要考虑采取适当措施来加强.     

FRP型材拼装箱梁的受力性能研究

FRP型材拼装箱梁是由FRP拉挤型材空心板通过三向连接件、骨状挂钩等销接构件拼装而成的箱梁,具有重量轻、耐腐蚀性能好、施工速度快等突出优点,适用于小跨径公路桥及人行桥.本文采用层合材料壳体单元建立了FRP型材拼装箱梁的有限元模型,对单调静力荷载下箱梁的变形和应力等受力性能进行了研究,并与试验结果进行了对比.在此基础上,开展了11片箱梁的有限元参数分析,重点考察了FRP纤维铺层、箱梁顶、底板宽度以及型材板高度等因素对箱梁跨中挠度和应力的影响.研究表明,FRP型材拼装箱的截面尺寸主要由刚度控制,箱梁具有较大的强度储备;箱梁的顶、底板宽度、型材板壁厚和纵隔板、壁板高度等因素对箱梁的刚度或应力的影响较大,而纤维铺层对箱梁结构刚度的影响较小.     

Multivariate analysis of high through-put adhesively bonded single lap joints

The goal of this research was to experimentally demonstrate the correlations between processing variables (adhesive type, bondline thickness, adherend thickness, surface pretreatment, overflow fillet) and effective strength in adhesively bonded single lap joints. While generalizations between effective strength and individual joint design parameters have been assumed for decades, the multifaceted interplay between parameters is complex and remains difficult to understand. Traditionally reported studies of the adhesive bond strength of single lap joints are often limited in the sample size populations needed to statistically probe concurrent design variables. To overcome sample size limitations a test matrix of 1200 single lap joints, partitioned by 96 unique fabrication conditions, was processed and tested using a workflow protocol orchestrated through a relational database. The enhanced pedigree and integrity enabled by using a relational database centered workflow allowed for multivariate principal component analysis of the joint design parameters, with all experimental data input available for peer audit. The results of this study revealed that the adhesive type biases the remaining joint configuration variables towards more influence with respect to either mechanical load or displacement to failure.     

FRP与混凝土界面粘结性能的试验研究

纤维(FRP)与混凝土的粘结性能是外贴纤维增强聚合物加固钢筋混凝土结构技术的关键问题。采用修正梁模型,对9个外贴FRP条带加固混凝土受弯构件的粘结性能进行了试验研究。分析了FRP应变、局部粘结剪应力发展规律以及沿粘结长度在各级荷载下的分布规律。考察了混凝土强度和FRP粘结长度对粘结强度等粘结性能的影响。验证了FRP有效粘结长度,探讨了有效粘结长度的影响因素,计算得到了局部粘结剪应力滑移关系曲线。通过对试验结果的统计回归分析,提出了局部粘结剪应力滑移本构关系模型以及有效粘结长度计算公式,分析结果与试验结果都吻合较好,可供实际加固改造工程应用及完善相应规范的编制参考。     

复合材料粘接修理结构中胶层的应力分布

利用有限元方法,研究了复合材料粘接修理结构中胶层的弹性模量对其应力分布的影响。分析了胶层出现屈服和未屈服两种情况下,胶层的第1主应力,剥离应力和xy面剪切应力的分布随胶层弹性模量的变化情况。胶层的第1主应力随弹性模量的增大而增大,未屈服时,应力分布梯度也逐渐增大,大部分载荷集中到胶层的端部和破孔边缘。但是,出现屈服时,应力分布梯度则逐渐下降,大部分胶层承担相应的载荷。最大剥离应力出现在胶层的端部,并随胶层弹性模量的增大而增大。胶层两个粘接面的xy面剪切应力分布并不一样,但都随着胶层弹性模量的增大而增大。     

GFRP管混凝土组合结构压弯构件非线性全过程分析

本文应用细观力学、经典层板理论、平截面假定、FRP约束混凝土本构模型及数值积分对GFRP管混凝土组合结构压弯构件进行了非线性全过程分析。通过理论计算发现GFRP管混凝土组合结构能有效地提高构件的承载力,且构件具有良好的变形能力。FRP壳体参与承载且有效地约束混凝土的变形,显著提高核心混凝土强度和变形能力。文中讨论了轴压比、长细比、径厚比、混凝土强度等级、纵筋配筋率、铺层角变化对极限水平荷载和极限水平位移的影响,从而得到了一些有益的结论。     

Experimental and analytical investigations of creep of epoxy adhesive at the concrete–FRP interfaces

This paper presents the results of experimental and analytical investigations on the long-term behavior of epoxy at the interface between the concrete and the fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP). Double shear experiments under sustained service load were performed on nine specimens composed of two concrete blocks connected by FRP sheets bonded to concrete using epoxy. The primary investigation parameters included the ratio of shear stress to ultimate shear strength, the epoxy thickness and the epoxy time-before-loading. Loading was sustained for periods up to nine months. We show that the magnitude of shear stress to ultimate shear strength and the epoxy time-before-loading could be the most critical parameters affecting creep of epoxy at the concrete–FRP interfaces. It was also found that the creep of epoxy can result in failure at the interfaces due to the combined effect of relatively high shear stress to ultimate shear strength and thick epoxy adhesive. This can have an adverse effect on the designed performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures strengthened with FRP. Based on the experimental observations, rheological models were developed to simulate the long-term behavior of epoxy at the concrete–FRP interfaces. It is shown that the long-term behavior of epoxy at the interfaces can be properly modeled by analytically for both loading and unloading stages.     

GRIP管混凝土组合结构压弯构件非线性全过程分析

本文应用细观力学、经典层板理论、平截面假定、FRP约束混凝土本构模型及数值积分对GFRP管混凝土组合结构压弯构件进行了非线性全过程分析。通过理论计算发现GFRP管混凝土组合结构能有效地提高构件的承载力，且构件具有良好的变形能力。FRP壳体参与承载且有效地约束混凝土的变形，显著提高核心混凝土强度和变形能力。文中讨论了轴压比、长细比、径厚比、混凝土强度等级、纵筋配筋率、铺层角变化对极限水平荷载和极限水平位移的影响，从而得到了一些有益的结论。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of single-lap joints for the automotive industry

Lap joints are used extensively in the manufacture of cars. In order to determine the effect of using a structural adhesive instead of spot-welding, a detailed series of tests and finite element analyses were conducted using a range of loadings. The adhesive was a toughened epoxy and the adherend was mild steel typical of that used in the manufacture of car bodyshells. The lap joints were tested in tension (which creates shear across the bondline), four-point loading (pure bending) and three-point loading (bending plus shear). Various parameters were investigated such as the overlap length, the bondline thickness and the spew fillet. The major finding is that three-point bending and tension loading are very similar in the way in which they affect the adhesive while the four-point bend test does not cause failure because the steel yields before the joint fails. A failure criterion has been proposed based on the tensile load and bending moment applied to the joint.     

FRP筋异强混凝土叠浇梁挠度与延性研究

为提高纤维增强聚合物(FRP)筋异强混凝土叠浇梁的抗弯性能与延性,研究了钢纤维掺量、钢纤维混凝土叠浇层厚度对FRP筋异强混凝土叠浇梁的影响。以钢纤维体积掺量(0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%)与钢纤维混凝土叠浇层厚度(0 mm、180 mm、210 mm、300 mm)为变量,对6根FRP筋异强混凝土叠浇梁进行三分点弯曲试验,并对试验梁的破坏过程、破坏形态、裂缝宽度以及跨中挠度进行分析。研究结果表明：钢纤维的掺入改善了FRP筋异强混凝土叠浇梁的受力性能,使其由脆性破坏向延性破坏发展;随着钢纤维掺量、钢纤维混凝土叠浇层厚度的增加,FRP筋异强混凝土叠浇梁的极限承载力提高了9%～33%,抗弯性能提升了4%～21%,延性提升了22%～89%。基于试验与理论分析,建立了钢纤维作用下的FRP筋异强混凝土叠浇梁挠度计算公式与延性评价方法。     

Effectiveness of cement and plaster layers in protection of FRP confined concrete exposed to high temperatures

In recent years, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) materials have shown great potential as materials for repair and reinforced concrete structures such as beams or columns by externally bonding FRP sheet(s) onto the surface of substrate concrete structures. However, the performance of FRP systems exposed to fire is a serious concern due to the combustibility of FRPs. This study introduces the results of an experimental investigation on the behavior of the circular columns of concrete under a load of axial compression, confined by an envelope of composite materials (carbon fiber and glass fiber) and protected by a layer of mortar cement or plaster coating, after they have been subjected at various temperature (23, 120, and 350 °C). The specific objectives of this study are verifying the applicability and the effectiveness of the proposed technique to improve the behavior of concrete in fire resistance and evaluate the effect of composite materials and the layer coating type used. The results indicated that protecting heat circular confined columns, with a layer of mortar cement or plaster has a significant effect on the axial strength and the ductility. It was shown that the ultimate load and axial strain of heated columns can be restored up to the original level or greater than those of unheated columns. However, the effect of a layer of plaster is more significant than a layer of mortar cement. So this coating system would enhance fire resistance of the FRP, safety and reliability of FRP reinforced concrete structures.