倾斜与摇摆条件下一体化反应堆自然循环特性研究

通过建立海洋条件下的附加力模型与控制体空间坐标求解模型,开发了基于RELAP5/MOD3.1程序的海洋条件热工水力分析程序。研究了海洋条件下一体化反应堆IP200的自然循环特性,分析倾斜与摇摆条件对自然循环的影响。计算结果表明:倾斜会降低堆芯流量,导致左右侧环路冷却剂流量不一致,影响直流蒸汽发生器的换热特性;摇摆情形下,环路的附加压降主要由切向力贡献;摇摆轴偏离中心位置以及倾斜和摇摆的叠加运动均会打破环路间的热工水力对称性,增大堆芯流量的波动幅度。     

静止和摇摆条件下浮动式核电站一二回路PRHRS特性分析

浮动式核电站长期在海洋环境中运行,各系统都会受到海洋运动条件的影响。非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）可在核电站发生全厂断电事故的情况下带出堆芯衰变余热,防止堆芯熔化,是重要的反应堆辅助系统。本文以一种采用海水作为最终热阱的浮动式核电站作为研究对象,分别设计了一回路和二回路PRHRS,开展了静止和摇摆条件下反应堆系统发生全厂断电事故的计算,对两种PRHRS在静止和摇摆条件下的运行特性进行了分析。研究表明,静止条件二回路PRHRS具有更强的带热能力,摇摆条件下一回路PRHRS的带热能力更加稳定。     

Two phase natural circulation and the heat transfer in the passive residual heat removal system of an integral type reactor

An investigation of the thermal hydraulic characteristics and the natural circulation performance in the passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS) for an integral type reactor have been carried out using the VISTA facility and the calculated results using the MARS code, which is a best estimate system analysis code have been compared with the experimental results. The VISTA facility consists of the primary, secondary, and the PRHRS circuits, to simulate the SMART design verification program. The experimental results show that the fluid is well stabilized in the PRHRS loop and the PRHRS heat exchanger accomplishes well its functions in removing the transferred heat from the primary side in the steam generator as long as the heat exchanger is submerged in the water in the emergency cooldown tank (ECT). The decay heat and the sensible heat can be sufficiently removed from the primary loop with the operation of the PRHRS. The MARS code predicts reasonably well the characteristics of the natural circulation in the PRHRS. From the calculation results, most of the heat transferred from the primary system is removed at the PRHRS heat exchanger by a condensation heat transfer.     

摇摆条件下海上浮动堆全厂断电事故分析

为研究海洋条件对海上浮动堆全厂断电事故后的事故进程及非能动安全系统运行特性的影响,通过建立海洋条件加速度场模型,基于RELAP5程序开发获得了适用于海上浮动堆的系统分析程序,并对程序进行了实验验证。利用所开发的程序通过建立双环路海上浮动堆及二次侧非能动余热排出系统的计算模型,开展了不同摇摆运动参数下海上浮动堆全厂断电事故的计算分析。计算结果表明,船体的横摇运动可加快全厂断电事故后浮动堆系统压力和温度的下降速度,堆芯余热能够被二次侧非能动余热排出系统有效导出;但横摇运动会造成事故后堆芯自然循环流量的显著降低,引起一回路系统和非能动余热排出系统中自然循环流量的大幅度振荡及周期性倒流。本文计算结果可为海上浮动堆非能动安全系统的设计提供参考。     

快堆钠-水直流蒸汽发生器七管样机热工水力特性分析

钠-水直流蒸汽发生器是钠冷快堆主热传输系统的关键设备之一,其结构及内部的传热现象是十分复杂的。管内外侧的介质及压力不同,管内侧为高温高压的水/蒸汽,存在复杂的两相流动传热传质现象;管外侧为高温液态金属钠,沿换热管高度方向存在较大的钠温变化。本文以钠-水直流蒸汽发生器七管样机为研究对象,对其热工水力特性进行了CFD分析和实验研究,CFD分析结果和实验结果吻合较好,验证了CFD分析所采用的数学模型和数值方法的可靠性。结果表明,钠-水直流蒸汽发生器七管样机的传热面积是足够的,达到了设计指标要求,其界限质量含汽率约为0.42,临界热流密度约为451.98 kW/m²,从而确定了蒸干点的位置。     

Theoretical research for natural circulation operational characteristic of ship nuclear machinery under ocean conditions

Based on the two-phase drift flux model and the multi-pressure nodes matrix solving method, natural circulation thermal hydraulic analysis models for the Nuclear Machinery (NM) under ocean conditions are developed. The neutron physical activities and the responses of the reactivity control systems are described by the two-group, 3-dimensional space and time dependent neutron kinetics model. Reactivity feedback is calculated by coupling the neutron physics and thermal hydraulic codes, and is tested by comparison with experiments. Using the models developed, the natural circulation operating characteristics of NM in rolling and pitching motions and the transitions between forced circulation (FC) to natural circulation (NC) are analyzed. The results show that the influence of the rolling motion increases as the rolling amplitude is increased, and as the rolling period becomes shorter. The results also show that for this NM, with the same rolling period and rolling angle, the influence of pitching motion on natural circulation is greater than that of rolling motion. Furthermore, the oscillation period for pitching motion is the same as the pitching period, while the oscillation period for rolling is one half of the rolling period. In the ocean environment, excessive flow oscillation of the natural circulation may cause the control rods to respond so frequently that the NM would not be able to realize the transition from the FC to NC steadily. However, the influence of ocean environment on the transition from NC to FC is limited.     

摇摆条件下热工水力程序的研制与验证

在RELAP5/MOD3.3程序的基础上,通过添加计算摇摆因素的模块和引入新的流动传热模型以对原程序进行修正,从而建立了摇摆条件下的热工水力分析程序。利用实验结果对理论模型和程序计算结果进行了校核和验证。结果表明：本文采用的流动传热模型可准确计算出摇摆条件下的摩擦阻力系数和传热系数,建立的热工水力分析程序也可对摇摆条件下的热工水力系统进行模拟。     

非能动余热排出系统敏感性分析

以中国改进型压水堆核电站CPR1000为研究对象,在其蒸汽发生器二次侧设计了一套非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）,该系统采用在蒸汽发生器二次侧建立自然循环的方式间接带走堆芯余热,确保事故条件下堆芯安全。用RELAP5/MOD3.2程序对系统进行了合理的简化并建模,在全场断电（SBO）事故条件下模拟了PRHRS的瞬态响应过程,并对高位水箱的容积、PRHRS换热器的换热面积、冷热中心高度差以及PRHRS的投入时间等影响PRHRS工作特性的相关参数进行了敏感性分析。计算结果表明：增加高位水箱的容积和增大换热面积均有助于二次侧余热排出系统带走一回路的堆芯余热;降低冷热中心高度差对PRHRS的自然循环能力影响不大;余热排出系统投入时间越早,蒸汽发生器二次侧水位越高,越有利于一次侧余热的排出。     

全厂断电事故下AP1000非能动余热排出系统分析

利用RELAP5/MOD3.3程序对AP1000反应堆一回路及非能动系统进行建模计算,给出了AP1000非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）在全厂断电事故下的瞬态响应特性。计算结果表明：情况1,PHRH系统由蒸汽发生器低水位与低启动给水流量符合信号启动,稳压器安全阀的开启导致PRHRS发生倒流现象,并会引起堆芯冷却剂过热沸腾、压力容器进出口温差过大等后果;情况2,由断电信号直接触发PRHRS,触发前安全阀不开启,此时PRHRS正常运行。     

直流蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故分析

通过对直流蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故的分析,可看出RELAP5瞬态分析程序能较好地模拟一体化反应堆在SGTR事故后的事件响应序列及主要热工水力现象,例如环路的不对称效应、主回路的自然循环等。一体化反应堆在发生SGTR事故后,可通过一系列安全与保护系统的动作得到有效缓解,并最终能应用非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）的自然循环导出堆芯余热,使反应堆处于安全状态。同时,受事故影响蒸汽发生器压力在PRHRS投入运行后会快速升高,最终与一回路压力相平衡,此后,破口处的泄漏也会终止。此外,本文还研究了破口处临界流量及其积分流量结果不确定性的影响因素,其中主要考虑了采用不同的临界流模型和破口建模方式等两个方面。     

The development and validation of a thermal hydraulic code in rolling motion

An advanced thermal hydraulic code is established on the basis of RELAP5/MOD3.3 code for the investigation of the thermal hydraulic behavior of nuclear power systems. The RELAP5 code is modified by adding a module calculating the effect of rolling motion and introducing new flow and heat transfer models. The experimental data are used to validate the theoretical models and calculation results. It is shown that the advanced flow and heat transfer models could correctly predict the frictional resistance and heat transfer coefficients in rolling motion. The thermal hydraulic code is used to simulate the operation of a natural circulation system in rolling motion. The calculation results are in good agreement with experimental data. The relative discrepancies between calculation results and experimental data are less than 5%.     

非能动余热排出系统数学模型研究与运行特性分析

利用某型核动力装置非能动余热排出系统1:10原理性试验的8个稳态工况、6个启动工况的试验数据,验证RELAP5/MOD3.2程序对本类型非能动余热排出系统的适用性。结果表明:垂直管内蒸汽凝结换热系数对两相流自然循环的流动与传热影响大;RELAP5/MOD3.2程序过低估算了垂直管内蒸汽流速对蒸汽凝结换热系数的影响,计算结果与试验结果偏差大。对RELAP5/MOD3.2程序垂直管内的蒸汽凝结换热模型进行修正,修正后的计算结果与试验值基本吻合;采用RELAP5程序对垂直管内两相流自然循环传热进行计算,须选择热前沿跟踪模型。对非能动余热排出系统的稳态与瞬态运行特性进行分析,理论计算与试验结果均表明:稳态工况下,系统可以实现稳定的两相流自然循环,系统排热能力受蒸汽发生器水位的影响大,冷却水入口温度与系统压力的影响相对较小;系统的启动特性良好,可快速地建立环路的自然循环,带走反应堆的衰变热。     

直流蒸汽发生器全范围流动与传热数值模拟

以BW公司实际运行的直流蒸汽发生器为原型,采用两流体三流场数学模型数值模拟直流蒸汽发生器二次侧单相液对流换热区、核态沸腾区、蒸干后区域、过热区(即全范围)的流动沸腾换热现象。结果表明:本文采用的模型可较好地预测直流蒸汽发生器全范围的流动与传热特性,数值模拟结果与运行数据符合较好;蒸干后质量含汽率低于热平衡质量含汽率,结合壁温变化趋势表明直流蒸汽发生器运行过程中蒸干后区域存在一定程度的热力非平衡;随着流动换热的发展,表面传热系数迅速上升,蒸干的发生导致传热性能急剧下降,在蒸干后区域及过热蒸汽区表面传热系数缓慢上升。     

液态金属螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器数值模拟研究

螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器(HCOTSG)是一种蒸汽发生器常用形式。得益于其特殊的优势,HCOTSG被广泛用于各类反应堆动力系统中。本文提出了利用计算流体力学软件（FLUENT）对液态金属HCOTSG的壳侧液态铅铋、管侧两相流体进行耦合流动传热计算的CFD方法,并通过与相关实验研究结果的对比验证了数值模拟方法的正确性。在此基础上,本文对HCOTSG在典型工况下开展了数值模拟计算,得到蒸汽发生器内部的热工水力参数分布情况,并对其内部的流动换热特性进行分析。本研究为液态金属HCOTSG流动换热特性研究及结构设计优化提供新的思路方法。     

盘管直流蒸汽发生器两相段计算模型

文章构造盘管直流蒸汽发生器（SG）两相段计算模型。采用四方程漂移流模型，对盘管直流SG的两相段传热进行进一步划分。选用适当的结构关系式和传热关系式，用数值方法进行了盘管SG的稳态分析。     

钠冷快堆二回路系统热工水力瞬态分析程序SELTAC的开发与应用

针对钠冷快堆二回路系统的具体结构和运行特点,对中间热交换器、直流蒸汽发生器、钠缓冲罐以及泵、管道等设备和部件建立模型,采用FORTRAN语言自主编制了二回路系统热工水力瞬态分析程序SELTAC。利用中国实验快堆的停堆试验数据对所编制程序进行了初步验证。结果表明,程序计算值与试验值趋势一致,最大相对偏差不超过4.34%,吻合程度较好。将验证后的程序与一回路系统程序耦合,分析了某600 MW钠冷快堆在主热传输系统保持排热能力时的紧急停堆工况,得到了二回路系统的瞬态特性,为大型商用快堆电站的设计提供了参考。     

HTR-PM直流蒸汽发生器的建模与分析

球床模块式高温气冷堆核电站示范工程（HTR-PM）采用两座模块式高温气冷堆带一台汽轮发电机组的技术方案,为了开展其运行特性研究,清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院开发了针对HTR-PM的工程模拟机,其中螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的模型还需进一步完善。本文深入分析了螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器的流动、换热规律,明确了蒸汽发生器一次侧和二次侧的流动与换热模型,通过对稳态工况中分布数据的详细分析,说明了模拟结果的正确性。为适应更多模块的高温气冷堆核电站的运行分析要求,通过网格划分方案的讨论与优化,在保证实时性的前提下,提高了蒸汽发生器中流动与换热模拟的准确性,为下一步采用工程模拟机开展其运行特性研究打下基础。     

Flow characteristic of single-phase natural circulation under ocean motions

Natural circulation is widely used in nuclear reactor systems as the passive safety system. With the development of the floating nuclear power plant (FNPP), researchers should pay more attention to flow and heat transfer characteristics for the natural circulation under ocean conditions for the safety of FNPP. In this paper, the flow characteristics in a single-phase natural circulation system were investigated and the effects of heaving, rolling and coupled motions were analyzed. The oscillation amplitude of flow rate increases with the increase of period in a certain range and maximum acceleration under heaving motions. With the increase of oscillation intensity (higher frequency and larger maximum rolling angle), the oscillation amplitude increases and the average flow rate decreases under rolling motions. Moreover, the lateral displacement of rolling center changes the oscillation period and induces larger amplitude oscillations. The flow characteristic becomes more complex when the system is subjected to coupled motions. The oscillation period is the least common multiple of two motions’ periods. The oscillation induced by coupled motions makes the system more unstable than that induced by an individual motion. The potential superposition effect exists under coupled motions and needs to be addressed for the operation safety.     

Experimental study on the natural circulation of a passive residual heat removal system for an integral reactor following a safety related event

Natural circulation characteristics of an integral type reactor during the operation of a passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS) following a safety related event has been experimentally investigated by using the VISTA facility. A PRHRS actuation trip signal is generated by a high power trip signal following a steam flow increasing event. The experimental results show that the single-phase coolant flows steadily in the primary loop by a natural convection process and that it effectively removes the decay heat from the core through a steam generator during the PRHRS operation. The heat transfers through the PRHRS heat exchanger and the emergency cooldown tank (ECT) are sufficient enough to enable a two-phase natural circulation of the coolant in the PRHRS loop.     

两相流模型在直流蒸汽发生器热工水力分析中的比较研究

根据组成气液两相流基本场方程数量所反映的流动与传热特性的不同,两相流方程分为三方程、四方程、五方程和六方程模型,结合流动压降模型、传热模型、两相相互作用模型以及流动工质的状态参数和结构材料热物性等辅助关系式,可很好地对蒸汽产生系统进行设计和研究分析。本文分析了不同数量的两相流场方程的特点和局限性,结合直管式直流蒸汽发生器实验装置,分别选取最佳估算程序中4种不同的两相流场方程计算模型进行流动传热计算分析,重点比较了强制流动的单相过冷水被加热至单相过热蒸汽过程中的压力与传热特性,从而给出不同场方程的两相流模型在分析具有较大相变过程中的差异性,验证了RELAP5程序和RETRAN-3D程序计算分析直流蒸汽发生器的能力。结果表明,RELAP5程序的六方程模型更适合模拟直流蒸汽发生器。