Me-OMS-1s分子筛催化叔丁基过氧化氢分解制备叔丁醇

采用静态水热法合成了Me-OMS-1s(Me=Mg,Co,Ni,Cu)分子筛催化剂,对合成的分子筛进行了X射线衍射和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱表征,并系统考察了反应温度(318~338 K)、反应时间(0.5~6 h)和催化剂用量(1.67~8.33 mg·ml^-1)对Me-OMS-1s催化叔丁基过氧化氢分解制备叔丁醇反应性能的影响。研究结果表明,合成的分子筛均为钡镁锰矿型(todorokite)氧化锰;在选择的多相催化反应条件下,Me-OMS-1s均有催化叔丁基过氧化氢歧化分解的反应活性,反应物叔丁基过氧化氢具有较高的转化率,产物叔丁醇的选择性均为100%。Me-OMS-1s催化叔丁基过氧化氢歧化分解的反应活性顺序为:Cu-OMS-1 > Mg-OMS-1 > Ni-OMS-1 > Co-OMS-1。叔丁基过氧化氢的转化率随反应温度的升高、反应时间的延长和Me-OMS-1s用量的增大而显著增大。     

Metalloporphyrins as catalysts in the decomposition of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide

A series of metalloporphyrins with various metals were tested as catalysts in the decomposition of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide. The more active complexes are those of manganese(III), iron(III), chromium(III) and ruthenium(II). No relation could be found between the redox potentials of the catalysts and their activity.This work is part of the thesis by C.B. Hansen, Utrecht, 1991.     

醇交换反应催化剂的研究与应用

对醇交换反应中使用的催化剂进行了评述,介绍了碱或碱金属化合物、L酸、有机金属化合物的均相催化剂和SiO₂、Al₂O₃为载体的金属氧化物及分子筛的非均相催化剂的研究与应用。认为开发有机锡和有机钛类固载化催化剂是醇交换反应催化剂研究的重要方向。     

Catalytic wet oxidation of p-coumaric acid: Partial oxidation intermediates, reaction pathways and catalyst leaching

The catalytic oxidation of p-coumaric acid, a compound representative of the polyphenolic fraction typically found in olive processing and wine-distillery wastewaters, has been investigated using various homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Experiments have been performed with homogeneous Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Co²⁺ ions at pH = 1, and with metal oxide catalysts in suspension at pH 3.5, 7 and 12. Additional uncatalyzed experiments have been performed and the results are compared to those of the catalyzed runs. The temperature was 403 K and the oxygen partial pressure was 2.8 MPa in all runs. The distribution of the reaction intermediates was determined, using HPLC and GCMS as the main analytical techniques, and reaction pathways are speculated. It was found that the use of catalysts could increase the rate of destruction of p-coumaric acid compared to the uncatalyzed reaction, while the distribution of the intermediate compounds was strongly dependent on the pH of the solution. A CuO·ZnOAl₂O₃ heterogeneous catalyst was found to be effective for the oxidation of p-coumaric acid although leaching of dissolved metals to the solution was found to occur. The stability of the heterogeneous catalysts was investigated by measuring the extent of metal leaching into the solution. The results are discussed with respect to the impact of various conditions (catalyst, pH) on the oxidation of p-coumaric acid and compared to those of the uncatalyzed reaction, studied in previous work.     

On the Similarity in Catalytic Activity of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Cr(VI) Catalysts in the Decomposition of Cyclohexyl Hydroperoxide

Pyridinium dichromate, chromium trioxide and CrAlPO-5 showed a very similar selectivity pattern in the decomposition of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide. CrAPO-5 turned out to be a real heterogeneous catalyst, most likely acting via a similar mechanism to the homogeneous catalysts. Molecular modeling indicates that heterolytic decomposition of the intermediate cyclohexyl peroxychromate ester yields cyclohexanone and H₂CrO₄ via a cyclic transition state.     

低碳烯烃齐聚合成液体燃料研究进展

以低碳烯烃为原料进行齐聚反应是制取清洁液体燃料的重要途径之一。目前,在烯烃齐聚反应的产业化发展中,开发具有高活性、高稳定性、产物分布集中的多相催化剂仍是重要的研究方向。本文概述了多相催化烯烃齐聚反应在酸性位点以及镍金属位点两种活性中心上的作用机理,并分别对C₂⁼、C₃⁼和混合烯烃的齐聚反应进行介绍;从多相催化剂的优化设计角度,具体包括载体的类型、孔道结构和活性中心的分布状态以及反应条件的优化等方面对当前的研究工作进行了综述。探讨了多相催化烯烃齐聚反应在制备液体燃料中存在的优势和问题,为进一步开发高选择性、长寿命的多相催化剂提供借鉴。     

Heterogeneous liquid-phase lactonization of 1,4-butanediol using H3+xPMo12−xVxO40 (x=0–3) catalysts immobilized on polyaniline

In order for successful application of heteropolyacids (HPAs) as heterogeneous catalysts to liquid-phase lactonization of 1,4-butanediol, H_3+xPMo_12−xV_xO₄₀ (x=0–3) HPAs were immobilized on polyaniline (PANI) by one-step and two-step methods. Aniline was polymerized in the presence of HPA in the one-step preparation method, while HPA was immobilized on the ready-made PANI support in the two-step method. It was found that HPAs were molecularly dispersed and strongly immobilized in/on the PANI support as charge-compensating components. Most HPAs in the two-step HPA---PANI catalysts were immobilized only on the surface of PANI support. The surface areas of the two-step HPA---PANI catalysts were much higher than those of the one-step catalysts, which is important from the practical point of applications. Thermal stability of PANI support was much enhanced by the binding with HPA, and thermal stability of the two-step HPA---PANI catalysts was superior to the one-step catalysts. In the lactonization of 1,4-butanediol, catalytic activities were in the following order: two-step HPA---PANI>one-step HPA---PANI>unsupported HPA; H₆PMo₉V₃O₄₀---PANI>H₅PMo₁₀V₂O₄₀---PANI>H₄PMo₁₁V₁O₄₀---PANI>H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀---PANI. High activity of V-containing two-step catalysts and easiness of catalyst recovery in the liquid-phase reaction make them good candidates for an energy-saving lactonization process of 1,4-butanediol.     

环己烷液相非催化/催化氧化反应动力学特性比较

分别以不同氧浓度气体及纯氧作为氧源,利用鼓泡塔反应器在1.1 MPa、不同温度、不同气体流量条件下比较了环己烷液相非催化氧化和催化氧化反应特性。通过比较分析,讨论了环己烷液相氧化的链式反应机理。理论分析和实验数据表明,环己烷液相催化氧化反应诱导期短,其表观速率与环己烷浓度和氧气浓度都为一级;而非催化氧化反应诱导期长,是由烃直接氧化引发过程控制,只有当过氧化氢积累到一定浓度以后,过氧化物分解产生自由基速率变得显著,反应才表现出自催化反应特征。而在催化剂存在的情况下,环己基过氧化氢分解非常迅速,环己基过氧化氢浓度在整个反应过程中稳定在一个很低的水平,反应由氧化生成酮的链传递反应过程控制。     

非均相类Fenton催化剂脱汞的实验与机理

采用共沉淀法分别制备Ti、Co、Cu掺杂Fe₃O₄的非均相类Fenton催化剂,在小型实验台架上进行非均相类Fenton反应脱汞的实验研究。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对催化剂的晶体结构和形貌进行了表征。实验考察了掺杂前Fe₃O₄和掺杂后Fe_2.59Ti_0.41O₄、Fe_2.52Co_0.48O₄、Fe_2.44Cu_0.56O₄催化剂的类Fenton脱汞性能,并通过电子顺磁共振技术(EPR)分析了非均相类Fenton脱汞的机理。结果表明:Ti、Cu掺杂后的催化剂具有较高的催化活性, 的强氧化作用是类Fenton脱汞的主要原因。     

Titanium-based solid catalysts for transesterification of methyl-methacrylate by 1-butanol: the homogeneous catalysis contribution

Titanium-based solid catalysts were prepared according to two different procedures. In order to improve the stability of the SiOTi bond in the titanium grafted silica catalysts, the surface remaining hydroxyl groups were passivated to prevent the titanium leaching by SiOTi bond solvolysis. This was performed by grafting trimethoxy-silane groups on isolated silanols of silica, after or before metal grafting. The synthesised materials were characterised by FT-IR spectroscopy, and their catalytic properties evaluated in the reaction of transesterification of methyl-methacrylate (MMA) with 1-butanol (BuOH) in liquid phase to produce butyl-methacrylate (BuMA). An important titanium leaching (18–35%) was always detected with all the solid catalysts.

Investigation of the behaviour of Ti(OBu)₄ as homogeneous catalyst for very small concentrations of titanium was carried out in order to evaluate the catalytic contribution of the active dissolved species. We demonstrate here that the catalytic activity is mainly due to the homogeneous catalysis.     

Selective catalytic reduction of NO by C2H2 over MoO3/HZSM-5

Molybdenum impregnated HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts with MoO₃ loading from 1 to 8 wt.% were studied in detail for the selective catalytic reduction (C₂H₂-SCR) of NO by acetylene. A 83.9% of NO could be removed by the reductant at 350 °C under 1600 ppm of NO, 800 ppm of C₂H₂ and 9.95% of O₂ in He over 2%MoO₃/HZSM-5 catalyst with a specific activity of in NO elimination and the competitiveness factor (c.f.) of 33.6% for the reductant. The NO elimination level and the c.f. value were ca. 3–4 times as high as those using methane or propene as reductant over the catalyst in the same reaction condition. About same reaction rate was estimated in NO oxidation as that in the NO reduction over each xMoO₃/HZSM-5 (x = 0–8%) catalyst, which confirms that NO₂ is a crucial intermediate for the aimed reaction over the catalysts. Appropriate amount of Mo incorporation to HZSM-5 considerably enhanced the title reaction, both by accelerating the intermediate formation and by strengthening the adsorption NO_x on the catalyst surface under the reaction conditions. Rather lower adsorption tendency of acetylene compared with propene on the catalysts explains the catalyst's steady performance in the C₂H₂-SCR of NO and rapid deactivation in the C₃H₆-SCR of NO.     

Asymmetric oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides by chiral titanium pillared montmorillonite catalyst

Several sulfoxides with high enantiomeric purity have been synthesised using heterogeneous catalytic systems. A variety of titanium catalysts supported on Al₂O₃, SiO₂, ZrO₂ and montmorillonite, pillared clay catalysts using montmorillonite obtained from different sources and various chiral auxiliaries in presence of stoichiometric amounts of tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) have been evaluated in asymmetric oxidation of prochiral sulfides to sulfoxides. It was found that Ti-PILC using montmorillonite K10 afforded optimum results. A probable active species responsible for high enantioselectivity is also discussed.IICT communication No. 3189.     

The beneficial role of use of ultrasound in heterogeneous Fenton-like system over supported copper catalysts for degradation of p-chlorophenol

A heterogeneous sono-catalytic system with addition of hydrogen peroxide (US_H2O2+Cat.) was employed for the degradation of 200 ppm of p-chlorophenol (4-CP) at 25 °C and 100 W of ultrasound power. One thousand and six hundred parts per million of initial hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration and 1 g/L of catalyst loading over three heterogeneous copper catalysts, CuO, Cu/Al₂O₃ (Cu/Al) and CuO·ZnO/Al₂O₃ (Cu/Zn) was used. The benefits of ultrasound in a heterogeneous catalytic system were evaluated. A considerable synergistic effect of the US_H2O2+Cat. system was only achieved with supported catalysts (Cu/Al and Cu/Zn) possibly due to good dispersion of catalysts as a result of catalyst size reduction during ultrasound irradiation. Moreover, between the two supported copper catalysts, the Cu/Al provided promising catalytic performance by giving higher 4-CP and TOC removal accompanied with efficient H₂O₂ consumption. Experiments with a homogeneous copper catalyst revealed that use of ultrasound in a homogeneous system shows an adverse effect on decomposition of 4-CP.     

Photodegradation of phenol and 4-chlorophenol by BaO–Li2O–TiO2 catalysts

The catalytic photodegradation of phenol and 4-chlorophenol with white and UV light over TiO₂, BaTi₄O₉ and Hollandite catalysts has been studied in our laboratories. BaTi₄O₉ and Hollandite catalysts were prepared by solid state reaction at 900°C and 1200°C, respectively. All the catalysts were characterized by different techniques such as surface area measurements by the BET method, atomic absorption spectroscopy and XRD. Photodegradation reaction experiments were monitored by HPLC analysis. The reaction intermediates: hydroquinone and 1,4-benzoquinone were identified by GC–MS analysis. The photocatalytic activities of these catalysts in the degradation of phenol and 4-chlorophenol were evaluated in comparison with titanium oxide. Experimental results showed that BaTi₄O₉ and Hollandite catalysts exhibit small photocatalytic activity as compared with TiO₂.     

Efficient base-free oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid over copper-doped manganese oxide nanorods with tert-butanol as solvent

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is an important and renewable building block and can serve as an alternative to terephthalic acid in the production of bio-based degradable plastic. In this study, Cu-doped MnO₂ nanorods were prepared by a facile hydrothermal redox method and employed as catalysts for the selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to FDCA using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of oxidants, solvents, and reaction conditions on the oxidation of HMF were investigated, and a reaction mechanism was proposed. Experimental results demonstrated that 99.4% conversion of HMF and 96.3% selectivity of FDCA were obtained under suitable conditions, and tert-butanol was the most suitable solvent when TBHP was used as an oxidant. More importantly, the Cu-doped MnO₂ catalyst can maintain durable catalytic activity after being recycled for more than ten times.     

Synthesis, characterization of high Ti-containing Ti-MCM-41 catalysts and their activity evaluation in oxidation of cyclohexene and epoxidation of higher olefins

A series of titanium rich isomorphous substituted Ti MCM-41 and HMS materials have been synthesized with different Si/Ti ratios. The highest amount of Ti incorporated in synthesis gel is in TiMCM-41 (Si/Ti = 10). Whereas for TiHMS catalysts, Ti is incorporated up to Si/Ti = 50 successfully without forming any extra framework TiO₂. Cyclohexene epoxidation reaction with dry tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant has been studied to evaluate the catalytic properties of Ti substituted mesoporous catalysts. The effect of molar ratio of substrate:oxidant in this reaction has been studied and high conversion, high selectivity were achieved at 2: 1 molar ratio with TiMCM-41 (Si/Ti =25). Dry TBHP (in dichloromethane) and chloroform were found as good oxidant and solvent system for this reaction. Pure siliceous mesoporous silica and low `Ti' substituted mesoporous silicas were found to be efficient catalysts for oxidation of cyclohexene. An interesting variation of the selectivity from allylic oxidation to epoxidation during oxidation of cyclohexene was observed with an increase in the Ti amount in the mesoporous framework. The allylic oxidation of cyclohexene has been carried out using molecular oxygen as an oxidant and in the presence of a small amount of TBHP as initiator. Siliceous HMS materials gave better conversion compared to MCM-41 type of materials and other conventional silicas like silica gel, fumed silica etc. in allylic oxidation of cyclohexene. Epoxidation of higher cyclic olefins like cyclooctene, cyclododecene, cis-cyclododecene and linear olefins 1-Heptene, cis-2-hexene, 1-undecene was carried out over TiMCM-41 (Si/Ti = 25). Ti substituted mesoporous catalysts were characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, FTIR, UVDRS, ²⁹SiMASNMR, BET surface area and pore size distribution techniques.     

Preparation,Characterization of Dawson-type Heteropoly Acid Cerium (III) Salt and Its Catalytic Performance on the Synthesis of n-Butyl Acetate

A novel cerium (III) salt of Dawson type tungstophosphoric acid (Ce₂P₂W₁₈O₆₂·16H₂O) was prepared by doping cerous nitrate in H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂·13H₂O powder and characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), pyridine infrared spectroscopy (Py-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its catalytic activity was evaluated by the probe reaction of synthesis of n-butyl acetate with acetic acid and n-butanol. The effects of various parameters such as molar ratio of n-butanol to acetic acid, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst amount have been studied by single factor experiment. The results show that Ce₂P₂W₁₈O₆₂·16H₂O behaved as an excellent heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of n-butyl acetate. The optimum synthetic conditions were determined as follows:molar ratio of n-butanol to acetic acid at 2.0:1.0, mass of the catalyst being 1.44% of the total reaction mixture, reaction temperature of 120 ℃ and reaction time of 150 min. Under above conditions, the conversion of acetic acid was above 97.8％. The selectivity of n-butyl acetate based on acetic acid was, in all cases, nearly 100%. The catalysts could be recycled and still exhibited high catalytic activity with 90.4% conversion after five cycles of reaction. It was found by means of TG-DTA and Py-IR that the catalyst deactivation was due to the adsorption of a complex of by-product on the active sites on catalysts surface or the catalyst loss in its separation from the products. Compared with using sulfuric acid as catalyst, the present procedure with Ce₂P₂W₁₈O₆₂·16H₂O is a green productive technology due to simple process, higher yield, catalyst recycling and no corrosion for the production facilities.     

A new environmentally friendly method for the production of 2,3,5-trimethyl-p-benzoquinone

A new environmentally friendly method for the production of 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TMBQ, Vitamin E precursor) based on the oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) with aqueous H₂O₂ over various Ti-containing mesoporous silicate materials is reported. Both well-organized Ti-containing mesoporous mesophase silicate (Ti-MMM), having hexagonal arrangement of uniform mesopores, and amorphous TiO₂–SiO₂ mixed oxides (aerogels and xerogels) produced TMBQ with good to high yield. All the materials studied have been proved to operate as truly heterogeneous catalysts. No titanium leaching occurred from the solid matrixes during the oxidation process. Titanium dispersion and its accessibility were found to be crucial factors determining the catalytic properties. For samples with similar titanium loading, both the catalytic activity and TMBQ yield appeared to fall in the order TiO₂–SiO₂ aerogel>Ti-MMM>TiO₂–SiO₂ xerogel and correlate with average mesopore diameter and mesopore volume. The best results (96–98% selectivity to TMBQ at 99–100% TMP conversion) were obtained with TiO₂–SiO₂ aerogels, containing 1.7–6.5 wt.% Ti.     

碳酸钠稳定过氧化物的环己烷氧化新技术研究

在1L高压反应釜内,以环己烷为原料,空气为氧源,碳酸钠为稳定剂,在158～164℃下进行环己烷空气氧化实验,考察了反应温度、稳定剂用量对环己烷氧化反应速度、转化率和选择性的影响以及稳定剂用量对环己基过氧化氢的稳定作用。结果表明:碳酸钠能很好的稳定环己基过氧化氢,提高了环己烷氧化反应的选择性,降低了反应速度。最佳的反应条件为反应温度160℃,反应压力1.0 MPa,碳酸钠加入量0.2 g,环己烷转化率在4%时,其选择性达92%以上。     

负载型TiO2/SiO2光催化降解苯酚的研究

以白炭黑为载体、聚乙烯醇 (PVA) 和 Ti(SO₄)₂ 为原料， 在分散剂存在下直接焙烧制备超细负载型 TiO₂/SiO₂ 光催化剂， 结果表明， 在450 ℃焙烧2 h所制 SO₄^2-/TiO₂-SiO₂（SO₄^2-质量分数3.4%，TiO₂∶SiO₂=1∶6，比表面积54 m²/g）具有最佳光催化效果。光催化苯酚结果显示,在紫外灯下光降解苯酚（＜100 mg/L）符合零级动力学方程，催化活性随pH值的增加而增加，pH=10时表观速率常数[WTBX]k[WTBZ]=0.33 mg/L·min，为苯酚废水处理提供了一条简便易行、成本低廉的方法。同时考察了光催化剂制备因素对催化剂活性的影响。