Analysis and implementation of a high step‐up converter for fuel cell power‐generation systems

This paper presents a high step‐up converter, which utilizes a three‐winding coupled inductor and a rectified voltage‐doubler circuit to obtain high step‐up gain for fuel cells. The proposed converter functions as an active‐clamp circuit, which relieves large voltage spikes across the power switches. Thus, power switches with low‐voltage‐rated can be utilized to reduce conduction losses and circuit cost. Energy stored in leakage inductances of the coupled inductor is recycled to the output terminal, resulting in efficiency improvements. In addition, the coupled inductor in the presented converter can also have extra windings in order to achieve higher voltage gain. Finally, a prototype circuit with an input voltage of 60 V and an output voltage of 380 V is developed for a 1000 W‐rated fuel cell power‐generation system to validate its performance, and experimental waveforms and measured efficiency under different input voltages and output power level are demonstrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种交错式三电平逆变器的研究

针对正弦波交流输出的应用场合,提出了一种可降低电感纹波电流的功率管交错并联式三电平逆变电路。该电路需要六个功率开关管,其中上下位置各采用两个功率管并联工作在交错模式,而中间两个位置的功率管则工作在倍频模式。分析了电路的工作原理,提出了其PWM脉宽调制方式。推导了该电路和其他两种常用半桥式逆变电路的纹波电流公式,并对三者进行了比较。阐述并采纳了一种带干扰正馈抑制的逆变器双环控制策略。样机的测试结果证明了电路和系统的有效性。     

一种模块化48脉冲大功率PWM逆变器

多脉冲逆变器通过移相变压器原副边移相角度的精确设计,可以在工频开关方式下,实现交流侧阶梯波输出,经过滤波得到高质量的正弦波形,但工频开关方式使其输出调压困难,而且随着脉冲数的提高,逆变器连接的变压器结构复杂,多个绕组之间的匝比难以兼顾,因此实际应用中多脉冲逆变器的通道数多在4以下。提出一种只有两个规格移相变压器结构的模块化48脉冲大功率PWM逆变器,该逆变器具有8个通道的三相逆变器和对应移相变压器组成,且每个三相逆变器采用低频PWM调制策略,实现输出电压调节。构建了一台8通道48脉冲的PWM逆变器样机,在各种运行状态下的输出波形以及相关测试数据验证了所提出的模块化多脉冲逆变器在输出波形、开关频率以及输出调节特性等方面的优势。     

三电平变频调速系统SVPWM和SHEPWM混合调制方法的研究

三电平中点钳位逆变器在高压大容量变频调速中得到了广泛的研究和应用。该文在三电平高压变频器中同时应用SVPWM和SHEPWM，即低频时采用异步SVPWM，高频时采用SHEPWM，避免了高频时SVPWM谐波特性变差和SHEPWM在低频时存储量大的缺点，充分发挥了二者的优点，使变频器在整个工作范围内都可以有效抑制低次谐波，得到较好的输出波形。混合调制的难点在于衔接问题，文中分析了影响二者之间平滑切换的原因并提出了具体的解决方法，保证了切换过程中电压和电流没有跳变。采用PSIM软件对三电平SVPWM和SHEPWM进行了仿真研究，并在实际三电平变频器控制平台上进行了实验。仿真和实验结果证实了该文的混合调制方法在低频和高频都有较好的谐波特性，二者间的平滑过渡保证了混合调制的实用性，并已用于实际三电平变频器之中。     

A technique of parallel connections of pulsewidth-modulated NPC inverters by using current-sharing reactors

The neutral-point-clamped (NPC) PWM inverters have many advantages such as the ability to operate the motor with nearly sinusoidal current waveforms. For this reason, in larger-capacity inverter systems, NPC PWM inverters using the GTOs, etc., have also been put into practical use because of great advantages to large-capacity ac motor drives such as lower ripple currents and higher output voltages. With the spread of applications, still larger-capacity inverters also are expected. However, since the capacities of such switching devices are insufficient, a certain technique and controlling method are proposed for the parallel connections of NPC inverters. The output voltage waveforms of the proposed inverter have certain voltage levels, and thus it is anticipated that it will be difficult to analyze the output harmonics. For such waveforms of output voltage and current-sharing reactor, a frequency analysis approach is described whose results are verified by experiments.     

Analysis,design and implementation of a high‐voltage gain DC‐DC converter

An interleaved DC‐DC converter with soft switching technique is presented. There are two converter modules in the adopted circuit to share the load power. Since the interleaved pulse‐width modulation (PWM) is adopted to control two circuit modules, the ripple currents at input and output sides are naturally reduced. Therefore the input and output capacitances can be reduced. In each circuit module, a conventional boost converter and a voltage doubler configuration with a coupled inductor are connected in series at the output side to achieve high step‐up voltage conversion ratio. Active snubber connected in parallel with boost inductor is adopted to limit voltage stress on active switch and to release the energy stored in the leakage and magnetizing inductances. Since asymmetrical PWM is used to control active switches, the leakage inductance and output capacitance of active switches are resonant in the transition interval. Thus, both active switches can be turned on at zero voltage switching. The resonant inductance and output capacitances at the secondary side of transformer are resonant to achieve zero current switching turn‐off for rectifier diodes. Therefore, the reverse recovery losses of fast recovery diodes are reduced. Finally, experiments based on a laboratory prototype rated at 400 W are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种应用于光伏并网发电系统的新型双输入DC-DC变换器

提出一种具有高增益低电压应力的双输入DC-DC变换器,该变换器由2个上下对称的耦合电感Boost变换器组成。具有单输入和双输入2个模式,在单输入状态下只有一个开关管工作;在双输入状态下有2个开关管工作。新型变换器可以通过改变耦合电感的匝比来提升变换器电压增益;输出端采用三电平结构使变换器开关管和二极管电压应力减小。分析了变换器在单输入和双输入模式下的工作模态;给出了变换器主要工作波形;推导了变换器电压增益,开关管和二极管电压应力,分析了漏感对变换器电压增益的影响。通过实验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

新型磁集成零电压零电流软开关全桥变流器

提出了一种新型的磁集成零电压零电流软开关移相全桥DC/DC变流器。该磁集成变流器将3个电感和1个变压器集成于同一磁心中,变压器的漏感同时用做储能电感,传统全桥电路中的输出滤波电感也被移去。因此,二次侧整流管可工作于零电流模式,整流管上的电压尖刺也可被输出电压箝位。另外,变压器中的励磁电流作为电流源为一次侧开关管的寄生电容充放电,因此一次侧开关管在全负载范围内均可实现零电压开通。与分立元件方案相比,该磁集成方案具有元件少、体积小、成本低和磁损小的优点。制作了300 W、350~400 V输入、12 V输出的样机,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

CLC型PWM逆变器端无源滤波器的设计

由于PWM逆变器输出电压中含有较多的高频分量,所以逆变器输出端必须加入低通滤波器来减小谐波含量.借鉴在PWM逆变器与电机之间插入共模变压器来消除逆变器输出端共模电压的方法,通过分析共模变压器带有漏感时的等效电路,提出了一种新型的CLC型逆变器端无源滤波器.利用共模变压器产生的漏感代替差模电感来抑制差模电压dv/dt,同...     

电机驱动用新型谐振直流环节电压源逆变器

为了实现电机控制系统的高功率密度和高性能运行,必须提高逆变器的工作频率以提高功率变换器的效率和增强性能。然而,较高的工作频率会引起严重的电磁干扰和开关损耗从而导致系统整体效率降低。软开关技术被认为是解决上述问题的有效方法,结合软开关技术的优点和脉宽调制(pulse width modulation, PWM)控制的特点,提出了一种新的用于电机驱动系统的谐振直流环节软开关电压源逆变器,通过在传统硬开关逆变器的直流环节添加辅助谐振单元,实现了逆变桥开关器件的PWM软开关动作,同时,辅助谐振单元的开关也为软开关操作。文中阐述了该软开关逆变器拓扑的动作时序和动作模式,并对软开关动作时序的瞬态过渡过程进行了数学分析。对提出的新型软开关逆变器驱动无刷直流电机进行了仿真和实验研究,结果验证了电路结构和理论分析的正确性与可行性。     

Balancing Switching Losses in Three-phase,Five-level Pulse-width Modulation Switched Voltage Source Inverter Using Hybrid Modulation Techniques

This article proposes a new switching strategy for a three-phase, five-level switched voltage source inverter. The single-carrier, multi-level pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme is employed to generate gating signals for the power switches. The proposed modulation scheme is hybridized to enable the output voltage of the inverter configuration, inheriting the features of switching-loss reduction from fundamental PWM and good harmonic performance from multiple sinusoidal PWM. A sequential switching scheme is embedded with the already-employed hybrid modulation to overcome unequal switching losses and, therefore, differential heating among the power devices. Operational principles with switching functions are given. For an R-L load, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyses of the output voltage waveforms were carried out, and the corresponding total harmonic distortion value of 26.09% was obtained. To verify the performance of the proposed modulation scheme, simulations and experiments are conducted on a 1.2-kW rated prototype of the inverter; adequate results are presented.     

Analysis of the ZVS two‐switch forward converter with synchronous current doubler rectifier

A soft switching two‐switch forward converter is presented to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn‐on of switching devices. In the adopted converter, a buck‐boost type of active clamp is connected in parallel with the primary winding of transformer. The energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance and magnetizing inductance can be recovered so that the peak voltage stress of switching devices is limited. The resonance between the transient interval of two main and auxiliary switches is used to achieve ZVS turn‐on of all switches. The current doubler synchronous rectifier is used in the secondary side of transformer for reducing the root mean square value of output inductor current, transformer secondary winding current and output voltage ripple by cancelling the current ripple of two output inductors. First, the circuit configuration and the principles of operation are analyzed in detail. The steady‐state analysis and design consideration are also presented. Finally, experimental results with a laboratory prototype based on a 380 V input and 12 V/30 A output were provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三相软开关PWM逆变器载波方式的选择

详细阐述不同载波方式对PWM逆变器输出特性的影响。指出三角载波用于硬开关PWM逆变器时 ,由于死区时间的影响 ,其输出电压电流在基波频域中含有谐波成分 ;软开关PWM逆变器如果也采用三角载波 ,则不但难以控制谐振电路的起振时间 ,而且谐振电路损耗大 ,直流电压的利用率低 ;硬开关PWM逆变器采用锯齿载波调制 ,必将导致严重的电流波形失真 ;软开关PWM逆变器交替使用正负斜率锯齿载波 ,不但谐振电路的起振时间容易控制 ,而且不会导致由死区时间引起的输出电压电流波形的失真     

实现输入电流连续的优化型Y源逆变器

传统Y源逆变器输入电流断续,同时耦合电感漏感会导致直流母线电压尖峰和电压增益的降低.为此提出了一种优化型Y源逆变器,能够实现连续的输入电流并抑制耦合电感漏感对逆变器性能的影响,降低了启动冲击电流,减小了母线电压尖峰和磁芯的尺寸.相比传统Y源逆变器,在相同的电压增益下,优化型Y源逆变器的直通占空比更低,从而增大了调制比范...     

Isolated high voltage‐boosting converter derived from forward converter

A novel isolated high voltage‐boosting converter, derived from the traditional forward converter, is presented in this paper. As compared with the traditional forward converter, the demagnetizing winding of the transformer in the proposed converter is used not only to demagnetize but also to improve the voltage conversion ratio. Therefore, the duty cycle is not limited, and the utilization of the transformer, also called coupled inductor, can be increased also. Furthermore, the proposed converter maintains the advantage of possessing a non‐pulsating output current, leading to a small output voltage ripple. Moreover, by applying one additional voltage‐boosting winding to the transformer, the voltage conversion ratio can be significantly improved. In addition, an active clamp circuit is employed in the proposed converter to reduce the voltage stress of the main switch, caused by the leakage inductance in the transformer, and the switches can achieve zero‐voltage switching. Finally, the analysis of operating principles, choice of the turns, turns ratio, core size, and each wire size of the coupled inductor are described in detail, and the experimental results with a prototype with 12‐V input voltage, 100‐V output voltage, and 100‐W output power are provided to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cascaded Common Nodal Point Multi-level Inverter Topology

Recent trends in the multi-level inverter (MLI) technology demand reduced number of switches, driver circuits, isolated DC sources, peak inverse voltage (PIV), appreciable number of voltage level, and lower total harmonic distortion. This paper presents an improved cascaded MLI configuration. Each module comprises ten switches, two isolated DC sources, and two capacitors; it can generate a maximum of 9-level output voltage waveform. Optimized switching sequence is developed that ensures minimum switching transitions and is implemented through single-carrier pulse width modulation for the control of the proposed topology. The classical cascaded H-bridge inverter and some recently developed MLI configurations were compared with the proposed inverter circuit. Results show that the proposed inverter configuration generates high number of output voltage levels with reduced number of power switches and PIV. It also has a lower per-unit power loss profile. Unit capacitor voltage balancing scheme is developed, which ensures proper control of the unit step voltage level in each of the cascaded modules, at extreme loading condition. For two cascaded inverter modules, simulation and experimental verifications are carried out on the proposed inverter for an R–L load. Simulation results of the output voltage waveforms and its harmonic spectrum are in conformity with experimental results.     

一种新型无刷直流电机谐振极软开关逆变器

永磁无刷直流电机具有高功率密度、高转矩/电流比和控制简单等优势,得到了广泛应用。然而,无刷直流电机通常采用硬开关逆变器驱动,硬开关逆变器的系统效率较低,散热器的体积和重量较大,限制了大功率无刷直流电机驱动系统功率密度和性能的进一步提升。针对硬开关逆变器问题,提出了一种无刷直流电机专用的谐振极软开关电压源逆变器。通过在传统硬开关逆变器的三相输出端添加辅助谐振网络,实现了逆变桥主开关器件的零电压(ZVS)开关动作,辅助双向开关在零电流开关(ZCS)条件开通和关断。针对新型软开关逆变器,提出了一种新的脉宽调制(PWM)控制策略——TPWM TON,逆变桥上下侧开关器件轮流进行PWM调制,保持了直流母线中点电位的平衡,且使主开关和辅助开关的开关频率降到PWM调制频率的一半。对提出的软开关逆变器进行了实验研究,实验结果验证了电路结构、理论分析和控制策略的正确性与可行性。     

一种新的恒频软开关变流器

提出了一种新的恒频隔离式变流器,该变流器采用1个耦合电感来实现整个线路和负载范围内主开关的零电压切换.由于该耦合电感并未以1个串联电感的形式出现在负载电流通道内,故不会产生负载的周期损耗.也不会在输出整流器两端产生严重的电压振荡.该变流器的性能在1个1 kW的实验原型电路中得到了证实.     

Performance of a High-Speed Motor Drive System Using a Novel Multilevel Inverter Topology

The performance of a novel multilevel six-switch (SS) three-phase inverter drive is examined for low-voltage high-speed motor applications. The switching losses of hard-switched voltage-source-inverter topologies place limits on the maximum feasible switching frequency. When operating at higher fundamental frequencies, this results in low-frequency modulation ratios and either high load harmonic currents that cause excessive rotor heating or larger than desired output reactors with a large fundamental voltage drop. The multilevel inverter structure examined offers an increased number of output pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage levels, higher frequency PWM output waveforms, reduced dead-time effects, and a significant reduction in harmonic content. These features reduce the total losses in the motor load when compared to the standard SS three-phase inverter. The harmonic reduction provided by the multilevel topology relative to the standard inverter is experimentally demonstrated with a 15-hp 18 000-r/min induction machine.     

耦合电感三电平双降压式逆变器

双降压式逆变器是一种可靠性和转换效率均较高的新型逆变器,针对其直流电压利用率低、桥臂输出仍为双极性PWM调制波的缺陷,提出了一种新型三电平双降压式逆变器,充分利用双降压式逆变器的半周工作模式,使桥臂输出改进为三电平PWM调制波,并降低了功率器件的电压应力。但在电感电流断续区可能出现高的器件电压尖峰,通过将两电感耦合,可对桥臂电压进行钳位消除电压尖峰,同时也减小了磁件本身的大小。耦合电感三电平双降压式逆变器在减小体积重量的同时保持了高效率、高可靠性。试验结果验证了以上分析的正确性。