一种高效率低成本制作微透镜阵列的方法

通常采用的多次掩模光刻和离子束刻蚀制作微透镜阵列的方法不但制作效率低,而且易产生较大的制作误差。提出了一种在硅基底聚合物薄膜上热压制作微透镜阵列的工艺方法,并利用自制的热压印设备进行了热压制作衍射微透镜阵列的试验,讨论了影响压印精度的温度和压力等工艺参数,对压印的衍射微透镜阵列进行了轮廓测试和部分光学性能测试。测试结果表明,压印制作微透镜阵列的复形误差小于10%,衍射效率高于90%,为高效率低成本制作微透镜阵列提供了一种新的方法。     

微流体数字化技术制备聚合物微透镜阵列

基于微流体数字化技术搭建了聚合物微透镜阵列按需喷射制备实验系统。以UV固化胶为喷射材料,将其按需喷射到镀有疏水化薄膜的玻璃基片上,在界面张力和疏水化效应的作用下,形成平凸状的微液滴,再经紫外光固化后形成微透镜阵列。实验研究了系统参量对稳定微喷射与微透镜直径的影响,稳定微喷射出了黏度值为50×10-3 Pa·s的UV胶,制得了最小直径达25μm的微透镜,进而制备出了直径变异系数C·V达0.64%、焦距均匀性误差为1.7%的15×15微透镜阵列。微透镜在扫描电子显微镜下具有较好的表面形貌,采用白光干涉/轮廓仪(VSI模式)测得其轮廓算术平均偏差Ra为247.99nm(扫描区域:29.4μm×39.3μm),扫描区域轮廓曲线平滑。通过微透镜阵列的成像实验,得到了微透镜阵列所成的清晰实像。实验结果表明,采用微流体数字化技术进行聚合物微透镜阵列的按需喷射制备过程简单、成本低廉、工艺参数稳定;制备的微透镜阵列几何与光学性能优越。     

电控可变焦128×128元自适应液晶微透镜阵列

借鉴已有的单圆孔电极液晶透镜的结构与设计方法,发展得到了新型的电控可变焦128×128元的液晶微透镜阵列。该面阵液晶微透镜使用ITO玻璃作为上下基板,其中上基板电极是将ITO膜通过光刻技术和盐酸腐蚀方法得到了128×128元圆孔阵列图案;而下电极基板就是ITO膜。上基板电极的圆孔阵列整齐的排列,每个圆孔的直径为50μm,圆孔之间的间隔为100μm。夹在上下基板之间的液晶层的厚度为20μm。该面阵液晶微透镜的特性为：在0.2VRMS～5.0 VRMS电压范围下,该面阵液晶微透镜的焦距范围为50μm～400μm。进一步的测试实验结果表明,该面阵液晶微透镜的点扩展函数近似于理论数值,并且该面阵液晶微透镜的工作电压与焦距是成反比例关系,以及该面阵液晶微透镜具有与传统制作的面阵微透镜一样的多重像成像效果。     

辊筒模具微透镜阵列的慢刀伺服成形加工

目的：为实现辊筒模具表面微透镜阵列高效率、高精度加工,本文对微透镜阵列成形法加工轨迹的拟合方法和机床伺服参数的优化方法进行了理论与实验研究。首先,分析了微透镜阵列的原始轨迹特征,确定了过渡台阶的突变是微透镜表面振纹的主要诱因。其次,为保证加工轨迹二阶导数的连续性,本文提出了三次样条插值与傅里叶级数拟合拼接的方法优化加工轨迹。最后,在优化加工轨迹的基础上,通过调整伺服系统的前馈参数,提高了进给轴响应能力,减小了因驱动质量和阻尼效应而产生的跟踪误差。口径800μm、深度26.7μm的微透镜阵列加工实验表明,采用优化的刀具轨迹和伺服参数,机床加工效率可以达到8Hz,进给轴跟踪误差小于300nm,消除了微透镜阵列的表面振纹。微透镜单元口径的尺寸误差约为设计值的1.075%,随机检测结果表明口径尺寸变化范围为2μm,加工一致性良好。三次样条插值与傅里叶级数拟合优化的加工轨迹可有效抑制进给轴的振动,改善了微透镜阵列表面质量。     

微透镜阵列莫尔放大作用及其防伪特征的研究

为了研究微透镜阵列防伪膜的工作原理和防伪作用,首先,从最基本的莫尔条纹相关理论着手,推导出有关莫尔条纹特性的公式;然后,再将微透镜阵列防伪膜的微透镜阵列和微缩文字阵列看作两个具有固定周期的光栅,将莫尔条纹相关公式应用到微透镜阵列防伪膜上,研究了莫尔放大作用和透镜放大作用的匹配问题;最后,通过实验制备出了样品,得到了微透镜阵列防伪膜制备过程中的关键因素。     

集成成像系统中高填充率微透镜阵列的设计与加工

针对目前微透镜设计与加工中存在的问题,本文提出了一种大尺寸、高填充率的微透镜阵列设计与加工方法,并成功应用于基于手机屏幕的三维集成成像显示系统。根据焦面模式下的集成成像原理,建立了透镜阵列参数与集成成像显示关键参数的关系,并设计了高填充率透镜阵列的孔径与焦距。采用超精密铣削方法加工出金属母板,通过纳米压印和图形转移复制的方法,在涂有UV固化胶的PET透明膜上得到了高填充率的微透镜阵列膜,并将其应用于基于手机显示屏的集成成像系统。测试结果表明,在5.7英寸全高清手机屏幕上,直接覆盖孔径为0.526mm、焦距为2mm、填充率为100%的透镜阵列,可以实现立体图像出屏距离达4cm、视场角为12.5°的集成成像显示效果。系统的设计与透镜阵列的制作完全满足集成成像要求,裸眼观看立体图像清晰、逼真,系统集成度高,使用方便。     

微透镜阵列单点金刚石车削补偿技术

为了提高微透镜阵列单点金刚石车削的加工精度与一致性,提出了加工误差的理论模型,并针对其补偿方法进行了理论分析和实验研究.将微透镜阵列加工等效为自由曲面加工,通过建立单点金刚石慢刀伺服切削模型,计算了理论曲面在每一个切削点处沿切削方向的曲率半径;结合刀具等效倾斜角模型和机床加工时延模型,进一步得到了慢刀伺服切削微透镜阵列...     

基于电场驱动喷射微3D打印的大面积微透镜阵列制造研究

大面积圆形、柱状及梯度折射率微透镜阵列在裸眼3D、光学传感、仿生学、医疗内窥镜等领域具有非常广泛的需求,然而,如何实现大面积多类型微透镜阵列的简单化、低成本、高效率制造是学术界与产业界共同面临的一项挑战性难题。基于电场驱动喷射微3D打印技术,提出了一种可实现大面积多类型微透镜阵列制备的新方法,通过实验揭示了主要工艺参数（电压、气压,打印速度）对制备的不同类型微透镜形貌与质量的影响与规律,利用提出的方法并结合优化的工艺参数,在玻璃基底上分别实现了面积为120 mm×120 mm、100 cm×45 cm的圆形与柱状微透镜阵列的制造,在柔性PET基底上实现了面积为160 mm×160 mm的圆形微透镜阵列的制造,利用电场驱动喷射微3D打印的多层打印模式实现了折射率梯度变化范围为0.1的梯度折射率微透镜阵列的制造。实验结果表明,制备的微透镜阵列具有良好的几何与光学性能,基于电场驱动喷射微3D打印大面积、多类型微透镜阵列制造方法具有效率高、成本低、批量化的显著优势,为大面积多类型微透镜阵列制造提供了一种全新的解决方案。     

基于Hartmann-Shack波前检测原理的微透镜阵列焦距测量

基于哈特曼波前传感器检测原理,结合图像清晰度定焦技术,提出了一种测量微透镜阵列焦距的方法,介绍了测量系统的组成和原理.首先利用平行光管的出射平面波前在被测微透镜阵列焦面上成像,利用标准透镜产生的球面波前在微透镜阵列焦面附近成像.然后,根据平面波前和球面波前经过微透镜阵列成像时微透镜阵列焦面上光斑的偏移量,计算相应的微透镜阵列子单元的焦距.最后,基于图像清晰度定焦技术,通过不确定度分析和实验测量验证了该方法检测微透镜阵列焦距的可行性.测量结果表明,该方法对微透镜阵列焦距检测精度可达到3％;同时,一次测量可完成微透镜阵列多个子单元的焦距标定.相对于传统的检测方法,该方法具有较高的检测精度和效率.     

大视场并列型仿生复眼光学系统

为了实现大视场微型仿生复眼系统的增材制造,对仿生复眼的成像原理、微透镜阵列与中继系统的设计以及复眼系统的机械结构进行了研究。根据仿生复眼的光学原理设计出单个微透镜,并完成微透镜阵列。通过设计中继系统,使曲面阵列所成的曲面像转换成平面像,从而被平面探测所接收。将微透镜阵列与中继系统组合并对其进行优化。为了满足复眼系统3D增材制造工艺,对其机械结构进行设计。整个复眼系由3481个紧密拼接的正六边形微透镜组成,每个微透镜的视场为4°,通光口径为110μm,整个复眼的视场为123.7°。在120 lp/mm处,复眼各视场的MTF值均大于0.3,各视场点列图的RMS半径均小于艾里斑半径。该系统成像质量良好,公差分析结果表明其像质满足成像要求,满足增材制备工艺需求。     

用于无模光刻的连续浮雕谐衍射透镜阵列设计

为了获得实时调焦写入以及高的系统分辨力和衍射效率,提出了一种基于连续浮雕谐衍射透镜阵列的无模光刻方法。该方法采用连续浮雕谐衍射透镜阵列作为无模光刻的物镜阵列,在兼顾系统分辨力和衍射效率基础上,由同一衍射透镜阵列实现聚焦写入和检焦;同时利用谐衍射透镜的深浮雕特性调制透镜的环带宽度,降低透镜的制作难度。在分析谐衍射透镜特点以及考虑激光直写制作工艺对连续深浮雕衍射聚焦特性影响的基础上,设计、制作并测试了设计波长为441.6nm,F数为7.5的连续浮雕谐衍射透镜阵列。测试结果表明,该阵列同时具有聚焦写入和检焦功能,且对写入激光和检焦激光的衍射效率均优于70%,有望改善无模光刻的制作质量。     

A promising thermal pressing used in fabricating microlens array

This paper describes a simple and inexpensive technique for designing and fabricating polygon microlens arrays using a thermal pressing process. Polygon microlens array molds were fabricated using lithography and an electroforming process. The microlens patterns were designed on a photomask and transferred to a substrate through photoresist patterning. Electroforming technology was used to convert the photoresist microlens patterns into metallic molds. A hot pressing machine was then used to produce the microlens array in a polycarbonate (PC) substrate. The experimental variables were compression pressure, temperature, and the pressing time. The surface roughness of the produced microlens array was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The average microlens radii of curvature ranged from 315 to 420 μm and the average sag heights were from 2.98 to 4.03 μm, respectively. The experimental result showed that this fabrication process is useful for microlens array production.     

Vacuum suction aid for microlens array formation using LIGA-like process

Microlens array fabrication using a vacuum suction process combed with the LIGA-like process is presented in this paper. The circular patterned array was designed on a photomask and transferred onto a substrate using photoresist patterning. Electroforming technology was used to convert the photoresist patterns into a metallic molds with an array of nozzles. Liquid JSR resist was spun onto the substrate joining the metallic mold to remove microlens array under vacuum conditions. The exposure energy and vacuum pressure were essential parameters in the microlens array manufacturing process. Microlens arrays with 50 μm in diameter at −50 cm-Hg vacuum pressure and 100 μm in diameter at −60 cm-Hg vacuum pressure were successfully formed. The produced microlens arrays presented smooth measured surface profiles coincident with the optical lens geometry.     

Vacuum suction aid for microlens array formation using LIGA-like process

Microlens array fabrication using a vacuum suction process combed with the LIGA-like process is presented in this paper. The circular patterned array was designed on a photomask and transferred onto a substrate using photoresist patterning. Electroforming technology was used to convert the photoresist patterns into a metallic molds with an array of nozzles. Liquid JSR resist was spun onto the substrate joining the metallic mold to remove microlens array under vacuum conditions. The exposure energy and vacuum pressure were essential parameters in the microlens array manufacturing process. Microlens arrays with 50 μm in diameter at -50 cm-Hg vacuum pressure and 100 μm in diameter at -60 cm-Hg vacuum pressure were successfully formed. The produced microlens arrays presented smooth measured surface profiles coincident with the optical lens geometry.     

Fabrication of Microlens Array and Its Application:A Review

Microlens arrays are the key component in the next generation of 3D imaging system, for it exhibits some good optical properties such as extremely large field of view angles, low aberration and distortion, high temporal resolution and infinite depth of field. Although many fabrication methods or processes are proposed for manufacturing such precision component, however, those methods still need to be improved. In this review, those fabrication methods are categorized into direct and indirect method and compared in detail. Two main challenges in manufacturing microlens array are identified: how to obtain a microlens array with good uniformity in a large area and how to produce the microlens array on a curved surface? In order to effectively achieve control of the geometry of a microlens,indirect methods involving the use of 3D molds and replication technologies are suggested. Further development of ultraprecision machining technology is needed to reduce the surface fluctuation by considering the dynamics of machine tool in tool path planning. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of manufacturing microlens array in industry and academic research are discussed and several principle conclusions are drawn.     

对准误差对菲涅耳透镜衍射效率的影响

基于标量衍射理论,在傅立叶光学的基础上,首先得出存在对准误差情况下4台阶菲涅耳透镜衍射效率的解析式;并以4台阶、8台阶、16台阶菲涅耳透镜为例,系统分析对准误差对衍射效率的影响并进行计算机模拟研究.模拟计算结果对正在进行的16台阶菲涅耳透镜制作工作提供了理论指导.     

Design,fabrication and testing of a compact large-field-of-view infrared compound eye imaging system by precision glass molding

Bionic artificial compound eyes inspire a promising field of miniaturized imaging systems. In this research, a novel infrared (IR) three-dimensional (3D) compound eye imaging system, consisting of a double-side molded 3D microlens array and an aperture array, was designed and fabricated by combining modulated slow-tool-servo diamond turning and precision glass molding. To facilitate the complex profiles on the mold inserts, two novel slow-tool-servo strategies were adopted, namely virtual-axis based diamond broaching and adaptive diamond turning. This microlens array consists of 3 × 3 channels for a field of view of 48° × 48° with a thickness of 1.8 mm. The freeform microlens array on a flat surface was employed to steer and focus the incident light from all three dimensions to a two-dimension (2D) infrared imager. Using raytracing, the profiles of the freeform microlenses of each channel were optimized to obtain the best imaging performance. To avoid crosstalk among adjacent channels, a 3D printed three-dimensional micro aperture array was mounted between the microlens array and the IR imager. The imaging tests of the infrared compound-eye imaging system using the molded chalcogenide glass lenses showed that the asymmetrical freeform lenslets were capable of steering and forming images within the designed field of view. Compared to a conventional infrared camera, this novel microlens array can achieve a considerably larger field-of-view while maintaining low manufacturing cost without sacrificing image quality.     

Highly uniform manufacturing method for large-area microlens arrays

The microlens array is a key microstructure component in imaging systems, such as in light field cameras. A resolution of the light field camera can facilitate the use of a small-area microlens array. However, fabricating a large-area microlens array with a highly accurate and consistent surface finish is still difficult and high-cost. A low-cost manufacturing method is proposed in this study, where the mould core of the microlens array is fabricated with high precision and high uniformity by cylindrical ultra-precision diamond turning. The proposed tool path strategy is employed to achieve superior surface quality and avoid the dynamic vibration of an unsmooth path. Light field camera prototypes are developed using a commercial DSLR camera with a fabricated microlens array. The successful performance of the prototypes confirms that the proposed manufacturing method satisfies the application demands of large-area microlens arrays.