基于曲面反射镜的光谱仪用光纤集光器设计

为了提高传统光纤光谱仪的探测距离, 首次提出采用两片旋转抛物面反射镜进行光谱仪用光纤集光器入射光学设计, 将光谱仪探测距离从厘米量级提高到50 m, 可用于户外被动光源条件下超低空遥感探测. 从光纤光谱仪对集光器的性能要求出发, 推导出适用于不同灵敏度光纤光谱仪, 针对不同探测目标、 探测距离和不同天气条件下的抛物型集光器外围尺寸计算公式. 根据计算结果, 利用ZEMAX光学仿真软件设计出直径16 mm, 高7.8 mm的光纤集光器模型, 并利用TracePro光纤模拟软件进行追光分析, 光学辐射放大率的仿真结果与理论计算结果完全吻合, 误差小于0.78%. 该集光器的设计可有效提高光纤光谱仪探测距离, 拓展其应用领域和范围, 且与传统透射型集光器相比, 具有结构紧凑、 轻便化、 价格低廉等优点.     

分光测色仪中的光谱仪系统

根据分光测色仪的应用需要,对分光系统、光电接收系统及相关电路组成的光谱仪进行了模块化设计,以方便仪器的整体设计、装调和测试。考虑分光测色仪是非成像光学仪器,故提出用光纤来连接各光学模块。根据应用需求提出了光谱仪的主要技术指标,所设计光谱仪很好地完成了球差和彗差的校正。分析了用滤光片消除二级衍射光谱的方法,解决了光纤和光谱仪数值孔径不匹配的问题。研制了光谱仪系统,其外形尺寸为130mm×90mm×45mm。实验测试显示,在狭缝宽度为50μm时,光谱仪各波段的光谱分辨率都可以达到2nm。对光谱仪进行了波长定标,定标精度小于0.2nm,整个工作波段占401个像元,满足1nm的波长输出间隔的设计要求。该光谱仪的可弯曲光纤和电子线路便于整机灵活布局与模块拆卸,同时方便单独测试。所述方法为分光测色仪的整机研制与测试打下了良好的基础。     

磁-电-四极杆级联质谱中的离子光学设计

离子光学设计是质谱仪器的核心技术,为了提高常规质谱的丰度灵敏度指标,设计了磁-电-四极杆级联质谱,并构建了一台原理实验样机。样机中的离子光学设计是仪器设计的关键内容,尤其是与最后一级质谱相关的离子透镜的设计,与常规双聚焦质谱和四极杆质谱中的透镜均有较大差异。本工作介绍了样机中的总体离子光学设计、四极杆前后相关透镜的设计、离子轨迹的 SIMION仿真计算,最后通过实验调试实现了整体设计,并测试了整套设计的总体指标。结果表明,样机比原仪器的丰度灵敏度指标提高约330倍,样机最后一级的传输率约为9%,与仿真计算结果相符。     

星载高光谱成像仪光学系统的选择与设计

本文概述了目前高光谱成像仪所采用的光学系统结构,分析讨论了棱镜色散、光栅色散、傅立叶变换三种主流高光谱成像仪分光方式的结构原理和优缺点,棱镜色散光能利用率高,但体积大,棱镜材料受空间环境变化影响较大,光栅色散效率低,但体积小,受环境影响小,傅立叶变换光谱成像系统由于分光棱镜的存在,能量至少损失50%以上。文中对国内外高光谱成像仪采用较多的Offner凸光栅光谱成像系统进行了论述,根据应用目标设计了一个离轴三反射镜望远系统和变倍Offner凸光栅组合的高光谱成像仪光学系统,该系统具有体积小、成像质量好、无光谱畸变的优点,通过加大光学系统的相对孔径,增加系统的入射光能量,弥补了光栅衍射效率低的缺点。     

A broadband and high throughput single-monochromator Raman spectrometer: application for single-wall carbon nanotubes

We present a high sensitivity single-monochromator Raman spectrometer which allows operation with a tunable laser source. The instrument is based on the modification of a commercial Raman spectrometer; such instruments operate with interference Rayleigh filters which also act as laser mirrors and are usually considered as inherently narrow band. In our design, the two tasks are separated and the filter can be freely rotated without much effect on the light alignment. Since rotation shifts the filter passband, this modification allows tunable operation with efficient stray light filtering down to 150 cm(-1). The design is optimized for single-wall carbon nanotubes, for which the performance is demonstrated using a tunable dye laser source. The spectrometer thus combines the high sensitivity with the broadband characteristics of usual triple monochromator systems.     

Measurement of ac cataphoresis

An apparatus and techniques are described for measurements of ac cataphoresis. The system uses a fiber optics light pipe driven along the discharge tube axis by a synchronous clock drive system. The collimated light signal is directed to a spectrometer whose output is processed using various methods to obtain desired types of information, including longitudinal time averaged scans of the discharge tube, longitudinal gated scans, and gated single cycle observations. Using these techniques one is able to study the time development of the ac effect as well as the presence of ionization waves. Examples are shown using noble gas mixtures of the various sampling procedures.     

Confocal micro-x-ray fluorescence spectrometer for light element analysis

An existing micro-x-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometer designed for light element analysis (6 ≤ Z ≤ 14) has been extended to confocal geometry: a second polycapillary x-ray optic has been introduced in front of the energy dispersive x-ray detector. New piezo positioners for optimum alignment of both optics have been installed inside the vacuum chamber. The spectrometer offers now the possibility of true 3D elemental analysis in the micrometer regime. Depth resolution varies between 100 μm at 1 keV fluorescence energy (Na-Kα) and 30 μm for 17.5 keV (Mo). To further extend analytical capabilities a second x-ray tube with a Rh anode has been acquired to supplement to existing Mo anode tube. Lower limits of detection have been determined to be in the ppm region for confocal geometry. The spectrometer has been characterized and tested using different samples. Furthermore, results have been compared with SR micro-XRF to show the capabilities and limitations of this spectrometer.     

基于CMOS的微型光谱仪研究

光谱仪是光谱学和光谱技术中最基本的分析仪器之一,仪器的微型化研究对于扩展其使用范围有很大的帮助;因此,微型化研究越来越受到重视,成为了光谱仪研究的重点。本文应用ZEMAX软件进行光路设计,采用面阵CMOS作为光电转换元器件,并可以通过计算机直接识别。通过软件的程序的编制,实现光谱仪对光强的识别,通过波峰的高度来识别入射光中所含最强光的波长,最后对设计的光谱仪进行分析,结果表明,光谱仪的结构简化、尺寸减小且精度提高。     

用热解石墨晶体作色散和聚焦光学元件的激光等离子体源的超快X射线光谱仪

由于激光等离子X射线源的光子通量显著低于同步辐射源的光子通量且射线为所有方向的各向同性辐射,所以,很需要具有大的集光立体角和高的积分反射率的光学元件,用热解石墨(PG)晶体作色散和聚焦元件可满足上述要求。由于PG晶体为嵌镶结构,所以可给出很高的积分反射率,而PG薄膜还可安装在任意形状的模具上构成任意形状的光学元件。此外,特殊形状的嵌镶聚焦使这些晶体甚至在弯曲的情况下,也可作为高分辨率X射线光学元件。基于上述元件特性,可以设计出有高集光效率的色散光学元件,用于激光等离子体源超快X射线光谱检测。文中描述了PG弯晶在一台改型的von HAMOS光谱仪中的应用,使用这台光谱仪,测量了飞秒激光器产生等离子体发射的X射线的光谱分布。讨论了产生的X射线在时间分辨扩展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)分析中的应用。实验表明,通过优化晶体特性和光谱仪几何设置,可以实现对过渡金属K边的高分辨率EXAFS测量。     

Hyperspectral mapping-combining cathodoluminescence and X-ray collection in an electron microprobe

An optical spectrometer has been integrated into a JEOL 8900R electron microprobe, which allows simultaneous collection of light, X-ray, and electron signals. The cathodoluminescence signal is collected from a monocular eyepiece, which is integrated into the electron optics of the electron microprobe. The optical acquisition is synchronized with the stage motion. X-ray lines of major elements are collected using an energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray lines of minor elements are collected using wavelength dispersive spectrometers, and the secondary and backscattered electron signals are collected using standard detectors. In mapping mode of operation the different signals are collected at each pixel with map sizes typically ranging from 1 million to 10 million pixels. This represents a significant amount of data from which the major correlations and associations in the map can be determined. Summing over a small number of channels and examining only a subset of the complete wavelength range are the strategies that have been developed to reduce the size of the data handled. The application of this mapping technique is demonstrated with two examples, zircons and refractory bricks. Zircons with various degrees of metamictization have been characterized, and inclusions differentiated using a combination of cathodoluminescence and X-ray maps. Examination of refractory bricks reveals subtle chemical changes in the spinel grains.     

MAT261型离子源及离子透镜系统的仿真与实际应用

The simulation results of MAT-261 type ion source and ion optics with the SIMION 3D 7.0 software were given. By means of simulation, the ion's trajectory was studied, the cause of low abundance sensitivity was analyzed and the optimal poles' voltage ranges of the ion optics were found. Modifications were made to the LRIMS3000 type mass spectrometer according to result of the simulation. The abundance sensitivity of the mass spectrometer is improved to 2×10-6 from original 5×10-5.     

Extended fast-ion D-alpha diagnostic on DIII-D

A fast-ion deuterium-alpha (FIDA) diagnostic, first commissioned on DIII-D in 2005, relies on Doppler-shifted light from charge-exchange between beam neutrals and energetic ions. The second generation (2G) system was installed on DIII-D in 2009. Its most obvious improvement is the spatial coverage with 11 active in-beam and three passive off-beam views; the latter allows for simultaneous monitoring of the background signal. Providing extended coverage in fast-ion velocity space, the new views possess a more tangential component with respect to the toroidal field compared to their first generation counterparts. Each viewing chord consists of a bundle of three 1.5 mm core fibers to maximize light gathering. For greater throughput, fast f/1.8 optical components are used throughout. The signal is transmitted via fiber optics to a patch panel, so the user is able to choose the detector. FIDA was originally installed with a spectrometer and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to monitor the full D(α) spectrum for two spatial views. 2G adds another spectrometer and CCD that monitor the blue-shifted wing for six spatial views at 1 kHz. In addition, a photomultiplier tube and fast digitizer provide wavelength-integrated signals at 1 MHz for eight spatial views.     

辉光放电飞行时间质谱仪离子光学系统的改进及其性能的初步测试

本文介绍一种经过改进的离子光学系统，并用于垂直引出式辉光放电飞行时间质谱仪。初步研究了它的性能，包括吸引锥、透镜、直流四极杆、狭缝电位变化时对仪器灵敏度与分辨率的影响，并检测了黄铜样品谱图。结果表明，该系统不仅能有效地提高离子的传输效率，提高灵敏度，而且能减少高手的空间分散，改善分辨本领，同时对于质谱仪的真空系统性能的提高也有很大的作用。     

A real-time optical image projection system for electron microscopy

The Hughes liquid crystal light valve has been coupled to a transmission electron microscope using a fibre optics plate and transmission phosphor. This system makes it possible to reconstruct in real time, electron images in coherent or incoherent light of arbitrary intensity outside the vacuum. The experimental results reported are used to estimate the design parameters of an on-line coherent optical diffractometer for high resolution work.     

通过太阳真空管光学性能推导光热转化效率的研究

光热转化效率是衡量太阳能集热器运行能力的关键参数。通过全玻璃真空太阳能集热器透射比和吸收比试验,分析不同太阳集热管的透射比和吸收比;在此基础上,推导太阳能集热器光热转化效率公式,提出理想状态和实际情况下真空管太阳能集热器光热转化效率公式;分析比较太阳集热器光热转化效率和平均日效率,认为罩玻璃管透射比、涂层吸收比、集热管均匀系数、散热损失、流动损失以及放置倾角是影响太阳集热器光热转化效率的因素。     

平板式光谱仪的结构设计

光谱仪的平板化,可以扩大仪器使用范围。本文主要研究一种基于CCD的平板式光谱仪的结构设计。使用合适的光纤、光栅、反射镜和CCD,通过理论计算,引入聚焦反射和分光,将色散光投射到CCD,简化结构。不同于传统的垂直光电隔离式设计,采用平面光电隔离式设计,使光谱仪厚度明显减小,光电分离式设计进一步提高了仪器应用的灵活性。     

光的相干长度对两类光谱仪器分辨本领的影响

衍射光栅光谱仪和法布里-珀罗(F-P)干涉仪是两类非常典型和重要的光谱仪器。从波动光学的角度看,光栅衍射和F-P干涉都可看成是多波列的相干叠加。由于波列之间存在光程差,光的相干长度限制着同时参与相干叠加的最大波列数。针对现有理论将光栅衍射和F-P干涉同时参与相干叠加的最大波列数分别定为透光狭缝总数和无穷大的情况,分别引入有效透光狭缝数和有效透射光光束数来说明光的相干长度对衍射光栅光谱仪和F-P干涉仪这两类光谱仪器分辨本领的影响。     

Design and analysis of multi-color confocal microscopy with a wavelength scanning detector

Spectral (or multi-color) microscopy has the ability to detect the fluorescent light of biological specimens with a broad range of wavelengths. Currently, the acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is widely used in spectral microscopy as a substitute for a multiple-dichroic mirror to divide excitation and emission signals while maintaining sufficient light efficiency. In addition, systems which utilize an AOTF have a very fast switching speed and high resolution for wavelength selection. In this paper, confocal-spectral microscopy is proposed with a particular spectrometer design with a wavelength-scanning galvano-mirror. This enables the detection of broadband (480-700 nm) fluorescence signals by a single point detector (photomultiplier tube) instead of a CCD pixel array. For this purpose, a number of optical elements were applicably designed. A prism is used to amplify the dispersion angle, and the design of the relay optics matches the signals to the diameter of the wavelength-scanning galvano-mirror. Also, a birefringent material known as calcite is used to offset the displacement error at the image plane depending on the polarization states. The proposed multi-color confocal microscopy with the unique detection body has many advantages in comparison with commercial devices. In terms of the detection method, it can be easily applied to other imaging modalities.     

Multidie LED combined with homogenizing optics to improve frequency response and intensity for FLIM applications

Application of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) in frequency‐domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has been limited by the trade‐off between modulation frequency and illumination intensity of LEDs, which affects the signal‐to‐noise ratio in fluorescence lifetime measurements. To increase modulation frequency without sacrificing output power of LEDs, we propose to use LEDs with multiple dice connected in series. The LED capacitance was reduced with series connection; therefore, the frequency response of multidie LED was significantly increased. LEDs in visible light, including blue, green, amber and red, were all applicable in FLIM. We also present a homogenizing optics design, so that multidie LEDs produced uniform illumination on the same focal spot. When the homogenizing optics was combined with multicolour emitters, it provides multiple colour selection in a compact and convenient design.