无机微孔膜外压内抽法对W/O乳状液破乳效果影响的研究

基于膜法破乳技术的研究进展,采用无机微孔膜,以外压内抽方式对W/O乳状液进行了破乳的研究。以NaOH+煤油+液体石蜡+Span80为研究体系,实验研究了影响破乳效果的重要参数透过压方式、膜孔径等对膜通量和破乳率的影响。实验结果表明,亲水性无机微孔膜外压内抽方式破乳,是一种更有效的膜法破乳新方法,此过程受透过压方式和膜孔径的影响较大。膜孔径越小,破乳率越高,膜通量越小;外压内抽方式的破乳效果优于单外压方式的破乳效果。实验数据表明,对于粒径为5～25μm乳液,用膜孔径为2.0μm的SiC微孔膜,在外压60kPa,内负压30kPa的外压内抽破乳方式下破乳,破乳率可达96.4%,膜通量可达900L/(m2·h)。     

新型技术用于乳状液膜法脱酚的进一步研究

本文对模拟的含酚废水,采用新型技术对乳状液膜法脱酚进行了进一步的探讨。对所采用的制乳设备———撞击流-旋转填料床对制乳率、提取设备———旋转填料床对脱酚率、破乳设备———无机微孔膜法破乳的重要参数(如透过压方式、膜孔径等对膜通量和破乳率的影响)进行了研究。并且讨论了破乳后的油相回用情况。实验结果表明:撞击流-旋转填料床的制乳效率可达99.90 %以上,脱酚率可达99%左右,且瞬间完成;膜孔径越小,破乳率越高,膜通量越小;外压内抽方式的破乳效果优于单外压方式的破乳效果。对于粒径为5～2 5 μm乳液,用膜孔径为2 .0 μm的SiC微孔膜,在外压为6 0kPa、内负压为30kPa的外压内抽破乳方式下破乳,破乳率可达96 .4 % ,膜通量可达90 0L·(m2 ·h) -1。     

无机微滤膜对W/O乳状液真空破乳的研究

本文采用乳液状液膜法对模拟的含酚废水脱酚进行了进一步研究,考察无机微滤膜真空破乳的重要参数如操作压力及其提供方式、膜面流速等对膜通量和破乳率的影响。并且讨论了破乳后的油相回用情况。实验结果表明:以外旋流进料和真空度提供操作压力的方式是一种较以错流进料和外压操作方式更有效的膜法破乳方法。实验数据表明:对于粒径为5～25μm乳液,用膜孔径为2.0μm的Al2O3微孔膜,在外旋流进料、膜面流速为4m/s、真空操作压差为100kPa的操作条件下破乳,破乳率可达96.2%,膜通量可达1400L/m2.h。     

复合中空纤维超滤膜的研制

本文就复合中空纤维超滤膜的制备工艺和成膜条件对膜性能影响进行了系统的研究，实验表明，对外压式中空纤维膜，内凝固液条件的改变，主要影响复合膜的内致密层，进而影响膜的透过通量，但对膜的截留孔径无影响，随空中行走距离增大，膜的透过通量减小，截留孔径增大。另外，通过基膜的选定与内凝固液的调节，复合中空纤维膜的分离孔径主要取决于复合层膜，即在适宜的条件下，基膜不影响复合膜的分离孔径，同时也不决定复合中空纤维     

一种新的非离子型乳化液膜体系的稳定性研究

制备了一种新的非离子型乳化液膜体系OP-4/D2EHPA/液体石蜡/煤油/盐酸,通过测定乳液电导率、破损率、溶胀率、乳滴粒径大小等,研究了乳化剂浓度、油内比、D2EHPA皂化度、内相盐酸浓度以及温度等因素对乳液稳定性的影响,并与以液膜传统专用乳化剂Span80、ENJ-3029、兰-113A所制得的W/O型乳液进行了加热破乳对比实验。结果表明该乳液体系表现出两个异常的稳定特性:(1)随着OP-4浓度的增加,乳液稳定性呈现先增加后下降的现象,OP-4在油相中的浓度为3%～5%(wt)时,乳液的稳定性较好。(2)当温度低于45℃时乳液表现出相当好的稳定性,温度超过50℃后乳液稳定性急剧下降。加热破乳对比实验表明,该乳液在60℃加热破乳10min,破乳率达100%,而分别以专用乳化剂Span80、ENJ-3029、兰-113A制备的乳液在60℃下加热60min仍不能破乳。通过控制适当条件,可以制备常温稳定性好而加热条件下容易破乳的乳化液膜体系。     

油水乳化液在疏水复合涂层网膜上破乳分离的实验研究

油水分离对于采油、炼油以及含油废水的处理有着重要的意义。采用喷涂-高温塑化的方法,在400目不锈钢网上复合PPS(聚苯硫醚)-PTFE(聚四氟乙烯)涂层,构造微米级细长纤维结构,形成了一种复合涂层网膜。该网膜具有良好的疏水性和亲油性,最大孔径<10μm,对乳化液具有破乳分离的功能。考察了渗透通量以及水包油型乳化液破乳分离效果的影响因素。实验结果表明这种膜对水包油型乳化液具有良好的分离效果,在0.4 mm膜厚下,压力小于70 kPa时,水中的含油量小于10 mg·L-1。渗透通量随压力的升高而增加,膜厚对其也有一定影响,但操作压力太高、膜的面层厚度太薄均不利于分离,料液初始浓度对破乳分离的影响则不太大。     

用微滤处理乳化含油废水

考察了ＰＶＤＦ膜和复合陶瓷膜的水通量，油截留率，以及膜堵塞等。研究结果表明：微波的水通量和油截留率均很高，透过液中油含量＜４０－２０ｍｇ／Ｌ。微波是一种很有应用前景的废水处理方法。另外，还讨论了在膜堵塞状态下，微波膜对溶于水小分子有机物的截留率。     

无机陶瓷膜在脱脂液废水处理中的应用

考察了操作条件对陶瓷膜处理脱脂液废水效果的影响。结果表明：采用孔径为200nm氧化锆膜，在操作压力为0．1MPa，膜面流速5-7m／s，操作温度40℃的操作条件下，陶瓷膜处理此体系废水的分离效果最好。膜的稳定通量为390L／m^2·h，渗透液油含量小于30mg／L，油的截留率大于99．4％，清洗剂中的无机组分完全透过膜，表面活性剂及有机物大约有85％透过膜。     

重质油包水乳液破乳过程及降黏强化机制

重质油包水（W/O）乳液普遍存在于石油开采与加工过程中,因其高黏度、高密度、强界面稳定特性,导致重质油包水乳液分离困难,生产成本增加。为了提高重质W/O乳液的分离效率,本文探究了温度与甲苯加入量对重质油黏度的影响规律。在此基础上,研究了上述降黏过程与脱水率之间的协同机制。采用自制的TJU-3破乳剂对重质W/O乳液进行破乳,通过调整破乳剂在乳液中的浓度和破乳温度得到了最佳工艺条件。利用分子模拟的方法构建了重质油平均分子模型并计算了SARA四组分在不同甲苯含量的重质油中的扩散系数,分析了甲苯添加量对重质油中SARA四组分相互作用的影响规律,研究了沥青质分子和TJU-3破乳剂分子在油水界面的运移过程。结果表明：重质油的黏度降低到1500mPa·s时,可实现在1h内完全破乳;黏度降低到50mPa·s时可实现在20min内完全破乳。当破乳剂在乳液中的浓度为400mg/L时,乳液的脱水率最高;破乳温度为60℃时,破乳速度最快。SARA四组分中胶质的扩散系数增大最显著,是重质油的黏度能被甲苯迅速降低的主要原因。TJU-3分子能够破坏沥青质界面膜,进而实现破乳。该协同机制和工艺条件可为石油工业中重质W...     

无机陶瓷膜在植物油废水处理中的实验研究

植物油炼制及餐饮业均排出大量的含油废水,对环境造成严重污染。文中采用陶瓷膜技术处理植物油废水,实验考察不同膜材质和膜孔径对渗透通量和油截留率的影响,结果表明,孔径为0.2μm的氧化锆陶瓷膜适宜于植物油废水的处理。废水性质对膜分离性能的影响显著,随着油质量浓度、盐浓度的增大,膜稳定通量明显下降。在跨膜压差为0.15 MPa,操作温度30℃,错流速率为4 m/s下,膜稳定通量为150 L/(m2.h);实验条件下油截留率均在98%以上。     

A multicontinuum approach for the problem of filtration of oily water systems across thin flat membranes: I. The framework

A multicontinuum model is built to estimate the permeate flux of an oily water system across a thin flat membrane in cross filtration methodology is demonstrated. Several continua are constructed to represent droplet and pore‐size distribution of both the dispersed oil phase and the porous membrane, respectively. The possible permeation of the oil phase has been divided into three criteria. In the first criterion, oil droplets of a given size range may permeate through a given size range of the porous membrane, in the second criterion, oil droplets of another size range may be rejected through another pore size range, and in the third criterion, oil droplets may break apart leaving a tail inside the pore space, which will eventually permeate, and the rest will sweep off due to shear stress. These protocols identify the methodology of the proposed multicontinuum approach, which is introduced in this first part. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4604–4615, 2017     

单通道陶瓷膜管低压透水性能实验分析

无机陶瓷膜作为多孔介质具有分离效率高、耐酸、耐碱等优点,被视为在海水淡化、废水处理、气体分离等领域的研究热点。采用Al₂O₃管式单通道陶瓷膜材料构建膜组件,以燃煤电厂自来水、烟气冷凝水、脱硫废水三种不同水质为例,开展低跨膜压差下的膜组件透水性能实验,研究了膜参数、跨膜压差及水体温度等因素对渗透通量、渗透水质的影响,并对引发膜污染的机理过程进行了探讨分析。实验结果表明：陶瓷膜管的结构参数是关键因素,如孔隙率、孔径及厚度等;低跨膜压差下的渗透通量随压力增大呈线性提高,并未发现浓差极化现象,水体温度变化通过改变黏度进而影响渗透通量,同时水质较差时会导致渗透通量降低;陶瓷膜管的孔径是影响渗透水质的核心要素,微滤与纳滤膜对改善悬浮物含量、浊度及色度效果明显,不同孔径对盐度、电导率影响不同;从SEM图可以看出,污染物在膜表面或膜内部发生的沉积、架桥等现象导致严重的膜污染。充分认识影响陶瓷膜管渗透特性的关键因素及污染物的作用机理,对提高无机陶瓷膜的应用前景具有重要意义。     

Permeate flux decline in cross-flow microfiltration at constant pressure

Microfiltration processes are frequently used to separate solids from aqueous suspensions. The rejection of suspended matter is facilitated by means of a size exclusion mechanism and is affected by membrane properties, characteristics of the suspension and operating conditions. Therefore, the filtration performance of a single polymeric hollow-fibre membrane was investigated by monitoring the permeate flux decline for a filtration at constant transmembrane pressure (TMP). For these bench-scale experiments, a model suspension consisting of silica particles in xanthan gum solutions was used in order to represent the characteristics of biological suspensions such as activated sludge properly. In the framework of this study, it was confirmed that the permeate flux declines rapidly during the first stage of filtration until an equilibrium of particle deposition and entrainment is reached. The steady-state permeate flux was found to increase with an increase in cross-flow velocity, a decrease in solid concentration, a decrease in particle size (for this ratio of particle to pore diameter) and a decrease in apparent viscosity of the suspension. However, the equilibrium permeate flux was not affected by variations in TMP, which is in agreement with the limiting flux theory.     

Cross-Flow Microfiltration of Industrial Oily Wastewater: Experimental and Theoretical Consideration

Microfiltration of industrial oily wastewater was performed using polyamide membrane. A rectangular cross flow membrane cell was used for the experiments. Effects of different operating parameters such as transmembrane pressure drop and Reynolds numbers on the steady state permeate flux and oil rejection was investigated in detail. Initial oil concentration in the industrial oil-water emulsion was found to be 192 mg/L with average oil droplet range size 0.01 to 47 µm. The treated industrial oily water was characterized in terms of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). It was observed that the steady state permeate flux increased with transmembrane pressure drop and Reynolds numbers. The oil concentration in permeate was found to be around 4.5 mg/L, after treatment, which was lower than the permissible discharge limit. The results showed that microfiltration was an efficient and ecologically suited technology for the treatment of industrial oily wastewater. The cross flow velocity was considered in both laminar and turbulent regimes. A model was proposed by combining of Brownian diffusion and shear-induced diffusion to predict the steady state permeate flux data at different Reynolds numbers and different transmembrane pressure drops.     

Treatment of Oily Wastewaters Using the Microfiltration Process: Effect of Operating Parameters and Membrane Fouling Study

This work focuses on the treatment of oily wastewater using the cross-flow microfiltration (MF) process to determine the effect of different operating parameters such as transmembrane pressure (TMP) and cross-flow velocity on the separation performance and to study the mechanism of membrane fouling during microfiltration of oil in water emulsions. In this regard, the permeation flux and oil rejection of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane in a flat-frame MF module for separation of 3000 ppm oil/water emulsions were measured. The results indicated that the permeate flux increased by an enhancement in both TMP and cross-flow velocity, while the oil rejection decreased. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the individual effect of TMP and cross-flow velocity is more important than the interactional effect of these operating parameters on the permeate flux and oil rejection. The results of fouling modeling revealed that the membrane fouling mechanism was affected by the applied TMP. The cake filtration model dominates the fouling mechanism at lower operating pressures. The fouling mechanism was changed from the cake formation to intermediate pore blocking and then to standard pore blocking as the TMP varied from 1 to 3 bar. Finally, a five-step procedure was used for cleaning the oil/water fouled membranes.     

一体式陶瓷外膜直接乳化法制备单分散水包油乳液

膜乳化法是靠膜两侧的压差使分散相通过微孔膜,以小液滴的形式分散在连续相中而形成乳状液的方法．与转一定体系、高压均化等传统制乳方法相比,膜乳化法所制得的乳液具有液滴尺寸均一、节能、剪应力小等特点,可应用于食品、医药、聚合物工业等领域．过去的十几年中,尽管在膜乳化方面进行了大量的工作,过程参数对乳滴尺寸的影响并未完全研究清楚．甚至在一些研究中,仅仅把平均乳滴直径作为分布参数．     

Factors influencing critical flux in membrane filtration of activated sludge

Membrane filtration of biomass is usually accompanied by significant flux decline due to cake‐layer formation and fouling. Crossflow filtration with flux controlled by pumping the permeate can produce stable fluxes if a ‘critical flux’ is not exceeded. Below critical flux the transmembrane pressure is typically very low and increases linearly with imposed flux. Above the critical flux the transmembrane pressure rises rapidly signifying cake‐layer formation which is usually accompanied by a continued rise in transmembrane pressure and/or a drop in delivered flux. A range of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes with pore sizes from 0.22 to 0.65 µm and molecular weight cut‐off of 100 kDa was used. The feed was an activated sludge mixed liquor with concentration in the range of 3–10 g dm⁻³. The results show that the critical flux depends on feed concentration and crossflow velocity, being higher for higher crossflow velocity or lower feed concentration. Critical flux was also dependent on membrane type, being lower for hydrophobic membranes. Although the transmembrane pressure was higher for the larger pore size membrane, no significant difference in critical flux was observed among different pore size membranes. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

溶液环境对陶瓷膜微滤微米级颗粒悬浮液的影响

本文研究了溶液环境对陶瓷微滤膜处理微米,亚微米级颗粒悬浮液过程的影响,通过测定电解质溶液种类,浓度对微滤过程渗透通量的影响,及溶液环境对微滤过程影响随颗粒粒径,膜孔径的变化,确定了溶液环境对微滤过程的影响主要是由于其引起了颗粒表面Ｚｅｔａ电位的变化,改变了颗粒在溶液中的分散情况,并引起了决定膜通量的颗粒粒径／膜孔径比值的变化,从而改变了微滤过程。     

气升式陶瓷膜过滤装置处理油田含聚采出水

采用新型的气升式陶瓷膜过滤系统处理油田含聚采出水,通过气液两相流替代单一的液相流动,降低了陶瓷膜处理油田含聚采出水过程的能耗,系统考察了曝气孔大小、曝气量和跨膜压差对膜渗透通量的影响。结果表明,采用孔径为微米级的曝气头曝气使高压气体在多通道膜管内的分布更为均匀,进而有效抑制膜污染和浓差极化,延缓通量衰减。当曝气孔径为1 μm时,渗透通量达到最大,且曝气量从300 L·h^-1增加到600 L·h^-1时,通量显著增加。此外,跨膜压差对膜的渗透通量影响显著,当跨膜压差为0.4 MPa时,渗透通量最佳。陶瓷膜处理油田采出水的出水水质各方面指标数据较为稳定,达到5.1.1回注水标准。最后,计算讨论了气升式陶瓷膜过滤装置的吨水能耗。