基于视觉的不锈钢Nd：YAG激光焊焊接熔池和小孔的图像处理

在激光焊接过程中存在众多干扰因素,为保证焊接质量,需要对激光焊进行质量控制。实现焊接质量控制的关键是表征焊接质量信息的获取,而焊接熔池和小孔包含丰富的焊接质量信息。针对不锈钢Nd：YAG激光焊,构建了同轴视觉检测系统,获得了熔池和小孔图像。根据熔池和小孔图像的特点,设计了图像处理算法,并分别针对熔池和小孔确定了搜索起始点和搜索准则。     

基于同轴视觉传感的激光穿透焊接焊缝尺寸检测

利用CMOS同轴视觉传感系统,通过分析匙孔和熔池区域光辐射的特征,对Nd:YAG激光深熔焊接的焊缝形态进行了检测.结果表明,在匙孔穿透型激光深熔焊接中,匙孔在工件背面穿透将导致光辐射衰减区域的出现,衰减区域的尺寸和光辐射衰减的程度均随着焊接速度的增加而减小,且相对于匙孔的前沿,其位置向熔池的后方移动.通过分析匙孔区域的光辐射衰减程度和匙孔前壁角度的变化,将光辐射分布的特征与焊缝的尺寸结合起来,建立了两者之间的对应关系,从而实现了焊缝尺寸的检测.     

CO_2激光焊接的同轴检测与熔透控制I.熔透状态特性及其同轴检测

对激光深熔焊的熔透状态进行了分类 ,指出了“仅熔池透”和“适度熔透”的形成条件和焊缝成形特征。建立了一套CO2 激光深熔焊熔透状态的同轴检测系统 ,研究了焊接工艺参数和熔透状态发生变化时等离子体同轴光信号的变化规律。发现在板厚不变的条件下 ,随热输入的变化 ,焊接过程由“仅熔池透”达到“适度熔透”时 ,同轴等离子体光信号强度的增量绝对值最大。     

CO2激光焊接的同轴检测与熔透控制I.熔透状态特性及其同轴检测

对激光深熔焊的熔透状态进行了分类,指出了“仅熔池透”和“适度熔透”的形成条件和焊缝成形特征。建立了一套CO2激光深熔焊熔透状态的同轴检测系统,研究了焊接工艺参数和熔透状态发生变化时等离子体同轴光信号的变化规律。发现在板厚不变的条件下,随热输入的变化,焊接过程由“仅熔池透”达到“适度熔透”时,同轴等离子体光信号强度的增量绝对值最大。     

Nd:YAG激光深熔焊接过程中同轴保护气流量对小孔的影响

通过对利用同轴视觉传感系统所采集的Nd：YAG激光深熔焊接过程中小孔图像的处理研究了同轴保护气流量对激光深熔焊接过程中小孔的影响。研究表明，同轴保护气流量的变化对小孔上部的影响较大，而对小孔内部的影响很弱。而在较高气流量下，小孔外边缘的径向尺寸随同轴保护气流量的增加而减小，而小孔内边缘的径向尺寸变化很小。小孔内、外边缘中心到激光光斑中心的距离随着同轴保护气流量的增加而减小，说明随着同轴保护气流量的增大小孔竖直轴线越来越靠近激光束轴线。     

国外激光熔覆设备

国外激光熔覆使用的激光器类型有CO2激光器、灯泵浦Nd:YAG激光器、二级管泵浦Nd；YAG激光器和二极管激光器，开发了多种合金材料供给设备，诸如同轴送粉系统，三料斗送粉系统，送丝系统等，使用众多种类的反射式、透射式和光纤传输的匀光光束处理系统，研制了熔覆过程激光束各参量、送粉率、粉末束流的浓度和温度分布以及熔池行为等的在线监控系统，从而保证了熔覆质量的稳定性和复重性。     

CO2激光焊接的同轴检测与熔透控制 Ⅰ.熔透状态特性及其同轴检测

对激光深熔焊的熔透状态进行了分类,指出了"仅熔池透"和"适度熔透"的形成条件和焊缝成形特征.建立了一套CO2激光深熔焊熔透状态的同轴检测系统,研究了焊接工艺参数和熔透状态发生变化时等离子体同轴光信号的变化规律.发现在板厚不变的条件下,随热输入的变化,焊接过程由"仅熔池透"达到"适度熔透"时,同轴等离子体光信号强度的增量绝对值最大.     

基于大离焦模式的Nd：YAG激光-MAG复合热源焊接工艺

通过对焊接参数的调整较为系统地研究了大离焦模式下Nd：YAG激光-MAG复合热源焊接工艺。结果表明：在一定的焊接条件下,与MAG焊相比,大离焦Nd：YAG激光-MAG复合热源焊接仍可以表现出增大焊缝熔深、提高焊接过程稳定性等复合热源焊接优势。在合适的焊接速度和焊接电流范围内,大离焦Nd：YAG激光-MAG复合热源焊接能显著地改善焊缝成形,提高焊缝金属的铺展性。     

Nd:YAG激光+CMT电弧复合热源横焊工艺参数对焊缝形貌的影响

以304不锈钢为对象,借助横焊焊缝横断面图像来分析Nd:YAG激光+CMT电弧复合热源横焊焊缝横断面的成形特征,研究了Nd:YAG激光+CMT电弧复合热源横焊过程中焊接工艺参数对焊缝横断面形貌的影响.结果表明,在Nd:YAG激光+CMT电弧复合热源横焊中,焊接工艺参数对横焊焊缝横断面形貌的影响显著;Nd:YAG激光加入CMT电弧焊中明显提高了复合焊缝以及复合焊中CMT焊缝的熔深;采取适当的焊接工艺参数(小的光丝间距、大的激光功率、小的焊接速度、适合的离焦量以及小的或大的CMT功率)可以避免熔池机械式叠加和焊缝横断面错位现象,使得焊缝成形良好.     

光学相干断层扫描技术在激光焊熔深在线检测中的应用

应用光学相干断层扫描(OCT)技术,使参考光路系统与激光焊光路系统相结合,通过采集与焊接光路同轴的反射光信号以及参照系统的反射光信号干涉图,可以探测出激光焊过程中熔池最深处的深度,从而实现激光焊熔深在线实时检测。     

Nd:YAG激光+CMT电弧复合热源横焊工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响

以304不锈钢为对象,借助焊缝成形参数来评价YAG激光+CMT电弧复合热源横焊焊缝的成形特征,研究了Nd:YAG激光+CMT复合热源横焊过程中焊接工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,在CMT电弧焊接中加入激光可以改善横焊焊缝成形;在激光能量和焊接电流一定时,光丝间距存在一个最佳匹配,使得Nd:YAG激光+CMT复合热源横焊焊缝成形良好;与其它复合热源焊接相对比激光功率对熔深影响较大,对横焊焊缝成形的影响程度与焊接电流有关;焊接速度对横焊焊缝成形影响显著;离焦量对横焊焊缝成形影响较小;电弧功率对横焊焊缝的偏离度影响显著.     

Effect of laser spot weld energy and duration on melting and absorption

Abstract

To facilitate pulse Nd–YAG laser spot weld development, it is common practice to adjust the pulse energy, duration, and focus spot size. An accurate understanding of the effect of these parameters on melting, weld appearance, and heat input is thus required. Calorimetric measurements of the net heat input to 304 stainless steel workpieces for laser spot welds have been completed. A pulse Nd–YAG laser was used with varying pulse energies from 1 to 5·5 J, and pulse durations of 2·2 and 7·0 ms. Measurements showed the absorption for spot welds produced using the pulsed Nd–YAG laser to vary from 38 to 67% and to be relatively insensitive to beam intensity. Analysis of the continuous point source equation for conduction heat flow in solids was used to predict the weld size for the pulse energy and duration measured in the experiment. Calculations of the weld pool volume from the weld metallography were used to determine the melting for each spot weld. Comparisons of the measured weld size with the three-dimensional model predicted size indicated that the observed weld pools are larger than is expected from the measured workpiece energy. Analysis of the experimental data and the theoretical model has revealed a substantial increase in melting for short duration pulses versus long duration pulses of the same energy. The benefit of laser spot welding parameter optimisation is hence indicated.     

Nd:YAG激光+脉冲MAG电弧复合热源规范参数对平板堆焊焊缝表面成形的影响

利用余高-熔宽比表示焊缝表面铺展性并与焊缝余高一起作为参数来评价复合热源平板堆焊焊缝的表面成形,通过试验研究了Nd：YAG激光＋脉冲MAG复合热源堆焊过程中焊接规范参数对复合热源平板堆焊焊缝表面成形的影响并分析了激光对复合热源堆焊焊缝表面成形的影响.研究结果表明,在电弧功率变化过程中,随着激光功率的增大,其对平板堆焊焊缝表面成形的影响也逐渐增大;焊接速度变化过程中,激光束能量的加入不仅改善堆焊焊缝表面成形还极大地提高了焊接速度;而在光丝间距和离焦量变化过程中,激光束对复合热源平板堆焊焊缝表面成形的影响很小.     

Microstructural and mechanical characteristics of laser welding of Ti6Al4V and lead metal

Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V and lead metal were welded using a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser. The influences of laser power, scanning velocity, and laser beam offset on weld morphology were investigated. Microstructure, chemical composition and mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated. Experimental results showed that fusion weld formed at the upper part of the weld and brazing weld with solder of Pb formed at the lower part of the weld under appropriate process condition. Interfaces were formed between mixed fusion zone and liquid lead zone in molten pool during laser welding of Ti6Al4V and lead. Reasons for interface formation may be different driving force of various regions in molten pool, and the miscibility gap of Ti and Pb binary system. Ti-Pb intermetallic compound Ti₄Pb was detected at the fusion weld zone, which made the microhardness of the weld seam was higher than that of the base materials. The strength of the joint was at least equal to or larger than that of lead base material.     

Study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Nd:YAG pulsed laser beam weld of UNS-C17200 copper beryllium alloy

In this study, the microstructure of Nd:YAG pulsed laser welding of copper beryllium sheet has been investigated by tensile and hardness tests, optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM images reveals three distinct solidified structures due to various thermal gradients occurred in the fusion zone. The XRD patterns show that the preferred solidification directions are like other FCC materials. Tensile strength of the weld metal is lower than that of the base metal since the CuBe phase precipitates during solidification. The effects of pulsed laser parameters on the weld pool dimensions were also studied. The results show that by applying constant pulse energy, focused beam diameter should be kept as low as possible to obtain the weld pool with the highest penetration and the least width. Moreover, the effect of passive layer on the reflectivity of surface by incident beam was investigated. It was found that weld pool increases when the laser energy is high due to multiple internal reflections.     

A double-point moving source model for predicting seam geometry in laser welding

A theoretical double moving point source model, based on the superposition principle, is proposed for predicting the weld seam geometry produced by a CW Nd:YAG laser in a constrained overlap configuration on a martensitic stainless steel in a transitional regime between pure conduction and keyhole welding. This intermediate regime is modelled by varying the power balance between the two point sources along with their relative distance. Tests show that the main geometrical features of the weld bead (penetration depth and resistance length) are comparable to the predicted values (error less than 5%). Finally the model can be also profitably used in order to predict the temperature field around the molten pool.     

激光能量对Nd:YAG激光-短路MAG复合热源焊接过程的影响

针对低碳钢材料,通过改变加入的激光功率来研究激光能量因素对激光-短路MAG复合热源焊接过程稳定性和焊缝成形的综合影响.结果表明,对于特定条件下的激光-短路MAG复合热源焊接过程稳定性,存在最佳的激光功率范围,并不是加入的激光功率越大,焊接过程越稳定;从激光-短路MAG复合热源焊缝成形和焊接过程稳定性角度,按照加入的激光能量大小,可以把激光-短路MAG复合热源分为小功率激光能量稳定电弧阶段、过渡阶段和大功率激光能量增加熔深阶段.并针对各个阶段,从熔滴受力角度分析了激光能量因素对焊接过程的影响机制.