带极堆焊奥氏体不锈钢耐腐蚀性能研究

采用带极电渣堆焊和带极埋弧堆焊两种方法堆焊Cr-Ni不锈钢,分析这两种方法和不同焊接速度下得到的堆焊层金属的电化学腐蚀及晶间腐蚀性能。电化学试验结果表明,3.5%Na Cl溶液中,带极电渣堆焊层金属的耐点蚀性能与焊速有关,焊速为8m/h时,堆焊层金属的点蚀电位为159 m V,耐点蚀性能最佳,焊速过快或者过慢时都将降低堆焊层金属的点蚀电位,耐点蚀性能下降;相比于电渣堆焊,带极埋弧堆焊层金属的点蚀电位仅为-300 m V,耐点蚀性能较差。10%草酸电解浸蚀试验结果表明,带极电渣堆焊试样晶界处C r的含量远大于钢耐蚀所必须的量,试样腐蚀后的微观形貌也呈现"阶梯型"和"混合型",说明试样具有较好的耐晶间腐蚀性能;而带极埋弧堆焊试样晶间存在严重的贫Cr,腐蚀后试样表面的微观形貌则呈现"沟状型",耐晶间腐蚀性能较差。     

带极电渣堆焊奥氏体不锈钢耐晶间腐蚀性能

用带极电渣堆焊和带极埋弧堆焊2种方法堆焊了Cr-Ni不锈钢,研究了这两种方法和焊接速度对堆焊层金属显微组织及耐晶间腐蚀性能的影响。显微组织观察表明,带极电渣堆焊和带极埋弧堆焊层的显微组织都为奥氏体+δ铁素体。带极电渣堆焊层金属中δ铁素体随着焊速的提高而增多,含量由6。8%增加到20.4%,带极埋弧堆焊金属中的δ铁素体含量比带极电渣堆焊的高,达到了23.6%;电化学动电位再活化试验结果表明,焊接速度8m/h的带极电渣堆焊层金属的再活化率仅为3.22%,耐晶间腐蚀的性能最佳,焊速快慢或焊接方法改变都将使带极电渣堆焊层金属的再活化率升高,耐晶间腐蚀性能下降。10%草酸溶液电解浸蚀试验的结果与EPR曲线结果一致。     

低合金钢表面耐腐蚀层自动堆焊工艺试验研究

采用带极自动堆焊、实心焊丝自动堆焊、药芯焊丝自动堆焊在低合金钢SA-508 3级1类进行表面耐腐蚀层堆焊试验,对堆焊接头进行横向侧弯、宏观检验,并对堆焊层表面化学成分分析检测。结果表明,3种堆焊方法均获得满意的接头性能,母材与堆焊层熔合良好,但实心焊丝自动堆焊化学成分不能满足设备技术规格书的要求。因此3种堆焊方法比较,带极自动堆焊和药芯焊丝自动堆焊是耐腐蚀层堆焊的较理想的两种方法。     

低碳钢高效带极堆焊

介绍了低碳钢的大电流带极堆焊时,焊接参数对焊缝成形和稀释率的影响,对比了高效带极堆焊和常规带极堆焊的焊层性能,证明两种工艺的焊层性能相近,高效堆焊的效率是常规堆焊的二倍。     

高速带极堆焊电源的研制

在带极埋弧堆焊(SAW)和带极电渣堆焊(ESW)研究的基础上,开展了高速带极堆焊(HSW)的研究工作。阐述了HSW法对堆焊电源设计提出的要求,介绍了这种电源的电路组成和工作原理。利用这种电源进行了多项试验,结果表明:这种电源满足HSW法的焊接工艺要求,能够获得高质量的焊缝。     

核电厂用低合金钢表面耐蚀层堆焊方法组合对热影响区组织的影响

制备了常用焊接方法3种组合下的低合金钢表面不锈钢堆焊层试板:单层带极埋弧堆焊、双层带极埋弧堆焊以及单层带极埋弧堆焊+焊条电弧焊堆焊,并分析了3种组合下低合金钢热影响区的金相组织。结果表明:单层带极埋弧堆焊和单层带极埋弧堆焊+焊条电弧焊堆焊2种组合下低合金钢热影响区存在明显粗晶区,双层带极埋弧堆焊后低合金钢热影响区粗晶区明显被细化。     

信息动态

制备了常用焊接方法3种组合下的低合金钢表面不锈钢堆焊层试板:单层带极埋弧堆焊、双层带极埋弧堆焊以及单层带极埋弧堆焊+焊条电弧焊堆焊,并分析了3种组合下低合金钢热影响区的金相组织.结果表明:单层带极埋弧堆焊和单层带极埋弧堆焊+焊条电弧焊堆焊2种组合下低合金钢热影响区存在明显粗晶区,双层带极埋弧堆焊后低合金钢热影响区粗晶区明显被细化.     

带极堆焊技术的应用

在承受一定载荷的低碳钢或低合金表面堆焊一层耐蚀层是一种经济、实用的方式。因此,带极堆焊广泛应用于化工、石化和核工业等领域。主要讨论了两种带极堆焊方法,并介绍了这项技术在意大利SICES和Ansaldo Camozzi工厂的应用情况。     

12Cr2Mo1R 耐热钢单层堆焊工艺

对12Cr2Mo1R耐热钢采用电渣焊（ESW）方法进行耐蚀层的单层堆焊,并对堆焊试样的性能和化学成分进行分析。结果表明,采用单层堆焊的方法可以满足性能和化学成分的要求。该方法大大降低了制造成本,提高了生产效率。     

奥氏体不锈钢带极电渣堆焊层金属显微组织分析

奥氏体不锈钢具有良好的焊接性、优异的抗腐蚀性、良好的高温抗氧化性和低温韧性,应用广泛。采用自行研制的焊剂配合奥氏体不锈钢焊带在低碳钢母材Q235上进行堆焊,焊后采用金相、扫描电镜等试验方法对堆焊层金属的显微组织和性能进行了研究,分析奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头显微组织的变化,并深入研究焊缝中δ-铁素体的含量和分布形态。研究结果表明,带极电渣堆焊层金属成型性好、稀释率低,其显微组织为奥氏体和少量的δ-铁素体,其中δ-铁素体的形态有骨架状、板条状、蠕虫状三种共存于堆焊层金属中,一定数量的δ-铁素体可以保证堆焊层金属有良好的耐晶间腐蚀性能。     

Assessment of nickel alloy 625 weld overlays deposited by the electroslag process

Nickel-base alloy weld overlays are commonly used in the oil and gas industry to extend the life of equipment under aggressive corrosion environments, since the overlays improve the corrosion resistance without a significant increase in the cost of manufacture when compared to massive equipment. Usually, the joints are welded by SMAW, GMAW or GTAW processes. In this respect, the electro slag welding process (ESW), which promotes high heat inputs and low dilution welds, can be an interesting option for this application as it provides high productivity as only one layer is necessary. The present work evaluates mechanical, microstructural and corrosion properties of an Alloy 625 weld overlay deposited on ASTM A516 Grade 70 carbon steel by the ESW process. The deposition was done with one and two layers in plates of dimension 50 mm?×?400 mm?×?400 mm, in the flat position and an average energy welding 11.7 kJ/mm. After welding, a post-weld heat treatment at 620 °C for 10 h was performed, this condition being compared with the as-welded condition. Bending tests showed no evidences of cracks. Microstructural evaluation performed using both optical (OM), scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy techniques showed an austenitic microstructure of the weld deposit with a low proportion of secondary phases for all conditions, and the post-welding heat treatment did not promote significant changes in the mechanical properties. At the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), the occurrence of proeutectoid ferrite, pearlite and bainite were found for one layer deposit and refined pearlite and ferrite for two layer deposits where the microstructural constituents were observed due to the low cooling rate. In addition, no evidence of partially diluted zones (PDZ) were verified. Corrosion tests conducted on samples removed from the top layer of the weld overlay cladding deposit according to ASTM G 48 Method A Standard were considered satisfactory once no evidence of pittings was verified and the loss of mass was very much reduced.     

Corrosion behavior of aluminum weld overlay alloys with dispersed niobium carbide particles in sodium chloride solution

Aluminum overlay weld alloys with dispersed niobium carbide particles (NbCp/Al) were prepared by a plasma transferred arc welding process. The corrosion behavior of the NbCp/Al alloys was studied in sodium chloride solution by means of electrochemical techniques and scanning electron microscopy. The aluminum alloys under investigation were pure aluminum, aluminum-magnesium, aluminum-magnesium-silicon, and aluminum-copper. The addition of NbC particles shifted the corrosion potentials in the positive direction. However, the pitting potentials were almost similar to that of overlay weld alloy without NbC particles. In the immersion test in quiescent 0.5M NaCl open to the air, preferential localized corrosion of all NbCp/Al alloys was observed at the matrix between NbC particles and crystalline phases.     

炼油厂冷却水系统硫酸盐还原菌对316L不锈钢点腐蚀的研究

用开路电位、动电位扫描、电化学阻抗技术和扫描电镜等方法,研究了316L不锈钢在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为,分析了炼油厂冷却水系统微生物腐蚀的特征及机制.结果表明,在含有SRB溶液中的自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)和点蚀电位(Epit)随浸泡时间的增加而负移,极化电阻(Rp)随浸泡时间的增加而减小;在含有SRB溶液中的腐蚀速率均大于在无菌溶液中;SRB的生长代谢活动影响了316L SS表面的腐蚀过程,使不锈钢表面的钝化膜层腐蚀破坏程度增加,加速了316L SS的腐蚀.     

NaCl溶液中Al-Li合金腐蚀过程的电化学特征

采用电化学噪声技术，结合电化学阻抗谱及极化曲线测量，研究了峰时效，AA2195－T8铝合金在3．0％NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电化学特征，结果表明，腐蚀初期，合金表面钝化膜上不断有孔核的形成与恢复，并导致阻抗谱上感抗成分的存在。随腐蚀时间的延长，其感抗成分消失且阻抗模值降低。阳极极化时，由于其孔蚀电位与自腐蚀电位接近，钝化电位区间很小；随腐蚀时间的延长，极化电阻先增加而后减小，自腐蚀电流则呈相反趋势变化。     

铜基耐蚀合金熔覆层的制备及耐蚀特性

采用光纤激光器,在不同功率下在Q235钢表面制备了铜基合金熔覆层。利用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和电化学工作站分别对熔覆层的显微结构、相组成及耐蚀性能进行表征。结果表明,熔覆层与基体冶金结合。熔覆层底部为胞状组织,中部为树枝晶和柱状晶。熔覆层主要包含富铜Cu(Ni, Fe)固溶体和富铁Ni(Cr, Mo, Fe)固溶体。由于其最高的自腐蚀电位和最低的自腐蚀电流,2000 W功率下所制备的熔覆层表现出最好的耐蚀性能。     

Effect of GTAW remelting on the corrosion performance of AISI 316L cladding

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process was used for remelting of the top clad layers of austenitic stainless steel 316L deposited on low-carbon steel using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Different electrochemical techniques were used for assessing and comparing sensitization and pitting corrosion performance of these clads (both in the as-welded as well as aged condition), besides comparing their passive film characteristics. Top clad layer remelting was influential upto a penetration depth of around 2.34 mm. Aging of clads at 750°C/24 hr accelerated the precipitation of carbides, which suppressed partially due to their remelting as indicated by electron probe microanalysis studies. Due to this GTAW remelted clads exhibited a relatively lesser degree of sensitization and higher pitting corrosion resistance as compared to the conventional GMAW clads. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed a relatively higher concentration of O, Cr, Ni, and Mo in the passive film of remelted clad surfaces than the conventional ones, which accounted for enhanced protectiveness of passive film on remelted surfaces as indicated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies.     

氯离子对9Cr马氏体钢静态腐蚀和应力腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究9Cr马氏体钢在非服役条件下的腐蚀行为。方法运用传统电化学测试和微区扫描振动电极(SVET)技术研究材料的静态腐蚀行为,采用慢应变速率动态拉伸腐蚀试验与传统电化学测试技术相结合的方法研究材料的应力腐蚀行为。结果获得常温下氯离子对马氏体钢静态腐蚀行为的影响规律,以及慢拉伸过程中材料表面钝化膜生成和破裂过程。结论马氏体钢在氯化钠溶液中的腐蚀为阳极溶解型,且随着氯离子浓度的上升,局部腐蚀电流密度增大。常温下材料在含氯离子环境中发生弹性变形时,表面生成的钝化膜使材料的抗腐蚀性能升高。当材料进入塑性变形阶段后,由于金属表面缺陷的增多、颈缩区体积的收缩,以及钝化膜与基体金属塑性变形能力的差异,钝化膜逐渐溶解并发生破裂。     

Effect of Auxiliary Preheating of the Filler Wire on Quality of Gas Metal Arc Stainless Steel Claddings

Weld cladding is a process for producing surfaces with good corrosion resistant properties by means of depositing/laying of stainless steels on low-carbon steel components with an objective of achieving maximum economy and enhanced life. The aim of the work presented here was to investigate the effect of auxiliary preheating of the solid filler wire in mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process (by using a specially designed torch to preheat the filler wire independently, before its emergence from the torch) on the quality of the as-welded single layer stainless steel overlays. External preheating of the filler wire resulted in greater contribution of arc energy by resistive heating due to which significant drop in the main welding current values and hence low dilution levels were observed. Metallurgical aspects of the as welded overlays such as chemistry, ferrite content, and modes of solidification were studied to evaluate their suitability for service and it was found that claddings obtained through the preheating arrangement, besides higher ferrite content, possessed higher content of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum and lower content of carbon as compared to conventional GMAW claddings, thereby giving overlays with superior mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. The findings of this study not only establish the technical superiority of the new process, but also, owing to its productivity-enhanced features, justify its use for low-cost surfacing applications.     

Effects of grain size on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Fe coatings in alkaline solution

Effect of grain size reduction on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of nanocrystalline Fe was investigated using Tafel polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Nanocrystalline iron was fabricated by pulse electrodeposition using citric acid bath. The grain size of a nanocrystalline surface was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion resistance of Fe in alkaline solution considerably increased as the grain size decreased from microcrystalline to nanocrystalline. The behaviour of passive film growth and corrosion was discussed in terms of excess of free energy caused by nanocrystalline surface.