真空预压软基处理施工质量控制探讨

基于真空度的深部传递过程和保持,从真空度源、砂垫层及竖向排水体施工、真空密封、施工监测和检测等几个方面,对真空预压软基处理施工质量控制进行了探讨,以期供有关工程参考。     

真空-堆载预压法膜下真空度变化规律研究

运用真空-堆载预压法处理饱和淤泥质土地基时,膜内真空度大小以及土层真空度的法向传递直接决定了淤泥土的固结时间以及固结效果。通过对真空-堆载预压的微观机理分析并结合实际工程实例,讨论了真空度沿土层变化规律以及影响土层中真空度变化规律的相关因素。研究表明,真空度沿土层的法向传递是气体分子由高密度区向低密度区的运动过程,淤泥质介质对气体分子运动的粘滞性强烈,能量损失严重,土层以下20m处已没有真空度,真空预压效果已不存在,而地下水位线以下真空度是由水位线下降引起的。     

大面积真空预压在上海地区的应用

结合已有的研究成果,对常规真空预压法在上海地区应用的特性、加固效果进行了分析,同时通过试验,研究了真空度传递和预压效果的影响,为今后应用真空预压工艺打下了良好的实践和理论基础。     

真空预压固结中排水体的排水性能研究现状

使用真空预压排水技术处理高含水率吹填淤泥地基时,为了提高吹填工程中高含水率淤泥排水固结的效率,归纳和总结了前人关于高含水率吹填淤泥真空预压排水固结处理技术的研究成果,分析了该技术中排水体的真空度传递性能和通水性能。分析结果表明:(1)排水体处于吹填淤泥中时,真空度在传递过程中损失严重;(2)排水体的淤堵、弯折,以及受涂抹、井阻的影响不仅使真空度传递受损,还会影响排水体的通水性能;(3)麦秸秆有着良好的渗透系数,可作为排水体的制作材料。     

真空-堆载联合预压处理软基测试分析及应用

以某试验段现场测试数据为基础,从真空度的传递、孔压的消散及地基土体变形的变化趋势对真空-堆载联合预压处理软基的性状进行了分析,得出了一些结论。     

真空挤出机的真空度

文章明确了真空挤出机真空度的定义及计量单位,介绍了几种真空获得设备的选用原则,论述了密封结构在保证真空挤出机真空度方面的重要作用。     

新近吹填淤泥地基真空固结失效原因分析及对策

新近吹填淤泥地基经无砂垫层真空预压技术加固后,土体强度增长有限,地基有效加固深度小,地基承载力仍然较低。为了深入分析新近吹填淤泥地基真空固结失效原因,首先对不同地区新近吹填淤泥的工程特性进行了系统地研究,然后采用3种典型的竖向排水体进行了室内真空固结单井模型对比试验研究,研究结果表明：①新近吹填淤泥中黏粒含量（d0.005 mm）过高、竖向排水体反滤层的等效孔径过小、真空加载速度过快是竖向排水体出现较严重淤堵现象的主要原因;②排水系统内的真空度局部损失较大,竖向排水体弯曲程度大和水平排水垫层中真空度传递阻力大均致使较大的真空度沿程损失;③土体中强亲水矿物含量较高、排水体中出现严重的淤堵现象和过大的真空度损失等共同降低了排水系统的排水效率,削弱了土体中的真空压力作用,最终致使土体的加固效果不理想。最后,有针对性地提出了相应的解决对策。     

真空灭弧室检测维护对提高真空断路器可靠性的探讨

通过详细分析了表征真空灭弧室性能的三个重要指标——工频耐压、真空度、主回路直流电阻,提出了其对掌握真空灭弧室泄漏发展变化趋势和估算其使用寿命的重要作用,并同时分析工频耐压及真空度测试的局限性,提出了提升真空灭弧室可靠性的措施。     

真空预压法加固软土地基机理相关问题的探讨

分析了真空度传递特性和影响因素,对涉及真空预压软土地基加固机理的相关热点问题进行了深入探讨,包括真空预压加固过程土体强度变化特征,加固区地下水位变化及有效加固深度,加固区边界的土体变形特征、边界水位变化及边界影响范围等,以助于更好地理解真空预压软土地基加固的机理问题。     

包封吸气剂在真空玻璃中的应用

真空玻璃内部良好的真空度是保证其性能的重要指标,如果真空度下降,其保温、隔声等性能将随之变坏。因此如何获得并保持良好真空度是制作真空玻璃的关键技术之一。本文主要论述了真空玻璃中使用吸气剂来保持真空度的重要性,并介绍真空玻璃对吸气剂的特殊要求,真空玻璃发明人研制出了包封吸气剂及解封技术。通过长期对比测试,证明放置有包封吸气剂的真空玻璃,能长期保持真空寿命。     

真空-堆载联合预压加固软基简化计算方法

在深入了解真空预压机理和砂井地基固结理论的基础上 ,根据固结度等效的原则 ,推导了与单井固结理论等效的成层均质地基等效渗透系数 ,从而将复杂砂井地基转化为无砂井成层地基 ,以达到简化计算的目的 ,并结合真空-堆载联合预压的加固特点 ,提出一种简化的真空-堆载联合预压法的有限元计算方法 ,并结合工程实例对简化方法的可靠性进行了研究 ,通过与实测资料和常规砂井地基有限元计算值对比 ,表明该简化方法具有较高的准确性 ,可方便地应用于工程设计和实践。     

真空预压的最终负压分布模式

为了揭示真空度衰减特性和确定最终竖向有效应力,研究了底部半透水边界下真空预压的最终负压分布模式。首先通过边界齐次化理论建立了真空预压和堆载预压固结方程之间存在的等效关系,获得最终负压沿深度分布公式。其次根据固结完成后的稳定渗流方程,研究了单层地基、多层地基和砂井地基的最终负压分布特性。研究表明,在半透水边界条件下最终负压呈现随深度衰减现象。对于单层地基或竖向排水体通水量恒定的砂井地基,最终负压沿深度呈单一线性衰减;对于多层地基或竖向排水体通水量分段恒定的砂井地基,最终负压沿深度分段线性衰减;对于渗透系数连续变化地基或竖向排水体通水量连续变化砂井地基,最终负压沿深度曲线衰减。最终负压衰减速率随着边界透水系数增大而增大。渗透系数越大的地层,最终负压衰减越慢;上层土体与最底层土体的渗透系数之比越大,底部边界处的最终负压越大,反之越小。算例表明,采用半透水边界地基模型能较合理地模拟真空预压最终负压和最终竖向有效应力沿深度减小特性。     

真空预压地基卸荷变形特性试验研究

为认识真空预压地基在真空压力卸载中的变形特性,对原状软黏土土样进行了常规三轴仪等向压缩与膨胀试验以及CKC三轴仪压缩膨胀试验,以模拟真空预压地基中各种应力状态下的土体单元在卸除真空压力这种球形压力后的变形特征。研究结果表明,真空压力卸载过程中地基土体既产生弹性的体积膨胀,因偏应力的存在,土体还产生剪切变形,在真空联合堆载预压中,堆载产生的较大偏应力将导致真空压力卸载时地基回弹很小,甚至地基继续沉降。真空压力卸载时,地基的沉降效果是土体膨胀变形和土体的剪切变形的叠加。     

Preloading clayey deposit by vacuum pressure with cap-drain: Analyses versus performance

A method of improving soft clayey deposit by combining cap-drain (CPVD) with vacuum pressure is described. The method uses a surface or subsurface soil layer as a sealing layer with no need to place an air-tightening sheet on the ground surface. It is explained that the method has advantages for the following situations: (a) a higher air/water permeability layer at ground surface and (b) combining vacuum pressure with embankment load. A case history of consolidating a reclaimed clayey deposit by combining CPVD with vacuum pressure is analyzed and discussed. The site was in an under-consolidated state before starting the project. It is shown that the method is effective, and the method proposed by Chai et al. [Ground deformation induced by vacuum consolidation. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 131(12), 1552–1561] for calculating the vacuum-pressure-induced ground deformation is useful for the design of the vacuum consolidation project. The back-calculation shows that for this under-consolidated deposit, vacuum pressure caused plane strain type isotropic deformation near the ground surface.     

真空动力固结加固大面积吹填土路基试验研究(英文)

结合上海某工程大面积吹填土地基处理工程,研究了真空动力固结加固含饱和软粘土夹层的吹填土路基问题。通过对加固过程中及加固后的地下水位变化、超孔隙水压力变化、工艺参数进行分析和讨论,探讨了真空动力固结在应用于含饱和软粘土夹层地基处理时的加固机理。本文研究进一步拓宽了真空动力固结地基处理方法的适用范围,为我国沿海地区港口码头和道路建设中遇到的大面积吹填土加固问题提供了新的途径。     

水泥搅拌桩和砂桩在真空预压防护工程中应用与分析

基于南沙港区格栅水泥搅拌桩和砂桩联合防护真空预压影响区内高压电缆沟的工程实例,分析了该真空预压影响区的防护方案,对比试验研究影响区防护和未防护断面的表层位移、深层侧向位移和地层中孔隙水压力变化规律;位移测试结果表明该防护方案是有效的,保护了高压电缆沟的安全;地层中孔压变化结果表明深层格栅水泥搅拌桩周围土体有渗流发生,该地层土体中孔隙水压力降低及地下水渗流使土中有效应力改变是周围土体发生变形的主要原因。     

A pilot test on a membraneless vacuum preloading method

A membraneless vacuum preloading method is proposed in this paper for soft soil improvement. The method offers several advantages over the conventional vacuum preloading in which membrane is used to create the airtight condition and sand blanket layer to distribute vacuum. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed method, a pilot test was conducted at a land reclamation site in Tianjin, China. The ground settlement and the pore water pressure (PWP) at different elevations in soil were measured. After vacuum preloading, the average water content of the soft soils reduced by approximately 12% and the undrained shear strength increased twofold. The average degree of consolidation at the end of the vacuum preloading achieved 85.1% based on the settlement data and 84.5% based on the PWP data. The pilot test data have shown that the proposed method exhibits similar efficiencies to the conventional vacuum preloading method.     

Comparative analysis on performance of vertical drain improved clay deposit under vacuum or surcharge loading

This paper presents two well-instrumented large-scale field tests of PVD-improved soft soil with vacuum and surcharge preloading, respectively. The two large-scale field tests were conducted adjacent to each other with the same preload. A comparative analysis was performed to investigate the performance of subsoil (i.e., the ground settlement, the layered settlement, the lateral displacement of subsoil and pore water pressure) under vacuum preloading and equivalent surcharge preloading. Some design methods were verified based on the field data. Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) and Vane Shear Tests (VST) were conducted to assess the improvement effects on subsoil after preloading. The results showed that as compared with surcharge preloading, vacuum preloading mitigated the differential settlement of the ground. The vacuum pressure transmitted into the soil with a minor loss through the PVD length. From a practical point of view, the improvement effects by vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading were similar in terms of influence depth and soil strength based on the in-situ tests.     

钢外护管真空复合预制直埋管道真空层热力分析

应用稀薄气体分子热运动理论,研究了真空层复合传热机理,提出了真空层当量导热系数计算方法,分析了不同真空层压力和热媒温度对真空层传热量的影响以及导热、对流和辐射传热量在真空层总传热量中所占比例和变化规律,提出优化真空保温管道保温性能的方法。试验结果与计算结果的最大偏差率为7.9%。真空层压力应控制在2kPa以下,以获得满意的保温效果。真空层压力高于101.3kPa时,真空层内传热以对流传热为主;当真空层压力降低到1kPa时,真空层内传热以辐射传热为主。真空层的对流传热不应被忽略。     

Lateral displacement of soft ground under vacuum pressure and surcharge load

Surcharge load (e.g. embankment fill) will induce settlement and outward lateral displacement, while vacuum pressure will induce settlement and inward lateral displacement of a ground. Ideally, combination of surcharge load and vacuum pressure can reduce or minimize the lateral displacement. Laboratory large scale model (length: 1.50 m, width: ∼0.62 m, height: 0.85 m) tests and finite element analyses (FEA) were conducted to investigate the main influencing factors on lateral displacement of a soft clayey ground under the combination of vacuum pressure and surcharge load. For the conditions investigated, the results indicate that the outward lateral displacement increases with the increase of the ratio of surcharge load to vacuum pressure (RL) and the loading rate of the surcharge load (LR). Also, it is shown that for a given RL and LR condition, lateral displacement reduces with the increase of the initial undrained shear strength (S _u) of the ground. To predict the lateral displacement of a ground under the combination of surcharge load and vacuum pressure, the loading conditions in terms of RL and LR, and S _u value of the ground have to be considered.