Fire Safety Code for Historic Structures

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) periodically updates each fire safety code and standard that it develops. Acknowledging the need for a document to prescribe fire safety for historic buildings, a complete and thorough rewrite of NFPA 914 was undertaken. The former recommended practice has now been issued as the Code for Fire Protection in Historic Structures. The 2001 edition identifies a process for analyzing fire safety needs in historic buildings, outlines generic approaches to dealing with specific provisions of other codes that may endanger historic integrity, and includes a performance-based approach to fire safety in historic buildings. This paper describes the background, revision process, and current proposed content NFPA 914.     

基于多级物元分析的高层建筑火灾风险评估

火灾风险评估是减少和控制火灾的基本手段。本文采用多级物元分析方法,建立了高层建筑物火灾风险等级评估的物元模型,并运用该方法进行了实例分析。评估结果与灰关联分析法取得了较好的一致性,而且本模型通俗易懂,简单易行,从而为火灾风险等级评估提供了一类有效的评价方法。     

Preventing fire in historic buildings: The acceptable risk

The nature of historic buildings is considered from a firesafety viewpoint and some of the concepts of acceptable risk are described. The main approaches to the provision of adequate firesafety are discussed and the use of conventional fire precautions is reviewed briefly in the context of historic buildings.This paper is a revised version of a paper given at a seminar, Preventing Fire in Historic and Older Properties, organized by the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland on April 19, 1988 at Hopetoun House, near Edinburgh.     

古建筑防火策略的讨论

通过案例分析,从制度、古建筑管理方面讨论了目前我国古建筑防火存在的问题,对比古建筑防火中主动式防火与被动式防火,分析防火设备的使用特性,以及两者应用于古建筑的原则,对古建筑防火提出建议.     

上海历史建筑修缮的防火对策

结合上海历史建筑防火保护的实际情况,阐述建筑修缮过程中的消防问题,如建筑耐火极限低、消防总平面布局不合理、防火间距不足等,结合建筑特点以及文物保护的原则,提出相应的防火安全对策,以实现经济效益性、社会安全性以及文明价值性的有机统一。     

住宅设计中的防火问题

结合《建筑设计防火规范》《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》《住宅建筑规范》等相关规范中关于住宅防火设计的要求,从防火分区、安全疏散、消防设施、建筑材料四个方面阐述了防火设计中应注意的事项,以期消除隐患,保证建筑物安全。     

古建筑消防技术探讨

结合古建筑的特点及当前先进的消防技术，对古建筑消防的报警及灭火措施进行了探讨。指出消除火灾隐患，改善防火条件，建立完善的消防安全体系是保护古建筑的重要手段。     

基于物元分析的高层建筑火灾风险评估

采用物元分析方法建立了高层建筑火灾风险评估模型,计算综合关联度,把火灾风险评估中定性因素与定量因素相结合,并结合具体案例进行研究,评估结果与灰关联分析法的结果取得了较好的一致性,表明了物元分析方法在火灾风险评估中的可行性。     

The Development of a Fire Safety Evaluation Procedure for the Property Protection of Parish Churches

Incidences of fires in churches are currently exceeding those in all other historic building types. This trend is destroying irreplaceable national treasures as England and Wales contains one of the greatest collections, in terms of number and antiquity, of ancient parish churches in the world. This paper describes the development of a decision making tool to aid the custodians of parish churches in evaluating the existing fire safety provision and in gauging the cost of upgrading fire safety for property protection exclusively. The principles behind the evaluation procedure are detailed and the mechanics of assessment demonstrated. The tool, referred to as Fire(SEPC) [Fire Safety Evaluation Procedure for the Property Protection of Parish Churches] is unique in its evaluation configuration in that an acceptable level of fire safety is dependent on the vulnerability of the fabric and contents of individual churches.     

历史街区保护中的适应性消防对策

消防安全关系到历史街区自身和其中居民的生死存亡 ,但现有的历史街区消防对策往往流于简单和教条 ,甚至威胁到历史街区风貌的完整性。在保护历史街区完整风貌的前提下 ,探讨了历史街区内消防通道和消防车适应性设计的可能性和具体方法 ,提出了以消火栓系统为主体的完整的历史街区适应性消防安全对策 ,并对历史街区保护规划工作者的知识结构和工作方法中存在的问题提出了意见和建议。     

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors: A position paper on performance-based design for fire code applications

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors (FORUM) periodically takes a position on a technical issue of international significance confronting the fire safety research community. The position of the FORUM on performance-based regulations, codes and design for fire safety applications, and the rationale leading to it, is described in this paper. Aspects addressed include current capabilities and challenges associated with the application of performance-based design, and possible enhancements (obtained through a coordinated and sustained global effort of research) in next generation tools leading to more certain predictions of the effects on performance of changes in building materials, active and passive fire protection systems, compartmentation, and egress systems; the structural response of a building to large fires including those leading to full building burnout; the impact of fire on neighboring buildings and infrastructure; and the uncertainty in deterministic predictions for incorporation into reliable probabilistic calculations of hazard and risk.     

商业建筑火灾场景设计的试验研究

当前,建筑防火设计规范向性能化方向发展。性能化防火设计所做的主要工作是火灾风险评估,而火灾场景设计是火灾风险评估的基础。以火灾荷载调查数据为基础进行典型商业建筑火灾场景设计的试验研究,设计大型购物中心内快餐店和运动休闲店两类店铺的燃料包并进行ISO 9705实体房间火试验,用于确定燃料包的燃烧特性,如热释放速率、毒性气体产生速率等。试验结果表明:快餐店和运动休闲店两个燃料包的火灾增长率处于中速火和快速火之间,并且偏向于快速火,两个试验的热释放速率的峰值都达到1MW左右,平均热释放速率快餐店为139kW,运动休闲店为191kW。试验结果可以为建筑设计师和消防工程师在火灾风险评估中设计火灾场景提供参考。     

基于灰色聚类法的历史建筑综合价值评价

构建了历史建筑综合价值评价指标体系,提出了历史建筑综合评价指标等级划分标准及综合价值评定等级量化标准,构造白化权函数进行聚类分析,建立基于灰色聚类法的历史建筑综合价值评价模型.通过实例,说明了该评价模型的应用.结果显示,灰色聚类法能够正确判别历史建筑综合价值等级,而且在灰色聚类系数矩阵中能够显示样本对于不同等级的隶属程度.     

Fire Safety Performance of Japanese Traditional Wood/Soil Walls and Implications for the Restoration of Historic Buildings in Urban Districts

Grass-root research activities to clarify fire safety performance of Japanese traditional wooden construction are introduced. The activities aim to resolve conflict between the restoration of historic buildings and the reduction of risk and hazard of urban fires. Among various activities, scope and results of fire resistance tests on traditional soil wall assemblies supported by timber frame are reported in detail. The test results indicate an encouraging prospect for the rational fire safety assessment of historic buildings and further development of fire-safe traditional constructions for the restoration of historic buildings and historic urban districts.     

用于模拟建筑火灾的风险分析模型CUrisk的开发和火灾案例分析

加拿大卡尔顿大学开发了火灾风险计算机模型CUrisk，用以评估四层木结构商品建筑的火灾安全设计。该模型包括系统模型和许多子模型。系统模型用于设定风险分析框架及控制子模型数据流。它还负责计算每个火灾场景的生命危险值。其他子模型包括火灾增长、烟气运动、边界失效火灾蔓延、人员反应和疏散以及建筑造价和经济损失等模型。利用子模型的输出数据，系统模型可计算三个决策参数：对生命的预期风险、对受伤情况的预期风险以及消防成本预期。这些参数是以可能的火灾场景及相关概率为基础的。文章简要介绍了CUrisk模型，并介绍了运用该模型对四层商业建筑所进行的多火灾场景风险分析的结果。     

基于Gustav法的木结构古建筑群火灾风险评估

为了研究大型木结构古建筑群的火灾风险,深入西江千户苗寨、郎德上寨、大利侗寨、肇兴侗寨等大型木结构古建筑群开展实地调研,并归纳总结了大型木结构古建筑群的火灾危险性特点.结合上述火灾危险性特点,构建了基于Gustav法的大型木结构古建筑群火灾风险评估模型,并应用此模型对西江千户苗寨进行火灾风险评估:使用层次分析法确定了11...     

基于未确知聚类的高层建筑防火风险评估系统

目前,高层建筑的火灾防控难题一直未得到有效解决。针对高层民用建筑防火能力风险评估中评估指标获取不科学、指标体系差异大的问题,运用典型火灾事件分析法,结合《建筑设计防火规范》,科学获取影响高层建筑防火能力的12个主要不确定性风险因素,构建了更为科学的高层建筑防火能力风险评估指标体系。在此基础上,引入未确知聚类理论,构建了基于未确知聚类的高层建筑防火能力风险评估模型。并以8栋典型高层民用建筑火灾风险数据为例,进行实证分析。研究成果表明,该风险评估系统可行有效。研究成果可为高层民用建筑火灾风险防控提供一种新的方法和途径。     

住宅建筑火灾自动报警系统设计——解读《〈火灾自动报警系统设计规范〉图示》

通过国家建筑标准设计14X505-1《〈火灾自动报警系统设计规范〉图示》中关于住宅建筑火灾自动报警系统的内容,介绍如何应用GB 50116-2013《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》设计住宅建筑、住宅建筑群及住宅小区的火灾自动报警系统,重点解析住宅建筑火灾自动报警系统分类、总线短路隔离器、家用火灾报警控制器、火灾警报器、消防应急广播、可燃气体探测器等的设置要求。     

关于消防排水问题的探讨

在建筑消防设计中应考虑消防排水的问题。通过对相关规范条文及论文的对比分析,对于消防排水能力的设计依据提出了几点需要规范明确的问题。