江苏省里下河腹部区水质时空变化特征分析

基于里下河腹部区2010～2018年46条河流86个断面的逐月水质监测数据,运用单因子评价方法和GIS空间分析方法,分析里下河腹部区水质时空变化特征,为里下河腹部区水环境治理与保护提供依据。里下河腹部区水质时间变化特征为:非汛期(1～4月、10～12月)水质优于汛期(5～9月), 12月水质最佳,7月水质最差;近年来高锰酸盐指数和氨氮浓度总体均呈较为明显的下降趋势。水质空间变化分析表明:非汛期水质总体较好,中部的泰州兴化、扬州高邮段水质较差;汛期水质总体较差,仅部分流域性或区域性骨干河道水质达标,西南部、东北部和中部地区水质最差。区域水质时空变化特征与外引水源水量关系密切,外引水源对改善区域水质的影响逐渐增大。     

浑河流域水体污染季节性变化研究

为提高浑河流域水环境治理的有效性并明确其水体污染季节性变化特征,文章调查分析了该流域2016年3月—2017年2月期间水环境状况,依据改进的综合水质标识指数法和不同水期的水质指标,识别了影响水体污染的主要因子,分析了其时空变化特征。结果显示:浑河流域年内pH值变化区间为6.40～8.08,电导率在枯水期最高;沿岸生活污水和工业废水点源污染为影响浑河流域水环境质量的主要因素,各监测断面的综合水质在平水期和枯水期均未达到水质要求;流域综合水质指数自上游至下游逐渐增大,主要为NH_3-N和COD污染。     

北京市水环境现状及流域综合治理措施

从流域尺度研究北京市水环境时空特征,综合分析流域水环境现状.研究结果表明:北京市流域水环境质量时空异质性显著,上游流域地表水水质显著优于下游流域,地表水体流经中心城区后,水质开始恶化,表明中心城区仍是流域污染的主要来源.2018-2019年地表水水质类别月际间波动明显,表明地表水体并未持续改善,为陆域非点源和点源污染输...     

鄱阳湖水环境演变特征研究

鄱阳湖水质安全是鄱阳湖生态经济区规划实施的重要物质基础,也是长江流域生态安全的重要组成。随着鄱阳湖流域社会、经济的发展,江西省提出修建鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程,鄱阳湖水环境是影响水利枢纽工程建设的主要因素。通过收集湖区主要水质监测断面2003～2008年逐月监测资料,采用单因子评价、湖泊富营养化评价、季节性肯达尔检验等分析主要河流、湖泊水环境演变特征。研究表明,鄱阳湖区现状水质较好,全年、汛期、非汛期的Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水面积比例分别为63.9%、99.3%、40.8%,水体处于中营养-轻度富营养化状态。赣江、抚河、修河等入湖控制断面Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水比例高于90%,乐安河、长江等控制断面Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质比例高于70%,湖口断面现状水质较差,IV类及以下水质比例高于30%。随着鄱阳湖流域社会、经济的发展,部分水质断面污染物浓度增加,湖泊Ⅰ～Ⅱ类水面积比例呈下降趋势,需要采取有效措施,减少流域污染物排放量和入湖量,实现一湖清水的目标,为水利枢纽工程实施提供良好的水环境条件。     

太子河水质时间及空间变化趋势分析

文章以太子河为例,结合各监测断面2016-2018年水质监测数据,揭示了水环境质量变化特征.结果表明:部分重要河段的水污染问题较为严重,特别是辽阳站的水污染问题应引起高度重视,通过深入分析水质时空变化趋势,为流域水污染治理和水环境保护提供科学依据.     

改进的模糊综合评价法在洱海水质评价中的应用

针对单因子评价法评价结果未能较好地反映近年来洱海水环境治理效果这一问题,本文系统收集了洱海1992—2015年的水质监测数据,采用层次分析和熵权法组合赋权的模糊综合评价法,选用多个水质指标,从水质和湖泊富营养化两个方面出发,对洱海水环境变化趋势进行评价,并与单因子评价结果进行对比。结果表明:从年际变化来看, 1992—2003年期间洱海水质逐渐变差,2003年之后逐渐好转,并趋于稳定;从年内变化来看,洱海水质非汛期好于汛期(6—10月),湖中心区水质好于南部和北部。整体而言,洱海富营养化水平由贫营养逐渐向中营养转变。与单因子评价结果相比,采用改进的模糊综合评价法能更好地反映洱海近20年水质的动态变化特征。     

官厅水库水质评价及时空变化特征

针对官厅水库水质评价缺乏时空整体性动态分析的问题,选取2010—2017年官厅水库7个断面的7项污染物指标监测数据,采用主成分分析法、反距离权重法、Spearman秩相关系数法对官厅水库开展水质评价与时空变化特征分析。结果表明:水环境中有机污染与可还原污染并存,以氮磷元素为主导致的水体富营养化是当前水库面临的最主要污染问题;官厅水库水质污染存在明显的区域性特点,出库区域水质较好,入库区域附近水质较差;年内不同时期官厅水库水质状况为汛期优于非汛期;2010—2017官厅水库总体水质变化情况波动较大,各断面水质年际变化呈现出不同规律。建议对水库水质实行分区管理,上游削减氮磷污染物的同时增大入库水量,入库区域扩大人工湿地。     

鄱阳湖水环境演变特征研究

鄱阳湖水质安全是鄱阳湖生态经济区规划实施的重要物质基础,也是长江流域生态安全的重要组成。本文通过收集湖区主要水质监测断面2003-2008年逐月监测资料,采用单因子评价、湖泊富营养化评价、季节性肯达尔检验等分析主要河流、湖泊水环境演变特征。研究表明,鄱阳湖区现状水质较好,全年、汛期、非汛期的I-Ⅲ类水面积比例分别为63．9％、99．3％、40．8％,水体处于中营养一轻度富营养化状态。赣江、抚河、修河等人湖控制断面I一Ⅲ类水比例高于90％,乐安河、长江等控制断面I-Ⅲ类水质比例高于70％,湖口断面现状水质较差,Ⅳ类及以下水质比例高于30％。随着鄱阳湖流域社会、经济的发展,部分水质断面污染物浓度增加,湖泊I-Ⅱ类水面积比例呈下降趋势,需要采取有效措施,减少流域污染物排放量和人湖量,实现一湖清水的目标,为水利枢纽工程实施提供良好的水环境条件。     

坪山河水质时空演变规律研究

城市河流水污染防治越来越受到重视,识别河流水质的主要污染物指标和时空变化规律是水质评价和水环境治理的基础性工作。以中国南方典型城市雨源型河流——深圳市坪山河流域为研究对象,利用主成分分析法评价了坪山河3个断面(碧岭、红花潭、上洋) 5年的水质现状(2011年1月至2015年12月)和时空变异特征。结果表明:上游碧岭的水质最好,介于Ⅱ类水与劣Ⅴ类水之间。中游的红花潭和下游的上洋断面水质常年为劣Ⅴ类水。通过污染程度排名,水质总体有变好趋势。坪山河主要超标污染物为氨氮、砷、硫化物和粪大肠菌群,3个断面的主要污染物成分出现了一定的变化,其中氨氮是3个断面共有的主要污染物成分。研究方法和结果可以为城市河流水系水资源保护和水环境治理、污染源防治等提供决策支持。     

湄公河流域4国商讨抗旱和水资源保护

由泰国、越南、老挝、束埔寨4个湄公河下游国家组成的湄公河委员会于2010年4月2日--5日在泰国华欣举行首届峰会。与会各国将探讨近期湄公河水位下降造成的流域大旱问题，并希望与同属湄公河流域的中国、缅甸共同加强水资源的保护和利用。     

宝象河雨季径流pH值及其对环境因子响应研究

水体pH值是水体水化学特征的综合反映,是评价水质的重要指标之一,对水体酸化和富营养化等都有最直接响应。为弄清城市纳污河雨季径流pH值变化机理及其与水环境因子的响应关系,选取滇池第二大入湖河流宝象河为研究对象,结合流域土地利用类型,对雨季宝象河径流pH值及主要水环境指标展开系统监测和研究。研究结果表明:宝象河径流pH值空间特征为上游呈弱酸性,下游呈弱碱性,城市化程度越高,pH值越高;时间特征为雨季期间自上游向下游,人为干扰越明显,变化幅度越大;滇池宝象河径流水质参数指标和营养盐指标总体呈现出自河源到入湖口不断积累的过程;雨季滇池宝象河径流pH值与温度、溶解氧呈非常显著正相关,与BOD5呈显著正相关,与氧化还原电位呈非常显著负相关。研究结果可为快速城市化区域水资源及水环境保护提供参考和依据。     

沙颍河(河南段)水污染的时空分布规律

对沙颍河流域(河南段)的沙河、颍河、贾鲁河水质进行监测,分析沙颍河水污染的时空分布规律特征。结果显示:①流域内主要支流沙河、颍河、贾鲁河水体TN浓度均超过Ⅴ类地表水质量标准要求,为劣Ⅴ类。②流域水体CODMn、TP浓度从上游的Ⅳ类到下游的Ⅴ类逐步恶化,部分河段超过Ⅴ类水质要求。周口段贾鲁河和沙颍河NH3-N、TN、TP、CODMn浓度超过Ⅴ类水质标准;沙河、颍河TN、CODMn浓度为Ⅴ类或超Ⅴ类水质标准,NH3-N符合Ⅲ类水质标准,TP符合Ⅳ类水质标准。③沙颍河流域水体TN、TP、CODMn浓度随季节而变,枯水季节的TN、TP浓度明显高于丰水季节,CODMn浓度明显低于丰水期。④沙颍河流域主要污染因子为TN,其次为CODMn和TP。认为流域水污染最严重的河流为贾鲁河,其次为颍河和沙河,该流域水体不仅点源污染严重,还存在明显的面源污染。     

Diversity and Community Structure of Fishes in the Regulated Versus Unregulated Tributaries of the Mekong River

Diversity and community structure of fishes were studied in three neighbouring tributaries of the Mekong River in Thailand, namely the Mun, Songkhram and Gam Rivers. The rivers are located in the same ecoregion but have contrasting levels of both hydrological regulations and mitigation measures; the Mun River has a hydropower dam with a fish ladder and sluice gates that are opened during the wet season each year, the Gam River has several irrigation dams with a fish ladder at each dam site, and the Songkhram River has no dams along its river course. A total of 124 freshwater fish species were sampled in these rivers from August 2009 to June 2010. Overall species richness was highest in the Songkhram River (112), followed by the Mun (97) and Gam (54) Rivers. Average per site species richness was also significantly different among rivers but not among sampling months. Abundance–biomass comparison plots revealed considerably overlapping distributions of these two metrics from the dry to early rainy seasons in the Songkhram River and, to a lesser extent, in the Mun River. Fish assemblage data were classified into six clusters with similar community structure. Fish assemblages in the Gam River constituted a single cluster, while those in the other two rivers formed multiple clusters depending on the sampling season. The results of the cluster analysis are discussed in relation to the dominance of the three migration guilds (white, black, and grey fishes) of the Mekong River fishes. The effectiveness of the mitigation measures was determined to be limited in alleviating adverse impacts of dams in these tributaries of the Mekong River. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2016'澜沧江梯级水库对湄公河应急补水效果分析

受厄尔尼诺现象的影响,2016年枯季澜沧江-湄公河流域各国均遭受到了不同程度的旱灾,特别是湄公河三角洲地区遭受了近百年来最严重的旱情。为此,中国政府通过加大景洪水库出库流量,来对湄公河实施"三阶段"应急补水以帮助湄公河流域国家应对旱情。根据澜沧江-湄公河流域干流主要控制水文站点的水文气象资料,对应急补水传播时间及其对湄公河水文情势产生的影响进行了分析。分析结果表明:中国的澜沧江水库实施的应急补水措施增加了湄公河干流的流量,抬升了其下游的水位,对帮助湄公河流域国家应对旱情发挥了积极有效的作用。     

基于多元统计分析的闽江水质时空变化特征

为全面评估闽江水质状况,识别水质时空变化特征,采用自组织映射神经网络(SOM)聚类对其19个监测断面8项水质指标进行时空聚类,并通过主成分分析(PCA)方法识别时空维度中主要污染物,分析时空背景下的闽江水质变化特征。分析结果显示:SOM网络将闽江水质变化周期划分为4月至11月和12月至次年3月2个时段,前时段水质优于后时段。将流域19个断面聚类为S1、S2和S3三类,S1代表闽江三大支流上游区域,水质优良;S2代表各支流中下游区域,作为主要的农林生产基地,水质主要受非点源污染影响;S3代表闽江下游区域,水质主要受城市生活污水和工业废水影响。PCA解析表明闽江中下游水质主要受氮磷控制。     

Impact of Water Projects on River Flow Regimes and Water Quality in Huai River Basin

Research on the impact of water projects (dams or floodgates) on river hydrology and the surrounding environment is important in river basin management. However, it is a difficult scientific issue due to its complexity. Huai River Basin is a unique region in China with high densities in both population and water projects and is experiencing a serious pollution problem. Based on the extended SWAT model with consideration of dams & floodgates, this paper proposes a quantitative framework to assess the impact of dams & floodgates on the river flow regimes and water quality in the middle and upper reaches of Huai River Basin. The results show that: (1) The dams & floodgates reduced the basin’s annual average flow by 2%, in comparison with the scenario of no water projects in the whole basin during 1991–2000, because of the regulation and storage of dams & floodgates. The flow in the non-flood season reduced 5% while the change of flow in the flood season was not acute. The impact of dams & floodgates on the annual flow are different in wet and dry years. In the wet year (1991), the impact of dams & floodgates is not obvious because the gates were opened to control the floods and their main functions are to change the temporal distribution in a year. In the dry year (1999), the flow reduced remarkably in comparison with the flow without dams & floodgates in the basin because the gates were closed in order to meet the water demand. The flow in the flood season increased by 8% whiles the flow in the non-flood season reduced by 12%. (2) There was a certain impact of dams & floodgates on water quality but they were quite different in the different area. It would be changed from the positive effect to the negative effect from the upriver to downstream. The dams & floodgates in the upper reaches played a positive role to improve water quality. But the ones in the middle and lower reaches played a negative role with contribution from 0 to 0.4. However, the contribution of exceeding pollutant discharge was more than 0.6. (3) The joint operation of dams & floodgates to control water quantity and quality will improve the water environment in Huai River Basin, but the key to improve the basin’s water environment is pollution control. This research will guide the anti-pollution and the united water quantity and quality assessment of dams & floodgates in Huai River Basin. Moreover it will provide a foundation to achieve the integrated basin management and sustainability of Huai River Basin.     

西江下游流域水质与不同空间尺度土地利用的响应关系

基于西江下游流域2005-2017年11个监测断面水质数据和2005年、2010年、2018年遥感影像数据,通过不同空间尺度和土地利用类型的划分,利用Spearman秩相关系数法、冗余分析等方法分析了不同空间尺度下土地利用结构对西江下游流域水质的影响.结果 表明:2005-2017年西江干流、贺江及罗定江水质较为优良,...     

变化环境下韩江生态流量演变特征分析

选取位于粤东、闽西南地区的韩江流域为研究对象,基于CA-Markov模型对2050年流域土地利用空间格局进行预测,构建SWAT分布式水文模型,以未来土地利用情景和气候变化情景为变量进行水文模拟,分析不同情景下韩江生态流量的时空演变特征。结果表明,未来城镇化扩张将使梅江支流中上游成为韩江流域内生态流量对土地利用变化最为敏感的区域;土地利用和气候变化将导致韩江流域枯水期流量整体减小,枯水期流量对环境变化更加敏感;韩江流域生态流量变化特征将呈现从西南到东北由升到降的趋势,梅江支流中上游地区的生态流量将得到改善;梅江和汀江两大支流上游区域生态流量对气候变化更为敏感;韩江流域径流总量下降,但丰枯流量分化加剧,长期来看枯季生态流量保障风险可能进一步增大。     

雁栖河流域点源氮磷污染负荷量的计算与分析

在大量野外调查和监测数据的基础上,通过流域污染负荷评估模型分析评价了雁栖河流域内主要污染负荷产生量与人河污染负荷量,建立河道水质模型计算分析了雁栖河流域的水环境容量,以流域水环境容量为约束条件,分别考虑不同污染源控制方案下的流域水环境承载能力与规模。研究结果表明：流域入河污染负荷中,餐饮企业占2％,自然村占12％,鱼场养殖约86％,是流域最主要的污染源。流域污染负荷远远超过了流域水环境容量,流域系统处于超负荷状态,需要通过削减鱼场排污以及提高自然村生活污水处理率的环境治理措施降低污染入河量;对于严重污染河段,需同时采用多种生态修复措施,提高流域的水环境承载力,维持流域社会一经济的可持续发展。     

Regional cooperation and benefit sharing for sustainable water resources management in the Lower Mekong Basin

Benefit sharing is a concept associated with regional cooperation for sustainable water resources management. To this end, the present study analyses how implementation of this concept may contribute to economic growth and the promotion of sustainable livelihoods in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB). It focuses on the balance between economic and human development, national interests, and the procedures used to manage water resources in the basin. It was found that: (a) Benefits obtained from the Mekong River are not equally shared between riparian countries because of inadequate regional cooperation, with economic and social development in the LMB being uneven, with Thailand and Vietnam achieving better human development, poverty reduction and food security outcomes than Laos and Cambodia; (b) Lack of shared national interests, or a common development agenda, has resulted in unsustainable water resource management outcomes; and (c) Procedures for water resources management agreed by the four LMB countries are well‐aligned with the conceptual framework for benefit sharing defined by Sadoff and Grey (2002, Water Policy, 4, 389), although while these procedures have the potential to facilitate a more cooperative agenda for equitable sharing of social, economic and environmental benefits from the water resources of the Mekong River, implementation of the 1995 Mekong Agreement currently remains controversial. The five procedures for water resource management developed by the Mekong River Commission have not resulted in satisfactory outcomes, due in part to the institution lacking regulatory authority.