Thermal friction problem and its development: Part 2. The role of heat phenomena in fracture of tooth wheels of cylindrical involute gears of real dimensions

The local pattern of initial of fracture of machine parts is discussed and the practical significance of determination of the zone of manifestation is highlighted. The temperature is considered the main factor in the process of improvement of the thermal friction problem governing operation of a heavily stressed contact. The results of calculation of brakes with the method of thermal dynamics of friction and wear are demonstrated.     

Distinguishing the effects of adhesive wear and thermal degradation on the tribological characteristics of paper-based friction materials under dry environment: A theoretical study

Adhesive wear and thermal degradation are the main aging mechanisms of paper-based friction materials. However, how these aging mechanisms affect the tribological characteristics of such materials is not fully understood. In this paper, the respective influences of the two aging mechanisms on the tribological characteristics of the friction materials are investigated through simulation. It is assumed that adhesive wear pre-dominantly affects the surface topography, while thermal degradation significantly affects the mechanical properties of the friction material. The simulation results show that the static friction coefficient and both normal and tangential contact stiffnesses increase due to adhesive wear, but decrease due to thermal degradation. These trends are qualitatively in agreement with experimental observations reported in the literature and our previous work.     

滑动干摩擦的热机理浅析

分析了在高速滑动干摩擦过程中热的产生和扩散机理、摩擦温度的测定与分析，讨论了摩擦热效应对配副材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：在摩擦过程中，摩擦热的形成是显著的；由粗糙表面产生的摩擦热作用在粗糙表面进而影响粗糙表面的形貌；摩擦热是影响摩擦副摩擦性能变化的主要因素；在研制摩擦材料时应充分考虑配副材料的耐热性与散热性等物性，进行优化选材。     

汽车摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能试验的现状与发展

汽车摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能直接影响车辆行驶的安全性、舒适性和耐久性。工况条件是影响摩擦磨损性能的重要因素。摩擦磨损性能的试验结果将为摩擦材料的配方设计、制造工艺的调整提供依据。因此试验工况的模拟性及测试评价方法的选择显得至关重要。介绍了汽车摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能试验的类型、方法、使用范围及应用现状,对现有不同的试验进行了比较,并对其发展趋势加以总结。     

Influence of Thermal Fatigue on the Wear Behavior of Brake Discs Sliding against Organic and Semimetallic Friction Materials

ABSTRACT

In this article, brake discs are exposed to high thermal stress, causing thermal fatigue damage. The aim of this work is to study the evolution of the wear behavior of brake disc materials, such as cast iron, chromium steel, and metal matrix composites, under the influence of thermal fatigue. The brake disc specimens are heated and then cooled rapidly. Then, wear tests are carried out using a pin-on-disc-type tribometer. Organic and semimetallic friction materials are used for all wear tests. The results show that thermal fatigue affects the structure of the contact surfaces of all of the disc specimens by increasing their roughness. Furthermore, the wear rate of the friction materials increased, except a reduction of the wear rate is noted for the semimetallic friction material rubbing against cast iron. Moreover, thermal fatigue has no significant influence on the coefficient of friction. The worn surface of the metal matrix composite sliding against semimetallic friction material is characterized by abrasive and adhesive wear mechanisms.     

钢纤维和氧化铁粉含量对半金属摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

半金属摩擦材料中的钢纤维、氧化铁粉是重要的增强组分和调节剂。研究钢纤维含量和氧化铁粉含量对半金属摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,以获得较佳的配比。研究结果表明:随钢纤维含量增加,摩擦因数增加,且摩擦因数的稳定性和抗热衰退能力提高;但随钢纤维含量的增加,磨损率也随之增加;当钢纤维质量分数为20%时,摩擦材料的摩擦因数较平稳,350℃时几乎没有明显的热衰退,磨损率也较低。氧化铁粉的含量对摩擦因数影响不大,但可改善摩擦材料的自润滑性和抗高温热衰退性;但过多的氧化铁粉含量,导致磨损率增大,特别是高温时更为明显,从摩擦因数的稳定性与磨损率两方面综合考虑,氧化铁粉质量分数为5%时摩擦材料具有较好的摩擦磨损性能。     

载流摩擦磨损研究进展

载流摩擦磨损是摩擦副在有电流通过时的接触行为。载流摩擦副在工作过程中受力、电、热等多种因素耦合作用,损伤机制复杂多变。综述载流摩擦中的摩擦磨损机制,重点分析服役工况对载流摩擦磨损性能和导电性能的影响,阐述电弧产生的原因及影响因素,并对载流摩擦中的温度场及其仿真模拟研究成果进行归纳,总结载流摩擦材料的应用现状。概括载流摩擦的研究现状及其存在的问题,并指出未来应加强接触副材料在多环境下、多因素耦合作用下的摩擦磨损行为和失效机制研究,并有针对性地研发新型复合材料,以满足具体的工作条件和特殊的性能要求。     

基于动力学特性的挖掘机工作装置端面摩擦副间隙磨损机理研究

机械动力装备中常因为作业工况恶劣导致关节端面摩擦副间隙处磨损严重,为了探讨关节端面摩擦副间隙处作业过程中磨损变化行为及作用机理,以某型号挖掘机为例,基于动力学模拟分析两种典型工况下得到动臂关节处动态载荷数据基础上,利用有限元数值模拟技术并修正Archard磨损模型计算得出端面摩擦副间隙处磨损深度与磨损次数的关系,在端面磨损试验机上验证两种工况下关节间隙处耐磨垫片磨损变化过程,在扫描电镜下观察磨损后的表面形貌分析磨损作用机理。结果表明：两种工况下,磨损区域均为环形区域;偏载工况磨损主要与接触应力值大小和偏载角度有关,磨损过程中表面产生锥刺凹坑和交叉犁沟等,磨损机制由疲劳磨损向黏着磨损转化,同时伴随有少量的磨粒磨损;满载启动回转工况磨损主要与接触碰撞程度有关,磨损形式主要为黏着磨损与磨粒磨损。此分析方法对工程机械行业分析其它动力装备关节摩擦副和工程应用具有较好的参考价值。     

A New Tribological Approach for Lubricated Sliding Contact of Pitted Metallic Curvature Cup

Interest in the development and application of plant-based lubricants for medical use is increasing. This study investigates palm oil lubricants as environmentally friendly and renewable resources to optimize the motion in an ergonomic simulated metal hip prosthesis with modification to the acetabular cup surface. Although metal hip replacements are extensively used, minimizing metal-on-metal friction and wear using safe lubricants requires further investigation. The main physical properties of palm kernel oil and palm fatty acid distillate are considered. The viscosity, wear scar, and coefficient of friction are compared to hyaluronic acid. A modified pin-on-disc tribometer simulates friction and wear on a 28-mm-diameter acetabular cup and microscopy image analysis is used to examine the wear scar. The physical properties of palm oil derivatives reduce friction and wear. In brief, the most significant results of this study include the effect of lubricant and number of pits on wear and friction coefficient. The contribution of this research work is to maintain stability and increase the lifetime of ergonomic metal hip implants.     

纳米润滑油添加剂抗磨减摩分子动力学模拟研究

研究分子动力学模拟的基本原理,建立摩擦副的分子动力学模型。通过计算对磨材料原子与被磨面材料原子之间作用力,建立运动方程,通过数值方法求解运动方程,模拟出不同时刻原子运动轨迹,根据运动轨迹和原子间作用力分析摩擦磨损过程。对Fe/Fe和Fe/Cu 2种摩擦副的抗磨减摩性能进行模拟计算,分析磨损量与模拟时间和载荷曲线的变化趋势。结果表明有中间纳米Cu润滑层的Fe/Cu摩擦副具有良好的摩擦性能。     

低温橡胶密封件摩擦磨损性能试验

橡胶密封件作为阀门产品的重要零部件,橡胶密封件的摩擦磨损性能直接影响其密封性和阀门产品寿命可靠性。针对低温橡胶硫化密封件进行密封力仿真确定,开展相关摩擦磨损试验。在干摩擦与脂润滑条件下,利用摩擦磨损试验机,测试不同摩擦配副之间的摩擦磨损性能,获得接触面表面形貌以及不同橡胶密封副之间的摩擦磨损量。结果表明:性能表现最佳的橡胶材料为氢化丁腈橡胶HNBR5080和耐磨丁腈橡胶A-4-1-J18。实验数据可为后续的阀门产品设计提供技术支撑。     

The effect of a friction modifier on piston ring and cylinder bore friction and wear

The addition of friction modifiers to crankcase lubricants has been shown to significantly reduce the mechanical losses of critical components in internal combustion (ic) engine; thereby improving fuel economy.In this study the friction and wear of a piston ring/cylinder bore material combination was studied using a pin-on-plate laboratory tribo-test machine developed to reproduce the wear mechanisms encountered in an ic engine. Two lubricants were evaluated: (i) a standard SAE 30 grade diesel formulation, and (ii) the same formulation with the addition of a 5% soluble MoS₂ friction modifier.Analysis of the wear results identified three periods of wear: (1) running-in, (2) transient wear and (3) terminal wear. Throughout this study particular emphasis has been placed on the simulation of the wear mechanisms occurring within engines. Surface analysis confirmed that both abrasive wear and delamination wear was produced.Friction benefits attributable to the addition of MoS₂ friction modifier were obtained. However, under specific conditions the wear rate increased due to increased abrasion of the plate.     

基于ANSYS的O形密封圈磨损仿真方法研究

针对多型采用O形密封圈的产品磨损失效且无相关磨损仿真手段的现状,基于ARCHARD的摩擦磨损模型,利用ANSYS软件结构分析与热分析功能,提出了一种用于进行O形密封圈磨损仿真计算的方法。仿真过程中综合考虑了接触压力和摩擦热对摩擦磨损的影响,采用网格重构的方法解决了仿真过程中难于对材料磨损进行模拟的问题,并将仿真过程以编程的方式实现。结合工程实际,提出了判断O形密封圈磨损失效的依据。给出了应用此方法进行计算的具体算例。     

摩擦过程中磨屑运动的分析

制动摩擦材料和铸铁摩擦盘在摩擦过程中产生磨屑。磨屑对摩擦层的形成、组成及其动态平衡、摩擦机制以及摩擦性能起着重要作用。为了理解磨屑对摩擦层形成的影响,以国家标准(GB5763-2008)中第4类盘式制动器用衬片规定的定速摩擦性能测定仪和测试条件,对四类磨屑(拖曳、跃迁、振动和碰撞)分别在摩擦材料和摩擦盘之间的三维空间运动的受力状态、运动轨迹和动力学行为进行了分析。结果表明,磨屑的运动轨迹是一个不规则运动,磨屑之间会发生碰撞。在摩擦过程中,磨屑可以飞离摩擦盘,也可以聚集在摩擦材料和摩擦盘表面形成摩擦层。     

CR 200J用树脂基摩擦材料的正交试验及多指标加权优选

为制备CR 200J用高耐磨树脂基摩擦材料,采用正交试验法设计不同含量的减摩组分(鳞片石墨、石油焦)与增摩组分(NFJ高温黏结剂、腰果壳油摩擦粉)的树脂基摩擦材料配方。通过热压成型法制备出样品,在制动压力0.8 MPa和转速3 300、4 200、5 400 r/min下测试试样的平均摩擦因数,并计算试样的体积磨损率、热衰退性能及对偶质量磨损。对试样的平均摩擦因数、体积磨损率、热衰退性能及对偶质量磨损进行极差分析及均一化处理,使用多指标权重优选了综合性能优异的配方。结果表明：鳞片石墨在高转速下对材料的平均摩擦因数起稳定作用及降低材料的热衰退性能,而石油焦在低速制动过程中可稳定材料的平均摩擦因数;NFJ高温黏结剂对材料的各项性能影响不显著,而腰果壳油摩擦粉在高转速下表现出优异的黏弹性,有利于提高材料的平均摩擦因数,降低材料的体积磨损率及对偶质量磨损。使用多指标权重优选得到较好的配方,其中鳞片石墨、石油焦、NFJ高温黏结剂、腰果壳油摩擦粉的质量分数分别为1%、4%、3%、6%。     

Molecular dynamics studies of atomic-scale tribological characteristics for different sliding systems

A slider-slab sliding model for hard-to-soft and soft-to-soft sliding systems with abrasive and non-abrasive wear conditions is used to investigate atomic-scale friction. The molecular dynamics simulation uses the Morse potential to calculate interatomic forces between atoms. Separation distance between the slider and the slab is changed to simulate repulsive and attractive interactive force fields exerted on interface between two sliding components. Effects of the interaction potential parameters on the sliding friction are investigated. The relationship of frictional force, normal force and temperature rise of the slider and the slab during sliding are established. Comparison of the hard-to-soft and the soft-to-soft sliding system are carried out and shows different tribological phenomena.     

微结构表面展开轮摩擦磨损特性与仿真研究

为了提高AVIKO系列钢球检测系统中展开轮的服役寿命及检测精度，在增大表面摩擦因数的同时减少磨损，将表面微结构应用于展开轮，研究其摩擦磨损特性。利用激光在试件周向外表面加工三种不同直径参数的凹坑微结构，并用自主设计的摩擦磨损试验机进行试验，得到摩擦因数与磨损量，通过数值模拟得到应力分布图和磨损深度图，与光滑表面试件进行对比和分析。结果表明，在干滑动摩擦条件下，微结构表面试件均比光滑表面试件的摩擦因数更大且磨损量更小，微结构表面通过改变应力分布和分散磨损点位置减少了磨损并提高了耐磨性。所建立的数值模拟磨损模型可用于预测微结构表面磨损深度，为微结构表面展开轮的寿命预测提供了基础理论。     

多组分纤维混杂增强树脂基摩擦材料研究

为提高摩擦材料高温下的摩擦磨损性能和摩擦因数的稳定性,利用正交试验法对多种纤维增强酚醛树脂基摩擦材料的配方进行优化设计,并通过极差分析,探讨多种纤维及含量对摩擦材料性能的影响及摩擦材料的磨损机制.研究表明:混杂纤维增强树脂基摩擦材料有着优异的耐磨性.陶瓷纤维硬度较高,开散混料后能够均匀分布在树脂基体内,对酚醛树脂基摩擦...     

用SRV试验机评价柴油机油摩擦磨损性能

采用SRV^?4型摩擦磨损试验机为试验平台,以某商用车公司提供的发动机缸套-活塞环截取件作为摩擦副试验件,以15W-40 CF-4和15W-40 CI-4发动机油为润滑介质,建立评价柴油机油摩擦磨损性能的模拟试验方法,并使用该方法对油品配方中减摩剂的区分性及不同材质活塞环与润滑油的适配性等进行考察。试验结果表明:建立的模拟试验方法能较好地区分出具有优异抗磨性能的柴油机油,同样对油品配方中减摩剂和不同材质活塞环与润滑油适配性等有着较好的区分性,可以作为润滑油品开发者和OEM汽车厂家对油品配方开发和摩擦副材质筛选的模拟评价手段。     

UHMWPE基水润滑轴承摩擦及润滑特性的试验研究

针对纤维填料改性UHMWPE水润滑轴承的摩擦磨损性能进行研究。在平面摩擦磨损试验机上对玻璃纤维及碳纤维填料对UHMWPE复合材料摩擦性能进行试验,并分析GF-CF-UHMWPE材料与Thordon SXL材料在干摩擦、水润滑工况下的摩擦因数及磨损量。最后,采用径向水润滑轴承试验台对比研究了GF-CF-UHMWPE轴承和Thordon SXL轴承在不同载荷下摩擦因数随转速的变化规律。结果表明:纤维填料能显著增强UHMWPE的减摩性和耐磨性,GF-CF-UHMWPE材料具有更好的耐温性能,线性热膨胀系数也显著减小;GF-CF-UHMWPE轴承具有相同载荷下启动转速低,启动摩擦因数小的特性。