Sharp-Rejection Wideband Bandstop Filters

In this letter, a novel transmission line configuration has been proposed to design a sharp-rejection, bandstop filter (BSF) with wide rejection bandwidth. The rejection bandwidth and the level of rejection are controlled by the characteristic impedances of the transmission lines. Design equations are obtained by using a lossless transmission line model. The proposed design has been verified in microstrip line by fabricating a prototype BSF of -20 dB fractional bandwidth of 100% at a stopband center frequency f₀ = 1.5 GHz. The filter structure is simple and easy to fabricate.     

Compact, Wideband Bandstop Filters With Sharp Rejection Characteristic

A compact unit of parallel coupled transmission line is presented for design of a compact, sharp-rejection, wideband bandstop filter (BSF). The rejection depth and bandwidth can be easily controlled by the coupled-line parameters. A lossless transmission line model is used for filter analysis. Design equations and graphs are presented in order to facilitate the design procedure. Theoretical prediction is verified in microstrip line by fabricating a prototype single section coupled-line BSF.     

Parallel Coupled Bandstop Filter Using Double Negative Coupled Transmission Line

In this letter, a novel parallel coupled bandstop filter (BSF) using a double negative (DNG) coupled transmission line is presented. Between microstrip as a double positive (DPS) transmission line and mushroom structure as a DNG transmission line, strong coupling broadly arises in the cross range of dispersion curves of isolated microstrip and mushroom structure because of a complex propagation constant in the cross range. Strong coupling inhibits wave propagation, so that this kind of structure can be utilized as a BSF. This BSF utilizes coupled transmission line instead of coupled resonator, resulting in broad bandwidth (>30%), sharp-rejection, and high rejection level. The strong coupling between the DPS and DNG transmission line makes it possible to shorten the coupling length, resulting in compact size     

Compact Planar Dual‐Wideband Bandstop Filters with Cross Coupling and Open‐Ended Stepped Impedance Resonators

This letter presents the design of a compact bandstop filter (BSF) operating at two frequencies. The proposed BSF consists of open‐ended stepped impedance resonators (OSIR) and an end‐shorted parallel‐coupled microstrip line (E‐PCML). The OSIRs are used to achieve the impedance‐controlled stopband positions. The wide BSF bandwidths are achieved through enhanced coupling of the E‐PCML. Explicit design guidelines are derived using a lossless transmission line model. To validate theoretical predictions, a prototype dual‐band BSF operating at 900 MHz and 2,100 MHz with fractional bandwidths of 72% and 36% respectively, is implemented in microstrip.     

Design of broad-band lumped-element baluns with inherent impedance transformation

This paper reports on a novel lumped balun topology, the second-order lattice balun, with broad-band performance. The design is based on synthetic transmission lines operating as impedance transformers. The characteristic impedance of the synthetic transmission lines may be chosen to obtain inherent impedance transformation. An analytical investigation results in closed formulas for optimum performance over a given bandwidth. It is shown that it is possible to design for equal ripple in amplitude balance and input reflection coefficient. The phase balance is theoretically perfect over the entire bandwidth. The concept is experimentally validated by a 1-GHz prototype fabricated with surface mounted chip components. It exhibits an amplitude balance better than 0.5 dB and a phase balance better than /spl plusmn/8/spl deg/ over an octave bandwidth. The effective area of the prototype is 7 /spl times/ 9 mm/sup 2/.     

Microstrip stepped impedance resonator bandpass filter with an extended optimal rejection bandwidth

Bandpass filters with an optimal rejection bandwidth are designed using parallel-coupled stepped impedance resonators (SIRs). The fundamental (f/sub o/) and higher order resonant harmonics of an SIR are analyzed against the length ratio of the high-Z and low-Z segments. It is found that an optimal length ratio can be obtained for each high-Z to low-Z impedance ratio to maximize the upper rejection bandwidth. A tapped-line input/output structure is exploited to create two extra transmission zeros in the stopband. The singly loaded Q(Q/sub si/) of a tapped SIR is derived. With the aid of Q/sub si/, the two zeros can be independently tuned over a wide frequency range. When the positions of the two zeros are purposely located at the two leading higher order harmonics, the upper rejection band can be greatly extended. Chebyshev bandpass filters with spurious resonances up to 4.4f/sub o/, 6.5f/sub o/, and 8.2f/sub o/ are fabricated and measured to demonstrate the idea.     

Microstrip dual-band bandstop filter of defected ground structure and stepped impedance resonators

This article presents a compact microstrip dual-band bandstop filter (BSF), in which one λ_g/4 defected ground structure (DGS) pair is utilised to realise one stopband while two stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) help obtain another stopband and suppress the spurious harmonics. The design strategies and the equivalent circuits are introduced in detail. The measured results indicate 43.8% and 18.7% fractional bandwidth in the two stopbands (2.4 GHZ and 5.2 GHz) respectively, and the return loss is greater than 15 dB in the whole passband. In addition, size reduction can be conveniently achieved by adjusting the length of the SIRs and DGS.     

Periodic stepped-impedance ring resonator (PSIRR) bandpass filter with a miniaturized area and desirable upper stopband characteristics

A periodic stepped-impedance ring resonator (PSIRR) is proposed to design dual-mode bandpass filters with a miniaturized area and desirable upper stopband characteristics. Design parameters of a PSIRR include impedance ratio R of the hi-Z to low-Z sections, their lengths, and number of impedance steps 2N. The resonant characteristics of PSIRRs with various N and R values are investigated by both the transmission-line theory and electromagnetic simulation. Proper choice of the above parameters leads to an optimal reduction of circuit area and extension of upper rejection bandwidth. Two extra transmission zeros exist in the upper stopband and are tunable via changing the arm lengths of the line-to-ring coupling structure. Realized by the standard microstrip technology, the dual-mode PSIRR bandpass filter has not only the first spurious response at higher than 3.7/spl times/ the passband frequency, but also an area reduction of better than 60% against a conventional ring filter. Experimental results of several fabricated circuits validate the analysis and theoretical prediction.     

一种高选择性的宽带滤波功分器

为了实现无线通信系统的小型化,设计了一种同时具有滤波和功分功能的器件.将传统Wilkinson功分器中的两个四分之一波长传输线替换为两个具有带通响应的滤波器.同时,为了实现两个端口之间良好的隔离,将一个电阻安放在两个输出端口之间.利用奇偶模的分析方法,推导出了该滤波功分器的设计公式.实验结果表明,该器件的3 dB带宽达到了62%,在低频段和高频段的抑制度分别达到了38.4 dB和31.4 dB（2.67f₀）,该器件非常适用于小型化无线通信系统.     

一种无需接地结构的巴伦设计

研究了一种新型的耦合线巴伦结构的设计。该巴伦结构简单,仅包含一对耦合线和一根独立传输线,可在单层PCB板上实现,无需任何接地结构。文中给出了该巴伦的设计公式,并分析了在不同端口阻抗比情况下理想电路的阻抗取值范围。该结构中设计参数灵活,还可以通过改变传输线的阻抗值来调整工作带宽。此外,从设计公式中可看到这种结构也很适合设计具有较大的端口阻抗比的巴伦。文中对设计进行了实物样品加工,其工作频率为1.5GHz。其测试结果与理想电路、三维仿真曲线都很吻合。     

A Waveguide Band-Stop Filter as an Image Rejection Filter for Measurement of Stratospheric Ozone

In this report we present the performance and test observation results of a waveguide band-stop filter (BSF) as an image rejection filter for the measurement of stratospheric ozone. By using the waveguide BSF, we are able to adopt a very simple optical system and achieve a good image rejection ratio. Additionally, we are able to observe in both single sideband (SSB) mode and double sideband (DSB) mode by only changing the local oscillator (LO) frequency. We have installed the waveguide BSF into an atmospheric ozone-measuring system using a superconductive (SIS) receiver and have successfully observed an ozone spectrum at 110 GHz in SSB and DSB mode. The receiver noise temperature (SSB) and the image rejection ratio at 110 GHz are about 60 K and more than 30 dB, respectively. Because of the IF power ripple, the waveguide BSF cannot be used with a wide-band spectrometer. However, it is quite practical for narrow-band observation.     

BST-Varactor Tunable Dual-Mode Filter Using Variable ${Z}_{C}$ Transmission Line

Ferroelectric materials like barium-strontium-titanate (BST) have become attractive for microwave tunable circuit applications. This letter presents an investigation of BST-varactor tunable dual-mode filter using variable characteristic impedance or Z_C transmission line. The interdigital BST varactors are fabricated and modeled, which are then deployed to realize a bandpass filter with tunable bandwidth capability. The use of tunable impedance line provides additional flexibilities in the design of microwave tunable circuits. A tunable bandpass filter of this type with a center frequency of 1.8 GHz and a bandwidth tuning ratio of 1.15:1 is demonstrated experimentally.     

Broad-Band Coupling to High-Q Resonant Loads

Broad-band coupling between a resistive source and a resonant load is considered for coupling networks consisting of a uniform transmission line of impedance Z/sub I/ and length equal to a quarter wavelength at the load resonant frequency. An approximate analysis is used to show that either maximally flat or ripple insertion loss frequency response can be obtained by proper choice of Z/sub I/, and the 3-dB bandwidth obtained in either case is always greater than 1/Q. Depending on the ratio of load and source resistances, the bandwidth may be greater than 1 octave. Network design curves for maximally flat operation with a variety of load parameters are computed without approximation. The design of lumped element approximations for the transmission line network is also described.     

Design of Conical Transmission Line Power Combiners Using Tapered Line Matching Sections

An axially symmetric power combiner, which utilizes a tapered conical impedance matching network to transform ten 50-Omega inputs to a central coaxial line over the X-band, is presented. The use of a conical line allows standard transverse electromagnetic design theory to be used, including tapered impedance matching networks. This, in turn, alleviates the problem of very low impedance levels at the common port of conical line combiners, which normally requires very high-precision manufacturing and assembly. The tapered conical line is joined to a tapered coaxial line for a completely smooth transmission line structure. Very few full-wave analyses are needed in the design process since circuit models are optimized to achieve a wide operating bandwidth. A ten-way prototype was developed at X-band with a 47% bandwidth, very low losses, and excellent agreement between simulated and measured results.     

Transmission line aspects of the design of broad-band electrooptic traveling-wave modulators

This paper proposes a two-layer traveling-wave type electrooptic modulator structure to maximize modulation bandwidth from transmission line aspects. This structure can be designed to satisfy the velocity matching and impedance matching condition simultaneously. A design method for this structure is discussed.     

基于平行耦合微带线和DGS结构的超宽带滤波器

提出一种应用于超宽带通信且结构紧凑的平面微带带通滤波器,通带范围为3.1～10.6 GHz,带内插损小于1 dB,群延时为0.2～0.6 ns,高于10 dB的带外抑制.超宽带的带宽通过在耦合微带线正下方底面加载缺陷地结构(DGS)实现;分别在耦合线上加载折叠的阶跃阻抗枝节和DGS上附加2条槽线,在通带的低频和高频边沿产生2个传输零点,以获得较好的频带选择性与良好的带外抑制.在实验误差允许下,仿真和测量结果较一致.     

Broadband branchline coupler for S-band

The design of an S-band, broadband, microstrip 3 dB, 90 degrees branchline coupler is described and measured results for a prototype version are given. The design uses broadbanding stubs and three branches, with the central branch split into two of twice the characteristic impedance and separated by half wavelength transmission lines. This is a new technique to improve the bandwidth of which a theoretical account was given by Mayer (see ibid., vol.26, no.18, p.1477-8, 1990). Measured results for the prototype coupler show return loss greater than 17 dB and isolation greater than 16.5 dB, over a percentage bandwidth of 45%.<>     

Traveling-wave amplifiers with prescribed frequency response

Microwave transistor amplifier combinations that have controlled frequency response over a specified bandwidth were designed. Theoretical analysis of such an amplifier with an arbitrary number of sections is presented. The response of the amplifier is controlled by tapering the frequency selectivity or Q of each section of the amplifier. To verify the theory, a three-section amplifier with maximally flat time delay response was designed, constructed, and evaluated. Existing traveling-wave amplifiers were modeled as lossy transmission lines. Although the amplifiers were relatively broadband, a prescribed frequency response was not achieved, and each transistor did not receive an equal portion of the signal power. Resistive elements were required for impedance matching at the input and output. The design seeks to improve on previous techniques by trading bandwidth for controlled gain. By making the transmission line that connects the amplifier sections nonuniform, the frequency response was controlled over the design bandwidth. The designs can easily be implemented using familiar components     

基于LiTaO3基片宽带声表面波滤波器设计方法

通讯系统传输效率的提升对滤波器带宽的要求越来越高,如果使用常规声表面波(SAW)滤波器设计技术,则将面临损耗大或带宽达不到要求的问题。该文根据系列宽带SAW滤波器产品开发结果,总结了采用特殊技术用LiTaO₃压电基片实现相对带宽8%以上的宽带SAW滤波器设计方法,其包括利用外围电感、电容增加SAW谐振器的谐振频率和反谐振频率的间隔,提高阻抗元滤波器带宽;利用多模式纵向耦合谐振滤波器结构增加滤波器带宽;利用双通带滤波器并联结构获得大带宽滤波器。上述方法各有优缺点,其均能获得约为9%的带宽。     

SIR结构ACPW滤波器研究

文章提出将SIR谐振器结构应用于非对称共面波导传输线中,设计了一种新型SIR结构非对称共面波导带阻滤波器。通过四个SIR谐振单元在非对称共面波导传输线中级联,有效地改善了滤波器的插损和带宽。结果显示,本滤波器中心频率为1．8GHz,最小插损为0．4dB,相对带宽为33．3％,最大带外抑制为-60dB。具有小体积、低插损、高抑制、宽阻带、易于加工等优点。