青稞淀粉研究现状

青稞在青藏高原种植历史悠久,形成极富特色的青稞文化;是公认的营养丰富和医药保健作用突出的小杂粮,同时也是藏族同胞主要的粮食作物。淀粉作为青稞的主要营养成分,具有独特的结构及性质。本文从青稞淀粉的提取工艺,显微结构、化学组成及分子结构、糊化特性、冻融稳定性、淀粉膨胀度和溶解度、透明度、淀粉老化性质及在食品工业中的应用等研究现状进行综述,为青稞淀粉的进一步研究提供参考,并为其在食品及化工行业中利用提供参考。     

青稞淀粉的特性、分离及应用

本文对青稞淀粉的特性进行综述,主要包括青稞淀粉的理化特性、分离工艺及应用。     

青稞中的活性物质及功能研究进展

青稞属于禾本科大麦属作物,在我国栽培广泛,但主要还是作为粮食和酿造原料,对青稞中含有的活性成分研究较少。回顾了青稞中含有的酚类、黄酮类化合物、β-葡聚糖、GABA等活性成分及这些活性物质具有抗氧化、降低胆固醇、抗癌等诸多对人体有益的功效。综述了近年来国内外有关青稞的营养成分及活性物质研究,为进一步研究青稞的活性成分和功能价值提供参考。     

青稞通心粉的研制

以青稞粉为主要原料,添加谷朊粉、魔芋粉、焦磷酸钠等辅料及添加剂生产青稞通心粉,通过正交试验确定青稞通心粉的最佳工艺配方.结果 表明,青稞通心粉的最佳工艺配方为:谷朊粉添加量为15％、水分添加量为27％、魔芋粉添加量为3％、焦磷酸钠添加量为0.3％,此配方制得的青稞通心粉其感官品质及质构特性最佳.     

黑青稞的营养价值与产品开发分析与展望

黑青稞是青稞的一种,为青藏高原特有作物。随着人们追求营养健康饮食,黑青稞的营养价值和降血糖、降血脂的保健功效愈来愈受到关注。系统地总结与分析了黑青稞的营养成分、主要功能成分及产品开发方向,并对其发展前景进行展望,旨在为黑青稞产业的高质量发展提供一定的参考。     

不同粒色青稞酚类化合物含量与抗氧化活性的差异及评价

为了比较不同粒色青稞中游离态及结合态酚类化合物的含量及其抗氧化活性的差异。选用52份不同粒色青稞种质资源,采用化学法分析其青稞全籽粒中游离态及结合态总酚、总黄酮含量,通过DPPH、ABTS+·自由基清除能力及FRAP铁离子还原能力评价其体外抗氧化能力差异,利用主成分分析法客观评价其酚类化合物含量及抗氧化活性的品种排名。结果表明:结合酚是有色青稞酚酸的主要存在形式,游离黄酮是青稞中黄酮类物质的主要存在形式,组间含量差异显著,黑色组青稞的总酚类化合物含量较高;不同形态酚类物质对自由基清除能力的强弱具有选择性,游离态酚类化合物含量在一定程度上决定DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力大小,FRAP铁离子还原能力受青稞中游离态及结合态酚类化合物含量的共同影响;不同粒色组青稞的酚类化合物含量及抗氧化活性存在品种间差异,主成分分析筛选出紫色、蓝色、黑色、黄色组青稞中酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性最高的品种分别为云青2号、循化亮蓝、947和短白青稞。     

青稞的成分研究及其应用现状

本文主要介绍了青稞、青稞主要成分的研究近况以及青稞产品的加工利用现状 ,并指出青稞今后的研究方向。     

不同加工方式对体外模拟胃肠消化黑青稞酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究不同加工方式制备的黑青稞经体外模拟胃肠消化后酚类物质及抗氧化活性的变化规律,采用蒸煮、炒制、挤压膨化、气流膨化、发酵方式处理黑青稞,并测定体外模拟胃肠道消化后其酚类物质组成、含量及抗氧化活性。结果表明,与未消化样品相比,5 种加工黑青稞经胃肠消化后多酚含量均显著提高（P＜0.05）,为未消化样品的1.99～2.44 倍。除气流膨化外,其他4 种加工黑青稞经胃肠消化后总黄酮含量均较未消化样品显著降低（P＜0.05）,为未消化样品的34%～70%。经体外模拟消化后,5 种加工黑青稞中根皮素、原儿茶酸、对香豆酸和阿魏酸是主要酚酸类物质,儿茶素是主要的黄酮类物质;与未消化样品相比,5 种加工黑青稞主要酚酸类单体物质含量均显著提高（P＜0.05）,黄酮类单体物质含量均显著降低（P＜0.05）。抗氧化活性综合指数分析结果显示,5 种加工黑青稞的抗氧化活性由强到弱依次为挤压膨化黑青稞（89.61%）＞发酵黑青稞（88.16%）＞蒸煮黑青稞（77.67%）＞气流膨化黑青稞（76.86%）＞炒制黑青稞（75.13%）。综上,气流膨化处理黑青稞的总酚、总黄酮含量最高,而挤压膨化处理黑青稞抗氧化活性最高,该研究结果可为不同需求青稞产品加工方式的选择提供科学指导。     

不同青稞籽粒品质特性与酿酒品质关系分析

青稞酒是以青稞为主要原料酿制的一种独特的蒸馏酒,所选青稞对其酿酒品质具有重要影响。本研究以26 个品种青稞为原料,分别酿造小曲青稞酒,并对青稞的籽粒品质特性、发酵相关品质指标以及青稞酒感官得分和出酒率进行分析,采用主成分分析、通径分析等统计学方法分析青稞品种特性与发酵参数及产酒质量之间的关系。结果表明：不同品种青稞间品质特性存在较大差异,其中‘F1’‘甘青6号’青稞最适合酿造优质小曲青稞酒;青稞籽粒性状中,较高的支链淀粉质量分数有利于青稞酒发酵完全,提高出酒率,而容重、千粒质量及黄酮的质量分数是影响酿酒品质的主要因素。本研究可为青稞酿酒原粮的选择和专用型品种的选育提供参考。     

不同碾减率青稞营养成分及糊化特性对比分析

以青稞为主要研究对象,通过对不同碾减率青稞的营养成分及糊化特性进行对比分析,研究不同碾磨程度对青稞营养特性和糊化特性的影响。研究发现,随着碾减率的提高,青稞米的粒型减小,淀粉含量上升,蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和总膳食纤维的含量均逐渐减小,β-葡聚糖由于主要分布在胚乳细胞壁中,所以其含量也增加。碾磨处理后的青稞米其糊化特性和糊化时间得到明显改善,通过碾磨处理可以有效改善青稞米的食用方便性。     

四种元麦淀粉粒形态结构与理化性质的比较

为探明不同品种元麦淀粉粒形态结构与理化性质的差异,以通麦6号、苏裸麦2号、青元麦、黑元麦为实验材料,采用扫描电镜观察、X-射线衍射、傅里叶变换远红外光谱等方法研究了这四类元麦淀粉粒形态特征及其理化性质,结果表明:青元麦,苏裸麦2号和通麦6号淀粉颗粒比较光滑,大小比较均匀,大颗粒多为圆饼形,小颗粒多为圆球形。黑元麦颗粒大小不均匀,差异较大。4类元麦的表观直链淀粉含量不同,其中黑元麦的直链淀粉含量显著高于其他品种;黑元麦和苏裸麦2号的B-型淀粉粒较多,通麦6号和青元麦的A-型淀粉粒较多。黑元麦的淀粉相对结晶度和表层结构有序度最高,溶解度最高、膨胀势最低。在淀粉葡萄糖苷酶水解过程中,青元麦水解程度最高,苏裸麦2号水解程度最低;在猪胰腺α-淀粉酶水解过程中,通麦6号水解程度最高,青元麦最低;在HCl水解过程中,青元麦水解程度最高,黑元麦水解程度最低。     

甘啤3号啤酒大麦质量及应用现状分析

甘肃3号啤酒大麦质量优于同产地的其他大麦，其质量特点为蛋白质含量低、千粒重较高、色泽好、皮薄、发芽率高，达到国家优级啤酒大麦标准；其糖化力很高，较好的α-氨基氮含量，浸出率较高，为最佳的淡爽型啤酒生产原料。影响甘啤3号啤酒大麦应用的主要因素有大麦品质、产量和价格等。     

青稞及其制品的体内外淀粉消化特性研究

淀粉是青稞中的主要成分,其消化速率及程度直接影响餐后血糖反应。通过探究青稞及其制品体外淀粉消化特性,同时参照国际标准办法,招募12名健康志愿者,测定4种青稞制品的体内血糖生成指数(GI)。结果表明:青稞熟粉的淀粉消化速率显著低于小麦熟粉,蒸煮和挤压处理均可显著增加青稞及小麦中快消化淀粉(RDS)质量分数,降低抗性淀粉质量分数。青稞制品的GI值从大到小依次为青稞馒头(70±11)、青稞鲜湿面(60±13)、青稞挂面(51±11)、青稞炒面(33±14)。相关性分析结果表明,GI值与RDS呈极显著正相关(R=0.733,P=0.007)。体内外实验均表明:不同加工方式可显著影响青稞制品的消化特性,消费者有必要根据自身的健康状况选择合适的产品。青稞挂面及青稞炒面属于低GI食品,有利于血糖控制人群或糖尿病病人食用。     

Application of immunodiffusion in detecting the presence of barley in wheat flour

An immunological method for detection of barley contamination in wheat flour was developed. a rabbit antiserum to barley proteins was tested against different protein concentrations of barley and wheat extracts by the immunodiffusion technique. It was possible to identify with barley a typical precipitin band which is not present with wheat flour. the barley antiserum was then adsorbed by wheat and tested against wheat proteins contaminated with barley proteins at different concentrations. the results indicated that it is possible to detect a contamination of 5 % of barley proteins in wheat proteins. Samples of commercially available barley and wheat flour were also tested on agar plates against the barley anti-serum adsorbed from wheat. Again it was possible to detect a contamination of 5% of barley flour in wheat flour. It appears that this is a simple but specific immunological method suitable for routine testing.     

Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins of the 1990 barley crop in Korea.

During the barley harvest in June 1990, there was a great deal of rainfall and high humidity in the southern part of Korea, and natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins was suspected in barley samples. The samples of undergrade barley were obtained from four provinces and analysed for the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) by gas chromatography and zearalenone (ZEN) by high performance liquid chromatography. Of 37 samples, 33, 37 and 10 were positive for DON, NIV and ZEN, respectively. The husked barley contained 29-677 ng/g for DON, 114-1546 ng/g for NIV and 183-1416 ng/g for ZEN. The naked barley contained 38-645 ng/g for DON, 85-4569 ng/g for NIV and 40-1081 ng/g for ZEN. The average concentration of NIV in naked barley was higher than that in husked barley, but the average concentration of DON in husked barley was higher than that in naked barley. The survey indicates that the 1990 barley crop in Korea was heavily contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins.     

江苏单二大麦麦芽主要酿造品质的形成

江苏啤酒大麦在国内啤酒行业具有重要的作用, 但其质量也存在一些明显的不足, 影响了其广泛应用于啤酒生产中。本文对江苏啤酒大麦及其麦芽中存在的微生物及其影响、所形成的真菌毒素进行了综述。并针对江苏啤酒大麦麦芽过滤性能的缺陷原因进行了探讨, 为进一步推进江苏啤酒大麦产业链的健康发展提供了思路。     

Performance of Husked,Acid Dehusked and Hull‐less Barley and Malt in Relation to Alcohol Production

Studies carried out on normal husked barley, normal hull‐less (naked) barley, acid dehusked barley and acid dehusked hull‐less barley, as well as the malts derived from them, showed that when acid dehusked barley samples (obtained from either husked or hull‐less barley), were processed using commercial enzyme preparations, they produced more alcohol when compared with the alcohol yield obtained from the barley samples from which the acid dehusked samples were derived. When the husked (Optic) control, acid dehusked and hull‐less barley samples were malted, Optic control barley produced malt that gave higher dextrinising units (DU) and diastatic power (DP), whilst acid dehusked Optic and hull‐less barley produced malts that gave similar DU results on day 5 of the germination time. When mashed, acid dehusked (Optic) barley malt produced wort that filtered faster than the wort obtained from the malt made from hull‐less barley. This observation is very important because it shows that the husk of the barley is not the only factor that determines the filtration performance of the malted barley, since both the malt samples made from husked and acid dehusked barley had similar filtration rates on day 5 of the germination time. The slow filtration rate observed for the wort made from hull‐less barley suggests that other factors play some role during the filtration of the mash made from hull‐less barley malt. Although hull‐less malt appeared to develop lower DU and DP enzyme activities, when compared with the values obtained for the Optic control, hull‐less barley malted faster and produced optimum predicted spirit yield (PSY) at day 4 of the germination time. In contrast, the control husked Optic barley malt that had higher DU and DP produced equivalent (optimum) predicted spirit yield one day later at 5 days germination time. This is an advantage for hull‐less barley, both in terms of time and energy saving during the malting of barley. Although the acid dehusked Optic barley produced more alcohol than the husked control when commercial enzyme preparation was used to process barley, it was surprising that when the derived malt was assessed, it gave a lower predicted spirit yield than the husked control, even though it produced a higher amount of hot water extract (HWE). The higher extract yield and lower predicted spirit yield obtained from the malt made from acid dehusked malt confirmed that high extract yield is not necessarily associated with high fermentable extract.     

Technical note: In situ ruminal starch disappearance kinetics of hull-less barley,hulled barley,and corn grains

The objective of this study was to compare ruminal starch disappearance rates of hull-less barley, hulled barley, and corn grains. Five different genotypes were used for each of the 2 barley types. In addition, each of these genotypes was grown in 2 different locations and years, resulting 10 independent barley samples for each of the 2 barley grain types. Five different genotypes of corn grain were obtained from a commercial seed company. After being ground to pass through a 4-mm screen of a cutter mill, 3.6 g of each grain was placed into a porous bag, which was then incubated in the rumen of 2 ruminally cannulated cows for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. Corn grains had greater instant ruminal starch disappearances than barley grains (22.4 and 8.2%, respectively). Instant ruminal starch disappearances did not differ between hulled and hull-less barley grains. Ruminal starch fractional disappearance rates were greatest for hulled barley grains, moderate for hull-less barley grains, and lowest for corn grains (15.3, 13.9, and 7.1%/h, respectively). Ruminal starch half-life was shortest for hulled and hull-less barley grains (4.4 h) and longest for corn grains (6.6 h). Ruminal starch half-life did not differ between hulled barley and hull-less barley grains. In conclusion, using a holistic experimental design and statistical analysis, this study showed that starch from hull-less barley grains has a ruminal half-life similar to that of hulled barley grains and shorter than that of corn grains.     

The incorporation of sweet potato application in the preparation of a rice beverage

Summary To increase the industrial applications of sweet potato, a rice beverage was prepared by adding barley sprouts, sweet potato, or a mixture of barley sprouts and sweet potato (1:1). Amylases from barley sprouts and sweet potatoes had a similar hydrolysis pattern to β‐amylase. Heat stability of this enzyme in sweet potato was higher than that in barley. Reducing sugar content in the mixture of barley sprouts and sweet potato was higher than in either barley sprouts or sweet potato alone. After the preparation of the rice beverage, the maltose content of the mixture with barley sprouts, either barley sprouts and sweet potato, or sweet potato was 37.2, 44.1 and 40.3 mg mL^?1 after 6 h, respectively. The amylase activity in the mixture with barley sprouts and sweet potato decreased more than that of the mixture with only sweet potato. The use of sweet potato resulted in an increase of sweetness, flavour and improved preference in rice beverage.     

影响啤酒大麦质量的因素分析

啤酒大麦是啤酒工业的主要原料,啤酒大麦的品质和质量直接影响啤酒的质量,而我国啤酒大麦生产技术相对落后,为了促进我国啤酒大麦的产业发展和优化产业结构,介绍了我国黑龙江垦区啤酒大麦产业的发展现状,并对影响啤酒大麦质量的因素进行了深入分析。