Solvent-Assisted Crystallization of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters from Animal Fat

An easy and efficient method for the separation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid mono alkyl esters, prepared from animal fat, was developed. The most efficient separation was achieved by the use of solvents such as methanol and acetone at low temperatures. The dilution of the alkyl esters with 10 times the amount of solvent (10:1 v/w) and storage of the mixture for 4 h at ?22 °C could be defined as optimum conditions. After filtration of the saturated fraction at the corresponding temperature very pure fractions were obtained. For fatty acid methyl esters deriving from tallow, with an initial content of saturated fatty acids of almost 50 %, a saturated ester fraction with only 5 % unsaturated fatty acids and an unsaturated ester fraction with about 9 % of saturated fatty acids could be obtained. The solvent easily could be recovered by distillation. In addition fatty acid ethyl, 1‐propyl, 2‐propyl, 1‐butyl, tert‐butyl and 3‐methyl‐1‐butyl esters were prepared and separated into saturated and unsaturated fractions. All fractions were analyzed according to the fatty acid compositions and showed similar or slightly worse results compared to the methyl esters. The cold filter plugging points of the unsaturated fractions were measured, showing the lowest value for the unsaturated methyl ester fraction at ?26 °C. The fractionation with the use of solvents is an easy tool in order to obtain fatty acid alkyl esters with excellent cold temperature behavior out of animal fat.     

药妆的发展现状和趋势

随着化妆品的不断发展,药妆品由于功效显著、安全性高等特点越来越受到消费者的欢迎。本文重点论述了药妆的含义,通过与化妆品、药品进行比较,总结了药妆的特点。通过分析目前国内外药妆市场的发展现状和现有的药妆品牌,对未来药妆的发展进行了展望。     

Factors Impacting the Formation of 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters During Deep Fat Frying of Chicken Breast Meat

The effect of the frying temperature, frying duration and the addition of NaCl on the formation of 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters (GE) in palm olein after deep frying was examined in this study. The eight frying systems were deep‐fat frying (at 160 and 180 °C) of chicken breast meat (CBM) (with 0, 1, 3 and 5% sodium chloride, NaCl) for 100 min/day for five consecutive days. All oil samples collected after each day were analyzed for 3‐MCPD ester, GE, and free fatty acid (FFA) contents, specific extinctions at 232 and 268 nm (K₂₃₂ and K₂₆₈), p‐anisidine value (pA), and fatty acid composition. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the 3‐MCPD esters and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the GE with the increasing of the frying duration. There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in the 3‐MCPD esters formed when the concentration of NaCl increased from 0 to 5%. The addition of NaCl to the CBM during deep frying had no significant effect on the GE generation. The FFA contents, K₂₃₂ and K₂₆₈ and pA showed that all the frying oils were within the safety limit.     

Crab and Cockle Shells as Catalysts for the Preparation of Methyl Esters from Low Free Fatty Acid Chicken Fat

The use of waste oils/fats, as well as catalysts from waste materials, for producing biodiesel via transesterification have been of recent interest. As such, in the present work, the transesterification of chicken fat using crab and cockle shells as a catalyst was attempted. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) results show that, upon thermal activation, both shells transformed into CaO, the active ingredient that catalyzes the reaction. In addition, the catalytic performance of individual shells as well as the combination of both shells in various ratios was similar. Under the optimal reaction conditions of 4.9 wt% catalyst amount and 0.55:1 methanol to oil mass ratio, methyl esters conversion above 98% was achieved in 3 h. The chicken fat methyl esters that were produced were found to meet several key specifications of biodiesel based on EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 test procedures.     

Changing the SFC Profile of Lauric Fat Blends Based on Melting Group Triacylglycerol Formulation

Lauric fat blends could be prepared from formulation of different melting triacylglycerol (TAG) group to obtain various desired SFC profiles as required by different fat rich products such as margarine and shortening. At the interval temperature from 0 to 20 °C, an increase ratio of body and heated (BH) melting TAG group in the fat blends imposed higher SFC values with steeper SFC slopes. Meanwhile, at the interval temperature from 20 to 40 °C, an increase ratio of heated (H) melting TAG group resulted higher SFC values with comparable SFC slopes. The use of Palm Stearin (PS) or Fully Hydrogenated Rapeseed Oil (FHRO) as the hard fat gave comparable SFC profiles but the fat blends with FHRO melted completely (SFC 0 %) at higher temperature (60 °C) while those of PS did not. In addition, the crystallization and melting behaviors of lauric fat blends as measured by DSC were influenced by different ratio of TAG distribution formulated at H15 (varied BH) and BH50 (varied H). Fat blends with PS also showed different crystal morphology compared to those with FHRO as measured by PLM.     

Enzymatic Synthesis of High sn-2 DHA and ARA Modified Oils for the Formulation of Infant Formula Fat Analogues

High sn‐2 docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid oils (DHAO_m and ARAO_m, respectively) were produced independently via enzymatic interesterification of DHA‐rich and ARA‐rich single cell oils (DHASCO and ARASCO, respectively) using a mix of immobilized lipases, Lipozyme^® TL IM and Novozym^® 435 (weight ratio 1:1) as the biocatalyst system. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and optimize the reactions conditions. Three independent variables, namely reaction time, reaction temperature, and enzyme load, were investigated in DHAO_m and ARAO_m models. The prediction power of the model was further confirmed by solvent‐free scale‐up reactions of 100 g per batch. Final results showed that DHAO_m contained 46.53 mol% of total DHA (49.70 % at the sn‐2 position), while ARAO_m contained 47.25 mol% of total ARA (36.08 % at the sn‐2 position). This represents a significant increment in the amount of DHA and ARA at the sn‐2 position when compared to DHASCO (47.8 mol%; 30.30 % at the sn‐2) and ARASCO (47.79 mol%; 28.50 % at the sn‐2), respectively. These products have potential as additions to infant formulas where DHA and ARA supplementation is required.     

Synthesis of Wax Esters from Crude Fish Fat by Lipase of Burkholderia sp. EQ3 and Commercial Lipases

The lipase from Burkholderia sp. EQ3 was used to synthesize wax esters in comparison with commercial lipases. The supernatant of Burkholderia sp. EQ3 was collected from a liquid basal medium with 1 % fish oil after 12 h cultivation (1.90 U/ml of lipase activity). The crude lipase was prepared by acetone precipitation of the culture supernatant (4.70 U/mg and 9.40 purification folds). The crude fish fat obtained by hexane extraction of waste fat from the wastewater pond of a canned tuna factory and cetyl alcohol were used for wax esters synthesis. Five commercial lipases were screened in comparison with crude lipase from Burkholderia sp. EQ3 in wax esters synthesis. The optimum conditions for wax esters synthesis from crude fish fat using Novozyme 435 were enzyme 1 U, substrate molar ratio of crude fish fat to cetyl alcohol 1:2 (115.30 mg of crude fish fat and 66.67 mg of cetyl alcohol) in hexane at 37 °C and 200 rpm with 90.81 % (TLC–FID peak area) after one h of reaction. The optimum conditions for the synthesis by crude lipase from Burkholderia sp. EQ3 were crude lipase 40 U, substrate molar ratio of crude fish fat and cetyl alcohol 1:2 in isooctane at 30 °C and 200 rpm with 95.07 % (TLC–FID peak area) after 6 h of reaction. The synthesized wax esters were mainly composed of cetyl palmitate and cetyl oleate.     

Catalysts for the Ethoxylation of Esters

The intermediates for the production of nonionic surfactants can be derived from petrochemicals and/or from renewable raw materials. In both, the role of catalysis is fundamental. In this paper the main results reported in the literature related with the catalysis for ethoxylation of fatty esters will be reviewed. The main open challenges for these technologies will be outlined.     

Polyglycerol Esters

When glycerol is heated with an alkaline catalyst to over 230 C, water is evolved and polymerization occurs to form a whole family of polyglycerols ranging from diglycerol with 3 hydroxy groups, to triacontaglycerol with 32 hydroxy groups. The carboxylic acid esters of polyglycerols prepared by direct esterification or by interchange, may be solid or liquid; saturated or unsaturated; aliphatic or aromatic; mono, di- or polycarboxylic acid esters; mono-, di-, or polyesters of the polyglycerol; single or mixed acid esters; high or low molecular weight; water or oil soluble; and with an HLB from about 4 to about 13. Polyglycerol esters find utility in a wide variety of food products including beverages, desserts, topping and baked goods. They are thermally stable and find application in several industrial systems.     

个人护理品的配方策略

论述了个人护肤品配方的研发应该从哪里开始立项,怎样、何时以及如何进行项目监督,如何有效地避免失误等一系列问题。研发人员应该清晰地了解配方从概念到最终完成的研发过程,以避免时间的浪费。成功研发复杂的高性能的配方是科学方法和艺术灵感相结合的结果。     

喷涂用氯丁胶粘剂的研制

简述了一种用于喷涂的氯丁密封胶配方、制备工艺及性能，该密封胶性能优良，成本低较，为提高氯丁胶粘剂的特殊性能和增加经济效益开辟了新的途径。     

二氯喹啉酸可溶粒剂的配方

以85%二氯喹啉酸为原料,润湿剂、分散剂及常用pH调节剂、填料为辅料,进行了50%二氯喹啉酸可溶粒剂(SG)的配方研究.确定了最佳配方组成:二氯喹啉酸50%,烷基萘磺酸盐润湿剂A 1%,pH调节剂30%,填料补足100%.该制剂已获得国家专利(授权专利号:ZL200610049195.4).     

个人清洁剂的配方基础

主要讨论和考察了个人清洁剂用的表面活性剂,如发用香波、身体清洗剂和洗手皂用的主表面活性剂、次表面活性剂、特殊添加剂和次要添加剂4类原料,并提供了用于个人清洁剂方面的基本配方及制备技巧等。     

Fat systems for bakery products

Fat systems for cake, Danish pastries and bread are described in terms of physical and chemical characteristics as well as performance. Results indicate that additives, such as surfactants and dough conditioners in well formulated fat systems, can increase tolerance, improve uniformity and extend storage life of baked products. The polar and nonpolar lipids naturally present in flour are shown to affect finished bread quality, with the polar lipids showing an improving effect. The apparently divergent trends in the development and use of specialized shortenings for specific baked products vs. the development and use of multipurpose bulk systems for a variety of baked products are reviewed. One of seven papers presented in the symposium “Fats and Oils in the Food Industry,” AOCS Meeting, Atlantic City, October 1971.     

配方选登

染发剂油相Ｗ／ %矿物油１６ ００油烯基／鲸蜡基醇聚氧乙烯（５）醚０ ８０油烯基／鲸蜡基醇聚氧乙烯（１０）醚０ ８０水相十二烷基硫酸钠０ ５０乙二胺四乙酸四钠０ ０５泛酰醇０ ６０氯化铵０ ５０亚硫酸钠１ ００小麦蛋白水解物１ ００马栗树萃取物０ ５０抗坏血酸０ ５０丙烯酸酯／十六烷基聚氧乙烯（２０）醚甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物３ ００香精０ ４０对甲苯二硫酸胺０ ４０间苯二酚０ ０５３ -氨基苯酚０ １０４ -氨基苯酚０ ２５对氨基邻甲苯酚０ ０５水（适量）１００ ００麦胶蛋白调理香波 Ｗ／ %月桂基硫酸钠４２ ８６去离子水４７ …     

配方选登

油性毛发用香波 Ｗ／ %癸基多苷（５５ %）１０ ０月桂基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠（３０ %）１４ ３椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱（３０ %）１０ ０松香亭酸·水解胶原·钾盐（３１ %）５ １月桂基聚氧乙烯（２）醚１ ０食盐１ ０Ｐｏｌｙｑｕａｔｅｒｎｉｕｍ -１００ ２水·香料·防腐剂剩余儿童用香波 Ｗ /%月桂基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠 -月桂基多苷（６０ %）１２ ０椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱（３０ %）１４ ０小麦蛋白 -水解物的羟丙基月桂基铵盐（３５ %）３ ０Ｑｕａｔｅｒｎｉｕｍ -１００ １月桂基聚氧乙烯（６）醚３ ０水·香料·防腐剂剩余香波配方三例Ｗ／ …     

配方选登

定型发胶 （Ｗ／ %）ＰＶＰ４ ０乙醇（９５ %）７０甘油２ ０香精适量色素适量去离子水２０乙酰化羊毛脂２ ０气雾发胶ＰＶＰ２ ６法国漂白虫胶０ ２羊毛脂０ ３无水乙醇１６ ６香精０ ３二甲醚８０定型摩丝 Ｗ／ %ＰＶＰ（４５ %水溶液）６ １１二烷基二甲基氯化铵（７５ %乙醇溶液）０ ２二羟基乙基椰油烷基氧化胺（３８ %水溶液）０ ３８防腐剂０ ０３喷射剂（丙烷／异丁烷／丁烷２０∶７８∶２）１０硅酮胶０ １７二甲基硅酮０ ３３水加至１００常用喷发胶 Ｗ／ %ＰＶＰ／丙烯酸共聚物６ ００ＡＭＰ０ ２７香精０ １０无水乙醇２３ ６…     

Fibre-reactive Organophosphorus Esters Suitable for Insectproofing of Wool

The insecticidal properties of two fibre-reactive organophosphorus esters, O-ethyl-S-n-propyl-O-(4- (2-(3- vinylsulphonylpropionyl) oxyethyl)-thiophenyl) phosphorothionothiolate and O-ethyl-S-n-propyl-O-(4-(2-(3-vinylsulphonylpropionyl) oxyethyl)-thiophenyl)phosphorothiolate, have been determined against a number of keratin-digesting insects. Both compounds were effective against the more common textile pests at relatively low application levels; however, considerably higher levels were required to control the feeding damage due to Hoffmannophila pseudospretella. Generally, the insecticidal activity of the phosphorothiolate was greater than the activity of the phosphorothionothiolate; however, this was offset by the greater susceptibility of the phosphorothiolate to hydrolysis during application from a dyebath. The application of these compounds during dyeing and other textile processes was examined.     

尼泊金酯合成新方法

研究了1GHz、50mW·cm~2微波连续辐照常压回流条件下直接酯化制备尼泊金酯反应体系。与常规回流方式相比,微波方式使反应速度提高10倍以上、产率明显提高而温度未变,探讨了其作用机制与分子间氢键及分子缔合性有关。