二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨对常用杀螨剂的敏感性比较

采用玻片浸渍法和叶片残毒法，选用哒螨灵等6种常用杀螨剂对二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨进行了毒力测定。结果表明，6种供试药剂对二斑叶螨的卵和雌成螨的LC50均明显大于朱砂叶螨，说明二斑叶螨较朱砂叶螨对供试药剂有更强的耐药性。其中，两种害螨对噻螨酮的敏感性差异相对较小，而对喹螨醚、哒螨灵和阿维菌素等其它药剂的敏感性差异很大。     

氟螨对朱砂叶螨的室内抗性选育

采用室内喷药继代汰选法对创制新药氟螨进行红蜘蛛抗性筛选，表明在80％死亡率的选择压下，11代试虫对药剂的抗性上升不明显。     

用波特喷雾法对朱砂叶螨的药效测定初报

本试验采用Ｐｏｔｔｅｒ喷雾法测定了农抗新Ｉ、三氟氯氰菊酯、有机氮及有机磷杀（虫）螨剂等６种药剂对朱砂叶螨的毒力。结果ＬＣ５０（有效成分ｐｐｍ）次序为４０％氧乐果（１１．６６）＞２．５％三氟氯氰菊酯乳油（２２．３４）＞２０％甲炙酯（５９．９５）＞农抗新Ｉ（浓缩液，８３．４ｒ／ｍｌ）＞２０％双甲脒（１２６．８３）＞２０．４２％三氯杀螨醇乳油（１６６．５４）。     

几种新杀螨剂对山楂叶螨的毒力测定

采用玻片浸渍法和浸叶蝶法,选用近年来在生产上推广应用的９种杀螨剂,对山楂叶螨的雌成螨和卵进行了毒力测定。     

杀螨剂HNPC-A14344/14343的杀螨活性

为了进一步研究新化合物HNPC-A14344/14343的杀螨生物活性,采用Potter喷雾法研究了HNPC-A14344/14343对朱砂叶螨螨卵的活性。结果表明:HNPC-A14344对朱砂叶螨螨卵具有优异活性,LC_(50)值为5.78 mg·L~(-1),其对螨卵的活性优于对照药剂螺虫乙酯LC_(50)8.65 mg·L~(-1),稍优于螺螨酯LC_(50)6.05 mg·L~(-1),且HNPC-A14344对螨卵的活性明显优于HNPC-A14343,HNPC-A14344具有进一步研究与开发价值。     

几种杀螨剂防治皮氏叶螨试验

皮氏叶螨对香蕉的危害日趋严重,已经成为海南香蕉产业发展的重要限制因子。本试验测试了6%克螨净乳油、5%阿维·氯氰乳油、40%速灭抗乳油、20%高渗辛硫磷乳油对皮氏叶螨的防治效果。试验结果表明,克螨净对香蕉皮氏叶螨防效最好,以2000～4000倍喷雾施药后7d防效均达85%以上;阿维·氯氰、速灭抗的防效次之,而辛硫磷对叶螨卵的防效最差,导致药后叶螨很快上升。     

丁醚脲与溴虫腈对朱砂叶螨的联合杀螨活性

[目的]为获取新的高效复配杀螨剂配方。[方法]以共毒因子法和共毒系数法评价丁醚脲与溴虫腈对朱砂叶螨的联合杀螨活性及筛选最佳配比。[结果]丁醚脲与溴虫腈对朱砂叶螨雌成螨处理后24 h的LC50值分别为154.67、8.80 mg/L,丁醚脲与溴虫腈以质量比为94.5:5.5~92.0:8.0混合具有明显增效作用,最佳配比为94.0:6.0或93.5:6.5,对朱砂叶螨处理后24 h的共毒系数分别为183.65和187.26,LC50值分别为39.79、40.27 mg/L,其毒力分别是丁醚脲毒力的3.66、3.89倍。[结论]丁醚脲与溴虫腈以94.0:6.0或93.5:6.5混合对朱砂叶螨具有显著的增效作用。该结果可为丁醚脲与溴虫腈的混合使用防治害螨及复配剂开发应用提供科学理论依据。     

苹果树山楂叶螨对七种杀螨剂的抗性研究

采用ＦＡＯ推荐的玻片浸渍法测定山楂叶螨叶螨对氧乐果等七种药剂的抗性水平。结果表明，平凉地区山楂叶螨对氧乐果和水胺硫磷已产生了中等抗性，抗性倍数分别为２６．２２和２３．２９；对甲氰菊酯和克螨特产生了低等抗生，对三氯杀螨醇、哒螨灵、氟氯菊酯仍处于敏感水平。     

6种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同生测方法的毒力比较

[目的]筛选出对朱砂叶螨具有较好防效的药剂。[方法]采用药膜法、玻片浸渍法对6种杀螨剂进行室内毒力测定,并对2种生测方法进行比较。[结果]在2种方法下,6种药剂表现的毒力大小均为阿维菌素>唑螨酯>丁醚脲>三唑锡>哒螨灵>螺螨酯,同种药剂测定产生的毒力结果为玻片浸渍法>药膜法,且速效型药剂在玻片浸渍法与药膜法中表现的相对毒力倍数为3-5之间。[结论]试验表明阿维菌素、唑螨酯、丁醚脲均对朱砂叶螨表现出较高的毒力。     

农业害螨的抗药性

农业害螨是农业生产的障碍之一。由于杀螨剂的长期使用甚至滥用,许多害螨已对杀螨剂产生了抗药性。本文就农业害螨抗药性问题的主要方面包括抗药性的水平、抗药性的测定方法、抗药性的机理、抗药性的遗传方式和抗药性综合治理等的研究进展进行了论述。     

Nitrogen Availability and Defense of Tomato Against Two-spotted Spider Mite

The aim of this work was to study how nitrogen availability affects within-plant allocation to growth and secondary metabolites and how this allocation affects host selection by herbivores. Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) were grown at six levels of nitrogen availability. When nitrogen availability increased, plant relative growth rate increased, but tissue carbon/nitrogen ratio in the second oldest true leaf and allocation to large glandular trichomes (type VI) as well as to the defense compounds rutin and chlorogenic acid decreased. Leaf protein concentration increased. Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) females responded significantly to these changes: in dual choice tests they preferred leaf disks from plants grown at high nitrogen availability, with a low C/N ratio. This preference persisted in an olfactometer in which the mites were offered only the odors released by leaves with damaged trichomes. We conclude that in a tomato leaf increased nitrogen availability leads to decreased allocation to defenses, and that repellent volatiles released by trichomes play a key role in affecting leaf selection by two-spotted spider mite females.     

6种杀螨剂对石榴小爪螨的毒力测定

[目的]石榴小爪螨近年在陕西汉中危害园林建筑植物樟树,亟需筛选有效药剂进行防治。[方法]利用6种杀螨剂、按药膜法对其雌螨实施毒力测定,分析急性触杀效果。[结果]各供试杀螨剂致死浓度对数值与雌螨校正死亡率机率值相关显著,毒力回归式斜率为1.59~3.70,LC50值为0.3~4540.6μg a.i./L,而LC95值为1.0~48981μg a.i./L。毒力强弱次序为15%苯丁.哒螨灵乳油>15%哒螨灵乳油>2%阿维菌素乳油>30%哒螨灵可湿性粉剂>25%三唑锡可湿性粉剂。以三唑锡LC50值为标准估算,苯丁.哒螨灵相对毒力指数为12986倍,其他杀螨剂位此极值间。[结论]供试杀螨剂都能以较低剂量杀死石榴小爪螨实验种群;其LC95值的10倍浓度可用作户外防治此螨的参考剂量。     

柑桔全爪螨抗药性监测及主导抗性机制的初步研究

本文提出了柑桔全爪螨对１１种常用农药的相对敏感基线，１９９２￣１９９４年在四川地区和泸州地区监测了柑桔全爪螨对一些常用农药如三氯杀螨醇，水胺硫磷，甲氰菊酯，三氟氯氰菊酯和氧乐果的抗生水平。作者还根据生测结果提出了柑桔全爪螨对水胺硫磷和甲氰菊酯的可能的抗性机制。     

几种药剂对玉米红蜘蛛的室内和大田药效

几种杀螨剂对玉米红蜘蛛窜内药效结果显示:对玉米红蜘蛛的主要种类--截形叶螨第7天的室内防效为28%哒螨灵乳油(78.3%)>240 g/L螨危FS(76.7%)>1.8%阿维菌素乳油(72.O%)>40%炔满特乳油(65.9%)>40%氧乐果乳油(63.3%)>2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油(58.3%).大田试验结果表明:30 d后以240 g/L螨危FS 150 mL/hm2的效果最佳,防效为76.8%;氧乐果由于在当地长期使用,效果已经很不理想,防治效果只有38.7%.     

Induction of Direct and Indirect Plant Responses by Jasmonic Acid, Low Spider Mite Densities, or a Combination of Jasmonic Acid Treatment and Spider Mite Infestation

Jasmonic acid (JA) and the octadecanoid pathway are involved in both induced direct and induced indirect plant responses. In this study, the herbivorous mite, Tetranychus urticae, and its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis, were given a choice between Lima bean plants induced by JA or spider mites and uninduced control plants. Infestation densities resulting in the induction of predator attractants were much lower than thus far assumed, i.e., predatory mites were significantly attracted to plants that were infested for 2 days with only one or four spider mites per plant. Phytoseiulus persimilis showed a density-dependent response to volatiles from plants that were infested with different numbers of spider mites. Similarly, treating plants with increasing concentrations of JA also led to increased attraction of P. persimilis. Moreover, the duration of spider mite infestation was positively correlated with the proportion of predators that were attracted to mite-infested plants. A pretreatment of the plants with JA followed by a spider mite infestation enhanced the attraction of P. persimilis to plant volatiles compared to attraction to volatiles from plants that were only infested with spider mites and did not receive a pretreatment with JA. The herbivore, T. urticae preferred leaf tissue that previously had been infested with conspecifics to uninfested leaf tissue. In the case of choice tests with JA-induced and control leaf tissue, spider mites slightly preferred control leaf tissue. When spider mites were given a choice between leaf discs induced by JA and leaf discs damaged by spider mite feeding, they preferred the latter. The presence of herbivore induced chemicals and/or spider mite products enhanced settlement of the mites, whereas treatment with JA seemed to impede settlement.     

新型唑螨酯衍生物杀螨活性研究

本言语介绍了唑螨酯的衍生物对棉红蜘蛛用较低的浓度可杀死成螨和若螨，并有的杀卵作用。     

The Odorant-Binding Proteins of the Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae

Spider mites are one of the major agricultural pests, feeding on a large variety of plants. As a contribution to understanding chemical communication in these arthropods, we have characterized a recently discovered class of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in Tetranychus urticae. As in other species of Chelicerata, the four OBPs of T. urticae contain six conserved cysteines paired in a pattern (C1–C6, C2–C3, C4–C5) differing from that of insect counterparts (C1–C3, C2–C5, C4–C6). Proteomic analysis uncovered a second family of OBPs, including twelve members that are likely to be unique to T. urticae. A three-dimensional model of TurtOBP1, built on the recent X-ray structure of Varroa destructor OBP1, shows protein folding different from that of insect OBPs, although with some common features. Ligand-binding experiments indicated some affinity to coniferyl aldehyde, but specific ligands may still need to be found among very large molecules, as suggested by the size of the binding pocket.     

乙唑螨腈与乙螨唑混配对柑橘全爪螨的防治效果

[目的]明确乙唑螨腈与乙螨唑混配对柑橘全爪螨的室内联合生物活性以及对柑橘全爪螨的田间防治效果。[方法]主要采用喷雾法测定了乙唑螨腈与乙螨唑混配对柑橘全爪螨的室内联合生物活性,并在田间完成了乙唑螨腈与乙螨唑桶混防治柑橘全爪螨的田间药效试验。[结果]乙唑螨腈与乙螨唑在1:4~4:1的混配比例下对柑橘全爪螨成螨的CTC值在110.64~129.25之间,对柑橘全爪螨螨卵的CTC值在118.73~162.06之间。在广西和四川进行的2点乙唑螨腈和乙螨唑桶混防治柑橘全爪螨田间验证试验结果表明:乙唑螨腈与乙螨唑混配防治柑橘全爪螨,药后3 d防效达86%以上,速效性与乙唑螨腈单剂对照相当;药后20 d防效达73%以上,持效性略高于单剂对照。[结论]室内联合生物活性测定结果表明:乙唑螨腈与乙螨唑在1:1~2:1的比例范围内混配,对柑橘全爪螨表现出一定的增效作用。田间药效试验结果表明:乙唑螨腈和乙螨唑桶混对柑橘全爪螨具有较好的防治效果,推荐桶混剂量为乙唑螨腈100 mg/L与乙螨唑55.0 mg/L。     

杀螨剂的进展与展望

回顾了农用杀螨剂发展历史,介绍了各个发展阶段的代表性品种及其性能,分析了螨类对现有杀螨剂产生抗性的现状,阐述了近期杀螨剂品种的发展趋势,并展望了未来杀螨剂开发的方向。