Modeling of the electrical parameters of a wire-cylinderelectrostatic precipitator under pulse energization

Modeling of the electrical parameters of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with dust loading under pulse energization is difficult, and little progress has been made in the past. A method for modeling a wire-cylinder ESP under pulse energization based on the characteristics of Trichel pulses, and a means of dealing with the particle charging under such conditions are presented. The quantitative studies of the interactions between ion space charge and particle charging and their influence on the electric potential and field distributions have been numerically obtained under nanosecond pulse energization. The results show that the time-averaged current increased with applied peak voltage, pulsewidth, and pulse frequency and decreased with increased dust loading as expected. The space-charge density distribution was significantly influenced by the dust loading under pulse energization conditions. The proposed model is valid as long as the width of the applied voltage is less than 1 μs     

The effect of high-voltage waveforms on ESP current densitydistributions

The efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) collecting high resistivity dust is degraded by maldistribution of corona current in the interelectrode space. The current distribution can be improved by applying novel high-voltage waveforms to the discharge electrodes. Online measurements are presented of collecting plate current density distributions in a precipitator collecting fly ash from a coal-fired electric generating plant. The precipitator was operated with both round-wire and barbed-strip discharge electrodes. The current density distributions are compared for three high-voltage waveforms: conventional, pulse, and intermittent energization. A direct relationship is established between the ability of the waveforms to distribute useful values of corona current and the collection efficiency of the ESP     

Corona Discharge and Electrostatic Precipitation in Carbon Dioxide Under Reduced Pressure Simulating Mars Atmosphere

In this paper, the possibility of using electrostatic precipitation (ESP) to clean the gas above solar panels of modules on the surface of planet Mars is investigated. Results are presented on corona discharge in carbon dioxide gas under reduced pressure ranging from 5 to 10 mbar with different electrode configurations. The corona-discharge inception voltage and the threshold of back discharge have been measured for three electrode configurations. The charging of suspended particles of micrometer size in the gas by unipolar ions is examined. Under the considered reduced pressure, diffusion charging very likely dominates over field charging. The drift velocity of charged particles is then estimated and is found to be not drastically lower than in industrial precipitators for fine particles despite the much lower electric field which can be applied under reduced pressure. Finally, the results of a laboratory experiment examining the dust deposit onto photovoltaic cells are presented. It appears that ESP reduces the rate of a Mars analog dust deposit and might be used in order to increase the lifetime of solar panels during Mars missions.     

Semipilot plant pulse energized cold-precharger electrostaticprecipitator tests for collection of moderately high resistivity flyashparticles

The performance of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to collect moderately high resistivity flyash has been tested under pulse/precharger energization using the semipilot scale integrated electrostatics combustion flue gas (IECFG) cleaning system at Ontario Hydro's 640 MJ/h Combustion Research Facility Center. The pulse energization enhanced the performance of the existing de-energized wire-plate electrostatic precipitator in collecting moderately high resistivity (ρ~10¹⁰ Ω·cm) flyash. A 26% improvement in particle collection efficiency and 30% energy saving were obtained with pulse energization, with moderately high resistivity flyash generated by burning high-sulfur (3.7%) Nova Scotia coal with limestone conditioning. The cold precharger specially designed to suit the three-stage wire-plate ESP has also been tested for its ability to improve the performance of ESP in reducing the back corona. With an additional 30% of energy supplied to the precharger it was possible to obtain up to 40% enhancement in collection efficiency. In general an enhancement factor of 1.8-2.8 was obtained with dust loading ~2 g/m³. A thyratron switched pulse power supply was used for the ESP     

基于Prony算法的静电除尘器放电信号分析

准确有效的区分静电除尘器(ESP)不同种类的放电形式对于预防ESP故障，维持ESP稳定运行有着十分重要的意义。但是根据ESP伏安曲线来判断ESP工作状态的传统方法不仅灵敏度低，无法分辨出早期反电晕故障状态，而且不具备实时性分析的能力，不能起到预防故障的作用。为了克服ESP伏安曲线的不足，该文首次提出了利用Pt凹y算法来分析处理ESP的放电信号，给出了该算法所需要的模型。经过ESP模拟系统实验证明，该算法能够区分出ESP早期的轻微反电晕故障状态，为预防发生ESP严重反电晕故障提供了一个有效手段。     

全沉积型铅酸液流电池性能研究

本文研究了全沉积型铅酸液流电池的充放电特性,分析了充放电制度、Pb2＋浓度对电池充放电特性的影响规律。结果表明：在恒流充放电时电压比较稳定,随着充放电次数的增加,平均充电电压基本不变,而平均放电电压逐渐增大,能量效率也随之增大;随着放电电流密度的增大,放电电压和放电时间逐渐减小,而且电流密度过大或过小均导致库仑效率不高,经小电流循环充放电对电池激活后,再以较大电流充放电能显著提高电池的能量效率;随着Pb＋2浓度的增加,电池的最大充电电压逐渐降低,放电电压逐渐增大,而且放电时间延长,表现出更好的充放电性能。     

窄脉冲放电粒子荷电过程分析

对脉冲流光放电粒子荷电过程进行了分析 ,脉冲流光放电状态不同于传统的直流电晕放电 ,窄脉冲流光放电电晕区可延伸到异性电极 ,区域内既有电子 ,也有正离子和负离子 ,电子能量远高于离子能量 ,正离子数量高于负离子数量。脉冲流光放电粒子荷电过程分两个阶段 ,在脉冲放电期内为电子荷电 ,脉冲期过后为离子荷电     

深井电脉冲压裂装置研制

研制了一种用于油气藏增产增注的深井电脉冲压裂装置。装置通过馈电电缆下放至2 000 m到3 000米m的深井中进行工作。考虑到馈电电缆耐压和分布参数的影响,高压充电电源采用两级升压,工作频率为1 kHz;储能元件采用同轴型高储能密度脉冲电容器总储能为5 kJ(25 kV)。通过测试得到工作电压22 kV时放电电流约为30 kA。初步实验表明,研制的深井电脉冲压裂装置在额定电压下可以连续稳定工作2 000次以上。     

气固两相体直流电晕放电特性实验研究

为了研究两相体放电的基础问题,即放电特点、规律及影响因素,实验研究了聚丙烯、聚乙烯、珍珠岩3种典型固体颗粒的气固两相体电晕放电伏安特性。通过循环落体式两相体放电装置和测量系统观察发现,气固两相体的电晕电流特性与空气中的电晕电流特性有明显的区别。气固两相体的电晕电流波形在正、负极性下均为高频率脉冲波形。且在相同电压下其电晕电流比空气中的要小。固体颗粒的介电常数及在空气中所占的体积比均对电晕电流有很明显的影响。固体颗粒介电常数和体积比越大,电晕电流越小(可<1μA)。电压极性的改变对气固两相体的电晕电流无影响。     

Measurement of streamer charge distribution on an insulator in SF6 Gas

The charge density produced by streamers on an insulator surface in SF₆ has been investigated by using a probe method with a high-speed temporal resolution. Concentric circular probes, which also act as a plane electrode, are used in this probe method. Probe signals are observed oscilloscopically and converted into the charge densities through a numerical calculation. This method reveals the charge distribution before a disturbance caused by the “back discharge.” The charge density thus obtained ranges from several nC/cm² up to about 60 nC/cm². The density depends on the pressure, voltage height and the position of the streamer. The electric field on the insulator is analyzed numerically taking into account the surface charge. The internal electric field of the streamer is found to be 40 ～ 50 kV/cm · atm when the streamer ceases its propagation. However, it partly exceeds the critical one (89 kV/cm · atm) during the propagation.     

一种晶闸管开关冲击电压发生器的工作特性

笔者设计了一种晶闸管开关的冲击电压发生器,它由脉动直流电源供电,增加晶闸管组合模块就可方便地扩展级数提高输出电压,晶闸管组合模块有对负载的单向、双向和续流三种放电工作模式。对充电拓扑电路设计的改进有效地避免了负载上的预脉冲,所给出的充电电阻计算方法能实现各储能电容充电电流的一致,有效抑制了环流,提高了充电效率,文中还给出充电电阻功率选取的计算方法。所进行的变负载放电特性分析表明:感性负载时,减小电感使输出电流脉冲幅值提高、脉宽变窄,特性曲线为设计和用户的使用提供了依据;容性负载时,储能电容的实际等效参数对小容量的电容放电参数有较大影响,为了获取陡前沿电压脉冲和窄电流脉冲,减小回路的总电感是必要的。感性及容性负载的实验放电波形与仿真结果吻合较好。所设计的冲击电压发生器既可用于产生较强脉冲磁场也可用于产生放电等离子体的工业应用中。     

新型谐振式开关电容变换器及其潜电路分析

针对传统三电平开关电容变换器存在硬开关或软开关实现较苛刻的不足,提出一种恒流充电谐振放电的新型1/2降压式开关电容变换器,谐振电容的谐振电流脉冲数减半,增大了电流占空比,降低了谐振电容的阻性损耗。以电路谐振和能量变换的规律,分析了输出电压、充电脉冲平均电流和变换效率等数学表达式,并得出一种简单的减少潜电路产生的新方法。这种谐振型开关电容变换器在一定范围内可通过调频方式调压,是一种谐振电感量小且效率高的直流变换器。最后通过仿真和实验验证了电路及其分析过程的正确性。     

纳秒级脉冲电压作用下聚丙烯膜反极性充电现象的研究

采用针-板电极系统，对无纺聚丙烯过滤膜纳秒级脉冲电压作用下电介质膜空间电荷形成过程进行研究。发现了聚丙烯膜积累的空间电荷与所加脉冲电压极性相反的聚合物膜反极性充电现象。正极性脉冲峰值越高越容易引起聚合物膜反极性充电。峰值足够高且脉宽足够窄的负极性脉冲也导致反极性充电。脉宽大于200ns的负极性脉冲作用下，聚合物膜充电过程为同极性充电，并且电荷积累量与脉冲峰值无关，随着脉宽的增大均趋于同一个稳定值。据此，文中提出了基于强场注入和反向注入两种充电过程并存的新理论模型，强调了针-板空气间隙固有放电特性对聚合物膜充电过程的影响。     

车载铅酸电池的五段式充电修复方法

在分析车载铅酸电池硫酸盐化机制的基础上,提出五段式充电修复方法。该方法将充电过程分为脉冲、恒流、恒压、活化和浮充等5个阶段,介绍充电脉冲宽度、时间间隔、放电时间、充电电流、恒压和活化充电电压等参数。搭建实验验证平台,对不同型号和使用年限的车载铅酸电池进行充电修复实验,测量充电修复前后的内阻、冷启动电流和使用寿命。该方法可将车载铅酸电池的内阻减小2%~33%,最大冷启动电流提高7~72 A,输出电压提高约0.8 V,使用寿命延长6~12个月。     

Electrostatic precipitation

Electrostatic precipitators have been used widely in industry, and play an important role in environmental protection. An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) can be operated with a high collection efficiency and a low pressure drop. Recently, an ESP also has been used for cleaning indoor air. In this review, principles of electrostatic precipitation, such as particle charging, migration velocity of charged particles and collection efficiency, are described. The performance of the ESP deteriorates by abnormal phenomena, including back corona for treating high resistivity dust, abnormal re-entrainment for low resistivity dust, and corona quenching for fine dusts. To cope with these phenomena, new technologies have been developed. Pulsed energization is a technique which copes with high resistivity dusts, and this results in lower power consumption. Using pulsed energization, non-thermal plasma can be generated and chemical reactions can be promoted for treating gaseous pollutants such as NO and volatile organic compounds. Wet ESP can also remove dusts and gaseous pollutants simultaneously. These new advancements will widen the field of application of electrostatic precipitation. Some novel applications of ESP, such as removal of dioxin from incinerators, are also included in this review     

Charge to Mass Distributions in Electrostatic Sprays

The dependence of the charge to mass ratio or specific charge of the spray stream on fluid and automization parameters in electrostatic spraying of various solvents and paints has been investigated. In addition, atomized paint particle sizes have been analyzed. It has been found that an optimum value of fluid conductivity exists at 2 ?ho/cm where the specific charge of the spray stream exhibits a maximum. From the particle size distribution and from the dependence of the specific charge of the spray stream on conductivity it has been concluded that the basic spray droplet charging mechanism is due to the breakup of a charged liquid surface, while corona discharge does not appear to play a significant role in the charging of the particles.     

Real-time and high-speed measurements of charging processes on dielectric surface in vacuum

In order to investigate the charging mechanisms of solid dielectrics in vacuum, we constructed real-time and high-speed measurement systems for charge density, current pulse, light emission and applied voltage. By applying a negative DC ramped voltage to an electrode with a cathode triple-junction (TJ), we measured the temporal variation of surface charge accumulation and current pulse waveforms expressing the electron emission from TJ, by electrostatic probes. From the measurement results, we explain the step like charging process and propose an electron emission model by taking the electric field and its relaxation by charging into account. In addition, we elucidate the relationship between the charging process and the location of electron emission.     

全桥ZVS PWM电容器充电变换器

为对广泛应用的电容充电大功率全桥零电压软开关高压变换器进行理论分析,从零电压(相当输出短路)到最大电压用变换器对电容器进行了充放电试验。变换器电路中充分利用器件的寄生参数,通过在高压变压器的原线圈串联电感,实现主开关管输出高压整流二极管的零电流软切换,变换器通过脉宽调制和电流控制调节输出电压并具有过压和过流保护功能。给出变换器的静态分析,同时给出了基于UCC3895 PWM控制器的直流—直流变换器样机的详细设计和1 kJ/s充电速度的实验结果表明变换器的理论分析正确,方法可行。     

Discharge occurring at a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud

Electrical discharge phenomena from a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud have been investigated. Soil conditioning particles charged by corona charging were blown to form a space charge cloud. A grounded sphere electrode was placed at the center of the charged cloud to produce an electrical discharge. A positive pulse discharge extended from the sphere electrode toward the charged cloud with a strong luminescence. A brushlike streamer with a maximum length of 170 mm appeared at an interval of 30 ms. The maximum pulse height of the discharge was 2.4 A. The distribution of the electric field around the sphere electrode was obtained from field analysis using a concentric spherical model. It was found that the magnitude of the discharge depends on the radius of the grounded electrode and the size and charge density of the clouds. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 7–14, 2001