关于计算机科学与技术认知问题的研究简报（Ⅰ，Ⅱ）

计算机科学与技术的认知对学科的科学研究与人才培养具有重要的意义,对计算机科学与技术学科发展的主线、特点和内在规律进行了回顾与总结,从科学哲学的角度阐述了学科的一系列认知问题,并概要介绍了学科方法论研究的主要进展,讨论了学科方法论研究进展对学科未来发展和人才培养可能产生的影响。     

NDT. A Model-Driven Approach for Web Requirements

Web engineering is a new research line in software engineering that covers the definition of processes, techniques, and models suitable for Web environments in order to guarantee the quality of results. The research community is working in this area and, as a very recent line, they are assuming the Model-Driven paradigm to support and solve some classic problems detected in Web developments. However, there is a lack in Web requirements treatment. This paper presents a general vision of Navigational Development Techniques (NDT), which is an approach to deal with requirements in Web systems. It is based on conclusions obtained in several comparative studies and it tries to fill some gaps detected by the research community. This paper presents its scope, its most important contributions, and offers a global vision of its associated tool: NDT-Tool. Furthermore, it analyzes how Web Engineering can be applied in the enterprise environment. NDT is being applied in real projects and has been adopted by several companies as a requirements methodology. The approach offers a Web requirements solution based on a Model-Driven paradigm that follows the most accepted tendencies by Web engineering.     

THE USE OF DATA MINING TO PREDICT WEB PERFORMANCE

Web mining is the area of data mining that deals with the extraction of interesting knowledge from World Wide Web data. The purpose of this article is to show how data mining may offer a promising strategy for discovering and building knowledge usable in the prediction of Web performance. We introduce a novel Web mining dimension—a Web performance mining that discovers the knowledge about Web performance issues using data mining. The analysis is aimed at the characterization of Web performance as seen by the end users. Our strategy involves discovering knowledge that characterizes Web performance perceived by end users and then making use of this knowledge to guide users in future Web surfing. For that, the predictive model using a two-phase mining procedure is constructed on the basis of the clustering and decision tree techniques. The usefulness of the method for the prediction the future Web performance has been confirmed in a real-world experiment, which showed the average correct prediction ratio of about 80%. The WING (Web pING) measurement infrastructure was used for active measurements and data gathering.     

贝叶斯优化方法和应用综述

设计类问题在科学研究和工业领域无处不在.作为一种十分有效的全局优化算法,近年来,贝叶斯优化方法在设计类问题上被广泛应用.通过设计恰当的概率代理模型和采集函数,贝叶斯优化框架只需经过少数次目标函数评估即可获得理想解,非常适用于求解目标函数表达式未知、非凸、多峰和评估代价高昂的复杂优化问题.从方法论和应用领域两方面深入分析、讨论和展望了贝叶斯优化的研究现状、面临的问题和应用领域,期望为相关领域的研究者提供有益的借鉴和参考.     

基于OWL的网络化制造本体构建分析

OWL是一种新的标准化本体定义语言,拥有比RDF Schema更丰富的表达能力,能帮助机器自动完成智能搜索和推理。本文尝试把OWL应用到网络化制造本体构建上,首先提出了一种本体构建的通用方法,随后结合OWL的特性分析了网络化制造本体中可能出现的各种元素,最后设计了一些搜索和匹配问题,用于在原型系统中检测所设计的主体。     

Characterization of the evolution of a news Web site

The Web has become a ubiquitous tool for distributing knowledge and information and for conducting businesses. To exploit the huge potential of the Web as a global information repository, it is necessary to understand its dynamics. These issues are particularly important for news Web sites as they are expected to provide fresh information on current world events to a potentially large user population. This paper presents an experimental study aimed at characterizing and modeling the evolution of a news Web site. We focused on the MSNBC Web site as it is a good representative of its category in terms of structure, news coverage and popularity. Specifically, we analyzed how often and to what extent the content of this site changed and we identified models describing its dynamics. The study has shown that the rate of page creations and updates was characterized by some well defined patterns that varied as a function of time of day and day of week. On the contrary, the content of individual pages changed to a different extent. Most updates involved a very small fraction of their content, whereas very few were more extensive and spread over the whole page. By taking into accounts all these aspects, we derived analytical models able to accurately capture and reproduce the evolution of the news Web site.     

Software trustworthiness 2.0—A semantic web enabled global source code analysis approach

There has been an ongoing trend toward collaborative software development using open and shared source code published in large software repositories on the Internet. While traditional source code analysis techniques perform well in single project contexts, new types of source code analysis techniques are ermerging, which focus on global source code analysis challenges. In this article, we discuss how the Semantic Web, can become an enabling technology to provide a standardized, formal, and semantic rich representations for modeling and analyzing large global source code corpora. Furthermore, inference services and other services provided by Semantic Web technologies can be used to support a variety of core source code analysis techniques, such as semantic code search, call graph construction, and clone detection. In this paper, we introduce SeCold, the first publicly available online linked data source code dataset for software engineering researchers and practitioners. Along with its dataset, SeCold also provides some Semantic Web enabled core services to support the analysis of Internet-scale source code repositories. We illustrated through several examples how this linked data combined with Semantic Web technologies can be harvested for different source code analysis tasks to support software trustworthiness. For the case studies, we combine both our linked-data set and Semantic Web enabled source code analysis services with knowledge extracted from StackOverflow, a crowdsourcing website. These case studies, we demonstrate that our approach is not only capable of crawling, processing, and scaling to traditional types of structured data (e.g., source code), but also supports emerging non-structured data sources, such as crowdsourced information (e.g., StackOverflow.com) to support a global source code analysis context.     

Deep Web数据集成研究综述

随着World Wide Web(WWW)的飞速发展,Deep Web中蕴含了海量的可供访问的信息,并且还在迅速地增长.这些信息要通过查询接口在线访问其后端的Web数据库.尽管丰富的信息蕴藏在Deep Web中,由于Deep Web数据的异构性和动态性,有效地把这些信息加以利用是一件十分挑战性的工作.Deep Web数据集成至今仍然是一个新兴的研究领域,其中包含有若干需要解决的问题.总体来看,在该领域已经开展了大量的研究工作,但各个方面发展并不均衡.文中提出了一个Deep Web数据集成的系统架构,依据这个系统架构对Deep Web数据集成领域中若干关键研究问题的现状进行了回顾总结,并对未来的研究发展方向作了较为深入的探讨分析.     

Moment-independent regional sensitivity analysis: Application to an environmental model

Through several decades of development, global sensitivity analysis has been developed as a very useful guide tool for assessing scientific models and has gained pronounced attention in environmental science. However, standard global sensitivity analysis aims at measuring the contribution of input variables to model output uncertainty on average by investigating their full distribution ranges, but does not investigate the contribution of specific ranges. To deal with this problem, researchers have developed several regional sensitivity analysis techniques such as the contribution to sample mean and variance (CSM and CSV) plots. In this paper, a moment-independent regional sensitivity analysis technique called contribution to delta indices (CDI) plot is developed for assessing the effect of a specific range of an individual input to the uncertainty of model output. The CDI plot can be obtained with the same set of samples used for computing the CSM and CSV. Compared with the CSM and CSV, the CDI plot uses the probability density function shift of model output to describe the uncertainty instead of the mean and variance, thus it is moment-independent. An analytical linear model, the Ishigami function and an environmental model are employed to test the proposed RSA technique.     

Supporting interactive collaboration on the Web with CORK

The World Wide Web has served as a medium for collaboration since its inception. Web-based collaboration has, however, been dominated by systems supporting asynchronous activities such as sharing documents and participating in discussion forums. Supporting interactive, synchronous collaboration on the Web has proven much more challenging. In this paper we describe three of the challenges encountered in the context of supporting network-based collaboration among middle and high school science students: integrating synchronous and asynchronous modes of interaction, minimizing consumption of bandwidth, and adapting non-collaborative software components for collaborative use. We then present the Content Object Replication Kit, a toolkit for building interactive Java-based collaborative systems for use on the Web.     

BUILDING A DATA-MINING GRID FOR MULTIPLE HUMAN BRAIN DATA ANALYSIS

E-science is about global collaboration in key areas of science such as cognitive science and brain science, and the next generation of infrastructure such as the Wisdom Web and Knowledge Grids. As a case study, we investigate human multiperception mechanism by cooperatively using various psychological experiments, physiological measurements, and data mining techniques for developing artificial systems which match human ability in specific aspects. In particular, we observe fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and EEG (electroencephalogram) brain activations from the viewpoint of peculiarity oriented mining and propose a way of peculiarity oriented mining for knowledge discovery in multiple human brain data. Based on such experience and needs, we concentrate on the architectural aspect of a brain-informatics portal from the perspective of the Wisdom Web and Knowledge Grids. We describe how to build a data-mining grid on the Wisdom Web for multiaspect human brain data analysis. The proposed methodology attempts to change the perspective of cognitive scientists from a single type of experimental data analysis toward a holistic view at a long-term, global field of vision.     

Cultural heritage metadata aggregation using web technologies: IIIF,Sitemaps and Schema.org

In the World Wide Web, a very large number of resources are made available through digital libraries. We (Europeana and data providers) report on case studies that tested the application of some of the most promising Web technologies, exploring several solutions based on the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) and Sitemaps. We also describe an analysis of the Schema.org vocabulary for application in the context of cultural heritage and metadata aggregation. The solutions were tested successfully and leveraged on existing technology and knowledge in cultural heritage, with low implementation barriers. The future challenges lie in choosing among the several possibilities and standardizing solution(s). Europeana will proceed with recommendations for its network and is actively working within the IIIF community to achieve this goal.     

Web信息检索研究进展

Ｗeb上大量、分布、动态的信息造成了“信息过载”,如何在传统信息检索技术的基础上开展针对Ｗeb的检索工作已经成为一基项重要的研究课题,但是,繁多的Ｗeb信息检索系统和各种模糊的概念给用户的选择和研究人员的讨论带来了不便。同时,有关Ｗeb信息检索最新技术的比较完整的分析又十分缺乏。在此,对Ｗeb信息检索技术进行了综述,从Ｗeb信息检索系统的层次化分类（搜索引擎与目录、元搜索引擎、信息检索agent)、一般机制和关键新技术（基于超链的相关度排序、检索结果的联机聚类、基于概念的检索、相关度反馈）等方面加以阐述,以期对感兴趣的同行有参考作用。     

Workload analysis for scientific literature digital libraries

Workload studies of large-scale systems may help locating possible bottlenecks and improving performances. However, previous workload analysis for Web applications is typically focused on generic platforms, neglecting the unique characteristics exhibited in various domains of these applications. It is observed that different application domains have intrinsically heterogeneous characteristics, which have a direct impact on the system performance. In this study, we present an extensive analysis into the workload of scientific literature digital libraries, unveiling their temporal and user interest patterns. Logs of a computer science literature digital library, CiteSeer, are collected and analyzed. We intentionally remove service details specific to CiteSeer. We believe our analysis is applicable to other systems with similar characteristics. While many of our findings are consistent with previous Web analysis, we discover several unique characteristics of scientific literature digital library workload. Furthermore, we discuss how to utilize our findings to improve system performance.     

Global Problem: National Accountability: Framing Accountability in the Australian Context of Climate Change

Climate change has been seen as a crisis looming in the future, and has therefore not reached the top of the political agenda. This no longer holds true when looking at Australia, where climate change has become high politics. In this paper we examine the Australian electoral debate in terms of accountability framing, where the Government and Opposition were involved in a ‘framing contest’. We argue that theories on accountability framing in crisis need to be modified in order to capture the complex dynamics of climate change due to its inherent scientific uncertainty and global nature. After conducting an inductive analysis of Australian Broadcasting Corporation‐reporting we found three themes to be of importance for accountability framing in the ‘risk society’: labeling, linking and coping.     

室内定位研究综述

基于位置服务的精度要求越来越高，而目前室内定位精度远远无法满足需求，因此室内定位研究成为研究热点。本文通过对当前室内定位研究成果的梳理和综合述评，进一步明晰当前研究现状，确定未来研究方向。以Web of science (WOS)和CNKI数据库为数据来源，利用Citespace软件对室内定位国内外文献进行计量可视化分析。通过分析对当前室内定位研究方向进行归纳，总结当前研究热点，最后提出室内定位的未来研究展望。     

Exploring the Ordered Weighted Averaging Operator Knowledge Domain: A Bibliometric Analysis

Ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator has been received increasingly widespread interest since its appearance in 1988. Recently, a topic search with the keywords “ordered weighted averaging operator” or “OWA operator” on Web of Science (WOS) found 1231 documents. As the publications about OWA operator increase rapidly, thus a scientometric analysis of this research field and discovery of its knowledge domain becomes very important and necessary. This paper studies the publications about OWA operator between 1988 and 2015, and it is based on 1213 bibliographic records obtained by using topic search from WOS. The disciplinary distribution, most cited papers, influential journals, as well as influential authors are analyzed through citation and cocitation analysis. The emerging trends in OWA operator research are explored by keywords and references burst detection analysis. The research methods and results in this paper are meaningful for researchers associated with OWA operator field to understand the knowledge domain and establish their own future research direction.     

Values in socio-environmental modelling: Persuasion for action or excuse for inaction

Science in general and modelling in particular provide in-depth understanding of environmental processes and clearly demonstrate the present unsustainable use of resources on a global scale. The latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), for instance, shows that climate is changing and with a 95% certainty it is the humans have caused the change. The future climatic conditions are shown to be largely adversely affecting human wellbeing on this planet. Yet we see in numerous examples that societies are very slow in reacting to this rapid depletion of natural resources. What still seems lacking is the translation of scientific reports and the results of analysis and modelling into corrective actions. We argue that one of the reasons for this is the traditional workflow of environmental modelling, which starts with the purpose, the goal formulation, and ends with problem solutions or decision support tools. Instead, modelling, and applied science in general, has to enhance its scope beyond the problem solving stage, to do more on the problem definition and solution implementation phases. Modelling can be also used for identification of societal values and for setting purposes by appropriate communication of the modelling process and results. We believe this new approach for modelling can impact and bring the social values to the forefront of socio-environmental debate and hence turn scientific results into actions sooner rather than later. Instead of being separated from the modelling process, the translation of results should be an intrinsic part of it. We discuss several challenges for recent socio-environmental modelling and conclude with ten propositions that modellers and scientists in general can follow to improve their communication with the society and produce results that can be understood and used to improve awareness and education and spur action.     

一种服务聚合中QoS全局最优服务动态选择算法

Web服务作为一种新型的Web应用模式,近年来得到了迅速的发展.如何动态地把现存的各种Web服务整合起来以形成新的、满足不同用户需求的、增值的复杂服务已成为新的应用需求和研究热点.针对现有服务聚合中服务选择技术的不足,提出了一种解决服务聚合中服务动态选择QoS全局最优化问题的实现算法GODSS(global optimal of dynamic Web services selection).算法的主要思想是把服务动态选择全局最优化问题转化为一个带QoS约束的多目标服务组合优化问题,利用多目标遗传算法的智     

Web服务软件测试技术进展

Web服务软件由于其强大的功能和良好的特性得到了越来越广泛的应用,但针对Web服务测试方法和技术的研究还处于初级阶段.通过对Web服务软件的特点的分析,归纳了近年来一些典型的Web服务测试方法和技术,并对当前较为有代表性的研究工作进行了总结,探讨了若干研究方向.