无线传感器网络的位置隐私保护路由

当无线传感器网络用于监控敏感对象时,被监控对象的位置隐私成为一个关键问题。在传感节点发送的一连串信息,经过多跳,向基站报告一个监控对象时,敌手可以反向追踪信息源的位置。基于洪泛的幻影路由具有较小的安全期和较高的能耗。为了使敌手难于跳到跳地反向追踪传感节点通信的信号源,提出了基于定向随机步的幻影路由。在基于定向随机步的幻影路由中,每个消息都经历两个阶段：首先与基于洪泛的幻影路由一样,是一个随机步或定向步,随后是定向随机步直到基站。与基于洪泛的幻影路由相比,基于定向随机步的幻影路由明显具有较大的安全期和较低的能耗。     

Multi-constraint multi-objective QoS aware routing heuristics for query driven sensor networks using fuzzy soft sets

In this paper, a fuzzy based distributed power aware routing scheme considering both energy and bandwidth constraints, especially for query driven applications in the asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks are devised. The proposed multi-constraint, multi-objective routing optimization approach under strict resource constraints guarantees reliability and fast data delivery along with efficient power management in spite of unreliable wireless links and limited power supply. In query driven applications, the request from the sink to the individual sensor node will be a broadcast message, whereas the individual sensor nodes replies back to sink as unicast messages. In the proposed work, the fuzzy approach and “A Star” algorithm are utilized for satisfying energy and bandwidth constraints to route the broadcast messages of the sink while querying all the sensor nodes in the network. Every node will be provided with a guidance list, which is used to decide the next best neighbor node with good route quality for forwarding the received multi-hop broadcast messages. The route quality of the every node is estimated with fuzzy rules based on the network parameters such as maximum remaining energy, minimum traffic load and better link quality to increase the network lifetime. The provision of overhearing the broadcast messages and acknowledgements within the transmission range minimizes the effort to search for the active time of nodes while routing the broadcast messages with asynchronous scheduling. Further, in the proposed work only the time slot of its nearest neighbor relay node (to which packets are to be forwarded) is learnt to reduce the number of message transmissions in the network. For the unicast message replies, the fuzzy membership function is modified and devised based on the routing metrics such as higher residual energy, minimum traffic loads and minimum hop count under energy and bandwidth constraints. Also, the multi-hop heuristic routing algorithm called Nearest Neighbor Tree is effectively used to reduce the number of neighbors in the guidance list that are elected for forwarding. This helps to increase the individual sensor node’s lifetime, thereby maximizes the network lifetime and guarantees increased network throughput. The simulation results show that the proposed technique reduces repeated transmissions, decreases the number of transmissions, shortens the active time of the sensor nodes and increases the network lifetime for query driven sensor network applications invariant to total the number of sensor nodes and sinks in the network. The proposed algorithm is tested in a small test bed of sensor network with ten nodes that monitors the room temperature.     

Data aggregation framework for energy-efficient WirelessHART networks

WirelessHART has become an industrial standard for robust and real-time wireless monitoring and control. While energy-efficiency is one of the key design considerations for networks with battery-operated devices, data aggregation has been widely studied in the wireless sensor network (WSN) environments to reduce the traffic and prolong the lifetime of the network. However, existing data aggregation techniques cannot be applied directly to WirelessHART networks due to the multi-channel Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol (TSMP) and the superframe-based communication slot scheduling in WirelessHART. In this work, we propose a data aggregation framework for energy-efficient and real-time WirelessHART communication. In particular, we consider aggregation as a factor during the link selection procedure of the graph routing to improve the chance of data fusion at intermediate routing nodes and reduce the total number of message transmissions. Furthermore, a greedy-based heuristic is applied during the superframe construction phase to allocate package transmissions whose data can be aggregated at intermediate routing nodes into nearby time slots. During the superframe re-scheduling, we make sure that the predefined end-to-end deadline for each package is satisfied as long as the entire network is schedulable without data aggregation. Experimental results show that compared with existing WirelessHART routing algorithms, our proposed framework has significantly improvement on the energy saving and prolongs the overall lifetime of the network.     

MDCE路由算法的分析与改进

延迟容忍网络中基于位置的地理路由算法使用节点自我采集的GPS信息进行下一跳中继结点的选择,而节点的移动性会导致节点的实际位置在时刻改变,相对位置节点的移动方向信息比地理位置信息具有更好的稳定性。文献[1]提出的MDCE路由算法网络负载率和丢包率很高,且由于DTN网络的特殊性,难以拥有多个相邻节点。对MDCE路由算法进行分析与改进,降低中继节点数、规避消息副本向来的方向传输。仿真结果表明,改进后的MDCE路由算法的网络负载率和丢包率明显降低,实用性更强。     

Termite-hill: Performance optimized swarm intelligence based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a large collection of sensor nodes with limited power supply, constrained memory capacity, processing capability, and available bandwidth. The main problem in event gathering in wireless sensor networks is the formation of energy-holes or hot spots near the sink. Due to the restricted communication range and high network density, events forwarding in sensor networks is very challenging, and require multi-hop data forwarding. Improving network lifetime and network reliability are the main factors to consider in the research associated with WSN. In static wireless sensor networks, sensors nodes close to the sink node run out of energy much faster than nodes in other parts of the monitored area. The nodes near the sink are more likely to use up their energy because they have to forward all the traffic generated by the nodes farther away to the sink. The uneven energy consumption results in network partitioning and limit the network lifetime. To this end, we propose an on-demand and multipath routing algorithm that utilizes the behavior of real termites on hill building termed Termite-hill which support sink mobility. The main objective of our proposed algorithm is to efficiently relay all the traffic destined for the sink, and also balance the network energy. The performance of our proposed algorithm was tested on static, dynamic and mobile sink scenarios with varying speed, and compared with other state-of-the-art routing algorithms in WSN. The results of our extensive experiments on Routing Modeling Application Simulation Environment (RMASE) demonstrated that our proposed routing algorithm was able to balance the network traffic load, and prolong the network lifetime.     

在分裂的机会网络中多个消息摆渡的路由设计

针对机会网络中节点分布不规则造成分割的网络区域相隔较远的情况, 提出了一种基于全局消息摆渡和节点中继的多摆渡路由算法（GMF-NRA）。该算法使用一个全局消息摆渡节点和各个区域内的中继节点为运行于区域内部的局部消息摆渡节点中继消息, 共同完成区域间的信息传输。摆渡节点在中继节点处交互区域间的信息, 以至于不再需要摆渡节点之间实现在线协作转发消息。最后, 仿真结果表明GMF-NRA较现有的节点中继算法在网络的平均传输时延和数据交付率方面能获得更好的网络性能。     

Circuit-switched broadcasting in torus networks

In this paper we present three broadcast algorithms and lower bounds on the three main components of the broadcast time for 2-dimensional torus networks (wrap-around meshes) that use synchronous circuit-switched routing. The first algorithm is based on a recursive tiling of a torus and is optimal in terms of both phases and intermediate switch settings when the start-up time to initiate message transmissions is the dominant cost. It is the first broadcast algorithm to match the lower bound of log₅ N on number of phases (where N is the number of nodes). The second and third algorithms are hybrids which combine circuit-switching with the pipelining and arc-disjoint spanning trees techniques that are commonly used to speed up store-and-forward routing. When the propagation time of messages through the network is significant, our hybrid algorithms achieve close to optimal performance in terms of phases, intermediate switch settings, and total transmission time. They are the first algorithms to achieve this performance in terms of all three parameters simultaneously     

移动传感网中基于虚拟货币的路由策略

移动无线传感器网络中,针对节点基于随机运动模型的路由问题,提出一种基于虚拟货币的低能耗路由策略——DTVC。根据节点的属性和数据消息的属性进行买方和卖方的定价并据此选择转发节点。为了提升网络性能,通过控制数据消息的副本数以及对节点的缓存队列中的数据消息排序,把网络中的节点分为源节点和中继节点,只有数据消息的源节点可以复制该数据消息,并依据数据消息的延迟容忍度对消息进行排序,延迟容忍度越小则优先级越高。为了减少网络中的能量消耗,根据sink节点广播的消息删除缓存队列中已经传输成功的数据消息。在Matlab上的仿真实验结果表明,与基于消息容错的自适应数据传输算法（FAD）、基于距离和能量感知模糊逻辑的路由算法（FLDAER）和基于能耗自选演进机制的路由算法相比,DTVC的数据消息投递率至少提高2.5%,平均副本数至少减少25%。     

Communication reduction in multiple multicasts based on hybrid static-dynamic scheduling

This paper presents a novel approach to reducing the communication costs incurred when performing multiple multicasts on wormhole routed two-dimensional mesh multiprocessor systems. Both unicast and path-based implementations of multicasting incur communication costs due to the inherent message passing and contention for network resources. The start-up time dominates the transmission time when the data volume is small. However, in the presence of multiple multicasts when the data volume is very large, the communication delays due to message blocking and resource contention become very significant. Because of this, we present a hybrid static-dynamic technique to reduce the communication costs incurred when performing multiple multicasts on wormhole routed direct networks. This technique requires a focus on ordering and routing information for the individual message transmissions. At compile time, each message is assigned a priority using the recently developed collision graph model. Then at runtime these priorities are used to arbitrate the message transmissions. As a base, dimension-ordered routing is used. However, to further reduce the communication costs, some messages will be rerouted. This technique is useful either as a stand-alone algorithm or as an embedded procedure into existing algorithms. Furthermore, the techniques can be applied to higher dimension direct networks. For a single multicast, our work performs as well as conventional methods. For multiple multicasts, results show that our approach provides significant improvement over baseline techniques.     

基于贪婪算法无线传感器网络中继节点布局的研究

为实现远距离的无线通信, 在网络中添加中继节点, 采用多跳路由传输数据。对于中继节点的布局问题, 依据线性结构使网络整体能量消耗最小的特征, 提出一种中继节点贪婪布局算法。该算法通过最近贪婪策略、中继节点通信容量、传感器节点数据转发跳数等约束方法限制中继节点的布局位置。理论分析和实验验证了该算法能够有效减少能量消耗, 延长网络寿命。     

基于节点邻居关系的MCDS构造算法

针对连通控制集在无线传感器网络中的重要作用,提出一种基于节点邻居关系的最小连通控制集(MCDS)的构造算法,该算法时间和信息复杂度分别为O(nlogn)和O(n),且针对由于节点电池的耗尽等原因造成的网络拓扑改变的情况,提出一种局部的修复算法以得到新网络的一个MCDS。理论分析和仿真实验都表明了算法的正确性以及执行性能。     

煤矿巷道中无线传感器网络的可靠路由算法

根据井下巷道的实际工作环境,提出了一种适用于井下巷道的无线传感器网络路由算法。算法根据接收节点的位置和剩余能量来确定最优转发节点,既减少了多跳路由传递的时间又均衡了节点能耗;算法在路由过程中节点失效时利用路由切换技术,通过对侧的节点形成互补路由来继续路由过程,大大增加路由的可靠性。仿真实验及分析表明,与其他典型的井下巷道分区算法相比,该算法生成的路由有更短的时延和更高的数据传递率,适合于井下巷道环境。     

一种WSN分簇路由协议研究和实现

近年来,我国兴建了众多基础设施,基础设施的健康监测直接关系着人们的生命和财产安全,也关系着基础设施的正常运行,因此研究面向基础设施健康监测的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议至关重要.目前已经有多个成熟平面路由协议和分层路由协议,但它们都存在传感器节点能量有限、结构简单等缺陷.为了延长网络寿命、提高信息传榆的可靠性,就需要对现有的路由协议做一些改进,以适应大规模的无线传感器网络.首先分析了设计无线传感器网络路由协议时面临的挑战,分类总结了典型的无线传感器网络路由协议及其优缺点;然后在详细分析LEACH协议的基础上,对LEACH协议在簇头节点选择和簇间路由方面进行改进,提出了面向基础设施健康监测的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议.将分簇优化算法和簇间多跳路由算法相结合,组成面向基础设施健康监测的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议.实验仿真表明,该路由协议有效地均衡了网络的能耗,推迟了多数节点的死亡,延长了网络的有效寿命.     

基于信任机制的机会网络安全路由决策方法

提出一种基于信任机制的机会网络安全路由决策方法TOR,该方法在节点中引入信任向量的数据结构,记录节点携带消息能力的信任度.采用层状硬币模型和数字签名机制,在消息传递过程中将节点签名的转发证据动态捆绑到消息包上,依靠消息携带方式实现证据链的采集.周期性地将具有签名和时间戳的信任向量表通过洪泛方式反馈到网络中,在每个节点,迭代形成一个由多维行向量集组成的只读可信路由表TRT,作为选择下一跳节点和副本分割策略的决策依据.在节点相遇时,选择信任度比自身大的作为下一跳转发节点,消息沿着信任梯度递增的方向传递.实验结果表明：与现有路由算法相比,TOR算法能够有效抑制恶意节点和自私节点的破坏行为,且具有较高的消息传递成功率和较低的消息转发平均时延,对缓存空间和计算能力要求较低.     

基于节点度和距离的WSN分簇路由算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)中节点的负载均衡问题,提出一种基于节点度和距离的WSN非均匀分簇路由算法。该算法在首轮成簇时采用了定时机制的簇头竞争方案,定时的长短取决于节点本身的节点度和距离基站的距离,且节点根据不同的竞争半径形成不同的簇。在首轮成簇结束后,簇的结构不再发生变化,而簇头的轮换则根据簇内节点的剩余能量和距离本簇质心的通信代价在簇内进行动态轮换。采用簇间多跳路由,根据节点的剩余能量、距离基站的距离、节点间通信代价和节点的转发热度来选择中继节点。仿真结果表明,该算法的网络生命周期与LEACH协议相比延长了2倍以上,与EEUC协议相比延长了13.97%,且均衡了网络的能量消耗。     

Scalable Routing in Cyclic Mobile Networks

The nonexistence of an end-to-end path poses a challenge in adapting traditional routing algorithms to delay-tolerant networks (DTNs). Previous works have covered centralized routing approaches based on deterministic mobility, ferry-based routing with deterministic or semideterministic mobility, flooding-based approaches for networks with general mobility, and probability-based routing for semideterministic mobility models. Unfortunately, none of these methods can guarantee both scalability and delivery. In this paper, we extend the investigation of scalable deterministic routing in DTNs with repetitive mobility based on our previous works. Instead of routing with global contact knowledge, we propose a routing algorithm that routes on contact information compressed by three combined methods. We address the challenge of efficient information aggregation and compression in the time-space domain while maintaining critical information for efficient routing. Then, we extend it to handle a moderate level of uncertainty in contact prediction. Analytical studies and simulation results show that the performance of our proposed routing algorithm, DTN Hierarchical Routing (DHR), is comparable to that of the optimal time-space Dijkstra algorithm in terms of delay and hop count. At the same time, the per-node storage overhead is substantially reduced and becomes scalable.     

拍卖博弈模型在无线传感器网络路由中的应用研究

为了提高无线传感器网络数据转发的可靠性及能量利用率,本文基于拍卖博弈建立了拍卖路由博弈模型,并提出一种进行转发节点选择的价格路由博弈算法.在算法中潜在的转发节点为了从发送节点获得虚拟货币而相互竞争,发送节点根据各个转发节点的标价选择最佳转发节点.实验仿真表明拍卖路由博弈模型的合理、有效,提出的价格路由博弈算法能够降低节点的能量消耗,延长网络的生命周期.     

稀疏机会网络中基于固定中继节点与消息相关性的缓存管理策略

针对稀疏机会网络中固定中继节点和移动节点间的相遇频率以及缓存资源的差异性问题,在多副本路由协议中,提出一种结合固定中继节点重要性和消息相关性的缓存管理策略。该策略通过交互固定节点和移动节点的接触信息和消息队列信息,减少固定中继节点缓存中冗余消息的数量,从而合理地利用固定中继节点的缓存资源。仿真结果表明,所提的缓存管理策略能够在保证消息传输成功率的基础上提高固定中继节点缓存空间的利用率。     

多约束条件下能耗均衡的WSN路由算法的研究

无线传感器网络WSN节点自身的特点决定了能量的消耗成为评价网络路由协议优劣的重要指标。但如果仅仅从总能量消耗最少的目标来设计路由,可能会使得部分节点被过度地使用而过早死亡,从而影响整个网络的寿命。同时还可能由于一些可扩展性较差的节点被频繁地使用而造成整个网络路由的可扩展性较差。由此可见,WSN路由的设计需要考虑多个约束条件,如总能量的消耗、能量消耗的均衡性和路径的可扩展性。提出一种基于遗传算法的WSN路由算法,综合考虑约束条件,结合约束条件设计适应度函数,利用遗传算法求得最优解。仿真结果证实该算法的有效性。     

一种能量有效的WSN分簇路由算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)中的热区问题,提出一种能量有效的WSN分簇路由算法EERA。以基站为圆心将整个感知区域划分为大小不等的圆环,依据节点剩余能量和相对位置选择簇首。簇间采用多跳路由传输数据,路由构建时考虑节点接收和发送数据能耗,将发送距离限制在阈值之内且尽量减少中转次数,簇首节点在稳定传输阶段动态改变转发路径。仿真结果表明,EERA能有效降低网络能耗,均衡网络节点的能耗,延长网络生命周期。