EXTENDING SET OF EXPERIENCE KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE INTO A TRANSPORTABLE LANGUAGE eXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE

ABSTRACT

Some of the most complicated issues about knowledge are its acquisition and its conversion into explicit knowledge. Therefore, among all knowledge forms, storing formal decision events in a knowledge-explicit way is considered an important development. Set of an experience knowledge structure is a vehicle able to acquire explicit knowledge of formal decision events. The purpose of this article is to show an effective form of transformation of a set of experience into a shareable and understandable shape able to travel among different systems. A transportable set of experience could be applied in many technologies, and in consequence, it can advance the notion of administering knowledge in the current decision-making environment.     

DEVELOPING HETEROGENEOUS SIMILARITY METRICS FOR KNOWLEDGE ADMINISTRATION

Collecting formal decision events in a knowledge-explicit way becomes an important development in terms of knowledge administration. A Set of Experience Knowledge Structure can assist in accomplishing this purpose. However, collecting knowledge comes together with mechanisms of classifying, comparing, and selecting elements among the collected universe, i.e., the universe of formal decision events. Thus, similarity metrics play an important role in knowledge administration. The purpose of this article is to develop heterogeneous similarity metrics for set of experience knowledge structure, and within it, similarity metrics for its components: variables, functions, constraints, and rules. A comparable and classifiable set of experience would make explicit knowledge of formal decision events useful elements in knowledge administration, as well as in multiple technologies.     

Matching of social events and users: a two-way selection perspective

Recent years have witnessed a growing trend that offline social events are organized via online platforms. Along this line, large efforts have been devoted to recommending appropriate social events for users. However, most prior arts only pay attention to the selections of users, while the selections of events (organizers), which lead to the “two-way selection” process, are usually ignored. Intuitively, distinguishing the two-way selections in historical attendances can help us better understand the social event participation and decision making process in a holistic manner. To that end, in this paper, we propose a novel two-stage framework for social event participation analysis. To be specific, by adapting the classic Gale-Shapley algorithm for stable matching, we design utility functions for both users and event organizers, and then solve two layers of optimization tasks to estimate parameters, i.e., capturing user profiling for event selection, as well as event rules for attender selection. Experimental results on real-world data set validate that our method can effectively predict the event invitation and acceptance, compared with the combinations of one-way-selection baselines. This phenomenon clearly demonstrates the hypothesis that two-way selection process could better reflect the decision making of social event participation.

     

Rule acquisition and attribute reduction in real decision formal contexts

Formal Concept Analysis of real set formal contexts is a generalization of classical formal contexts. By dividing the attributes into condition attributes and decision attributes, the notion of real decision formal contexts is introduced. Based on an implication mapping, problems of rule acquisition and attribute reduction of real decision formal contexts are examined. The extraction of “if–then” rules from the real decision formal contexts, and the approach to attribute reduction of the real decision formal contexts are discussed. By the proposed approach, attributes which are non-essential to the maximal s rules or l rules (to be defined later in the text) can be removed. Furthermore, discernibility matrices and discernibility functions for computing the attribute reducts of the real decision formal contexts are constructed to determine all attribute reducts of the real set formal contexts without affecting the results of the acquired maximal s rules or l rules.     

Optimal constraint-based decision tree induction from itemset lattices

In this article we show that there is a strong connection between decision tree learning and local pattern mining. This connection allows us to solve the computationally hard problem of finding optimal decision trees in a wide range of applications by post-processing a set of patterns: we use local patterns to construct a global model. We exploit the connection between constraints in pattern mining and constraints in decision tree induction to develop a framework for categorizing decision tree mining constraints. This framework allows us to determine which model constraints can be pushed deeply into the pattern mining process, and allows us to improve the state-of-the-art of optimal decision tree induction.     

A RFBSE model for capturing engineers’ useful knowledge and experience during the design process

Reuse of designers’ knowledge and experience of solving problems during the engineering design process holds the key to increase efficiency of decision making in future projects. An important part of this useful knowledge and experience is the interpretation of data and information about design objects and processes as well as the generation of new information for decision-making. However, previous studies on knowledge representation models have mainly focused on developing a structure to describe the knowledge about design objects and design processes while a systematic method that can effectively integrate knowledge about design objects and knowledge about problem-solving strategies is still missing. To fill this gap, a RFBSE knowledge representation model for capturing useful design knowledge and experience for future reuse is developed and evaluated in this study. This paper describes the key elements of this model, explains the rationale of using particular elements, and discusses the evaluation of the model using an engineering design example.     

What is on your mind? Using the perceptual cycle model and critical decision method to understand the decision-making process in the cockpit

Aeronautical decision-making is complex as there is not always a clear coupling between the decision made and decision outcome. As such, there is a call for process-orientated decision research in order to understand why a decision made sense at the time it was made. Schema theory explains how we interact with the world using stored mental representations and forms an integral part of the perceptual cycle model (PCM); proposed here as a way to understand the decision-making process. This paper qualitatively analyses data from the critical decision method (CDM) based on the principles of the PCM. It is demonstrated that the approach can be used to understand a decision-making process and highlights how influential schemata can be at informing decision-making. The reliability of this approach is established, the general applicability is discussed and directions for future work are considered.

Practitioner Summary: This paper introduces the PCM, and the associated schema theory, as a framework to structure and explain data collected from the CDM. The reliability of both the method and coding scheme is addressed.     

GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR DECISIONAL DNA: SOLVING SETS OF EXPERIENCE KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE

Set of Experience Knowledge Structure (SOE) has been shown as a tool able to collect and manage explicit knowledge of formal decision events. This structure, after being homogenized and mixed, offers a set of possible solutions that, probably, could be improved. The purpose of this article is to show a search process for improved optimal solutions by implementing Evolutionary Algorithms—EA (Genetic Algorithms—GA). Afterward, according to the user's priorities, a unique optimal solution is chosen. Subsequently, such holistic improved SOE is stored as an experienced decision, feeding a knowledge repository of Decisional DNA that would be a useful technology within many different intelligent systems and platforms, including the Knowledge Supply Chain System (KSCS).     

A Semiautomatic Experience-Based Tool for Solving Product Innovation Problem

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we present the idea of Smart Innovation Engineering (SIE) System and its implementation methodology. The SIE system is semiautomatic system that helps in carrying the process of product innovation. It collects the experiential knowledge from the formal decisional events. This experiential knowledge is collected from the group of similar products having some common functions and features. The SIE system behaves like a group of experts in its domain as it collects, captures, and stores the experiential knowledge from similar products as well as reuses this experiential knowledge that ultimately enhances the innovation process of manufactured goods. Moreover, with SIE in hand, entrepreneurs and manufacturing organizations will be able to take proper, enhanced decisions and most importantly at appropriate time. The system gains expertise each time a decision is taken and stored in the form of set of experience that can be used in future for similar queries. Implementation of the SIE system using Set of Experience Knowledge Structure and Decisional DNA for case study suggests that the SIE system is capable of capturing and reusing the innovation-related experiences of the manufactured products. The case study confirmed that the SIE system can be beneficial for entrepreneurs and manufacturing organizations for efficient decision making in the product innovation process.     

Multiknowledge for decision making

The representation of knowledge has an important effect on automated decision-making. In this paper, vector spaces are used to describe a condition space and a decision space, and knowledge is represented by a mapping from the condition space to the decision space. Many such mappings can be obtained from a training set. A set of mappings, which are created from multiple reducts in the training set, is defined as multiknowledge. In order to get a good reduct and find multiple reducts, the WADF (worst-attribute-drop-first) algorithm is developed through analysis of the properties of decision systems using rough set theory. An approach that combines multiknowledge and the naïve Bayes classifier is applied to make decisions for unseen instances or for instances with missing attribute values. Benchmark data sets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository are used to test the algorithms. The experimental results are encouraging; the prediction accuracy for unseen instances by using the algorithms is higher than by using other approaches based on a single body of knowledge.     

一种基于多视角数据属性的决策表Petri网挖掘方法

当处理高度可变的流程时,已有的自动过程挖掘技术产生的模型可能并不能真实反映流程运行中不同决策点之间规则的变化情况。从声明性过程挖掘的角度出发,提出了一种具备可视化规则的决策表Petri网挖掘方法,实现真实日志到声明性过程决策表Petri网模型的映射。首先,形式化了决策表Petri网模型及其携带的规则分析决策表,并对模型的静态语义和动态语义进行定义;其次,通过扩展属性的添加,分析流程内部属性和事件属性是否会对决策产生影响,并通过规则分析决策表的异常值属性,判断规则的异常程度;最后,在一组人工日志和真实事件日志的基础上进行实验仿真,并与数据Petri网的挖掘技术进行分析对比。实验结果表明所提方法在反映流程运行中规则的变化情况具有一定优势,并为数据流异常检测提供数值可解释性;同时,所设计的决策表Petri网挖掘方法可以将决策信息与模型结构整合在一起,为过程模型的可变性建模提供形式化基础。     

粒协调决策形式背景的属性约简与规则融合

针对基于决策形式背景进行属性约简与规则提取能够更便捷有效地获取知识,因此规则提取及属性约简是形式概念分析理论重要的研究课题。本文基于等价关系研究粒协调决策形式背景的属性约简与规则提取,定义粒协调集与粒约简,给出粒协调集判定定理,并结合布尔方法给出属性约简算法,最后利用集值向量包含度这一工具给出决策形式背景中的乐观规则融合方法与悲观规则融合方法。     

Coping with uncertainty: police strategies for resilient decision-making and action implementation

This study uses a hostage negotiation setting to demonstrate how a team of strategic police officers can utilize specific coping strategies to minimize uncertainty at different stages of their decision-making in order to foster resilient decision-making to effectively manage a high-risk critical incident. The presented model extends the existing research on coping with uncertainty by (1) applying the RAWFS heuristic (Lipshitz and Strauss in Organ Behav Human Decis Process 69:149–163, 1997) of individual decision-making under uncertainty to a team critical incident decision-making domain; (2) testing the use of various coping strategies during “in situ” team decision-making by using a live simulated hostage negotiation exercise; and (3) including an additional coping strategy (“reflection-in-action”; Schön in The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. Temple Smith, London, 1983) that aids naturalistic team decision-making. The data for this study were derived from a videoed strategic command meeting held within a simulated live hostage training event; these video data were coded along three themes: (1) decision phase; (2) uncertainty management strategy; and (3) decision implemented or omitted. Results illustrate that, when assessing dynamic and high-risk situations, teams of police officers cope with uncertainty by relying on “reduction” strategies to seek additional information and iteratively update these assessments using “reflection-in-action” (Schön 1983) based on previous experience. They subsequently progress to a plan formulation phase and use “assumption-based reasoning” techniques in order to mentally simulate their intended courses of action (Klein et al. 2007), and identify a preferred formulated strategy through “weighing the pros and cons” of each option. In the unlikely event that uncertainty persists to the plan execution phase, it is managed by “reduction” in the form of relying on plans and standard operating procedures or by “forestalling” and intentionally deferring the decision while contingency planning for worst-case scenarios.     

Research on the group decision-making about emergency event based on network technology

In order to improve decision-making efficiency about emergency event, this paper proposes a novel concept, i.e., Agile-Delphi Method, which is an integration of agile decision and Delphi Method implicating that the decision-makers instantly deliver, respond, treat, and utilize information via Delphi process while conducting group decision-making about emergency event. The paper details the mechanism of group decision-making about emergency event based on network technology and Agile-Delphi Method. Finally, the paper conducts an empiric analysis taking the “111 event”, i.e., the liquid ammonia spill event happened on November 1, 2006 in a phosphorus chemical company in China, as an example.     

Experience-Based Decisional DNA (DDNA) to Support Product Development

ABSTRACT

Knowledge and experience are important requirements for product development. The aim of this paper is to propose a systematic approach for industrial product development. This approach uses smart knowledge management system comprising of set of experience knowledge structure and decisional DNA (DDNA) along with virtual engineering tools (virtual engineering object, virtual engineering process, and virtual engineering factory). This system provides a new direction to researchers working on product development, especially designers and manufacturers. It will reduce their communication gap by allowing them to work on the same platform. The proposed system adopts an early consideration of manufacturing issues. Therefore, it can shorten product development cycle time, minimize overall development cost, and ensure a smooth transition into production. The proposed system is dynamic in nature because it updates itself after every time a new decision related to product development activity is made. Product development process can be performed systematically and efficiently using this system as it stores knowledge of experiences of different activities.     

The enhancement of the cell-based GIS analyses with fuzzy processing capabilities

In order to store and process natural phenomena in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) it is necessary to model the real world to form computational representation. Since classical set theory is used in conventional GIS softwares to model uncertain real world, the natural variability in the environmental phenomena cannot be modeled appropriately. Because, pervasive imprecision of the real world is unavoidably reduced to artificially precise spatial entities when the conventional crisp logic is used for modeling.An alternative approach is the fuzzy set theory, which provides a formal framework to represent and reason with uncertain information. In addition, linguistic variable concept in a fuzzy logic system is useful for communicating concepts and knowledge with human beings. FuzzyCell is a system designed and implemented to enhance commercial GIS software, namely ArcMap^® with fuzzy set theory. FuzzyCell allows users to (a) incorporate human knowledge and experience in the form of linguistically defined variables into GIS-based spatial analyses, (b) handle imprecision in the decision-making processes, and (c) approximate complex ill-defined problems in decision-making processes and classification. It provides eight membership functions, inference methods, methods for rule aggregation, operators for set operations and methods for defuzzification.The operation of FuzzyCell is presented through case studies, which demonstrate its application for classification and decision-making processes. This paper shows how fuzzy logic approach may contribute to a better representation and reasoning with imprecise concepts, which are inherent characteristics of geographic data stored and processed in GIS.     

不相容决策系统的知识库构造研究

粗糙集理论为知识库构造提供了一种形式化的理论模型,但是针对不相容决策系统构造知识库仍然是值得深入研究的问题。基于决策系统分布约简定义规则的分布核与分布约简概念,提出一种基于分布约简构造知识库的方法。首先确定各条件类的分布核,进而采用启发式算法计算其分布约简,挖掘约简规则集,构造出决策系统的知识库。并对加入决策系统中新对象的各种情形进行分析,对原有知识库进行增量式更新,而无需为更新知识库重新运行知识库构造算法。该方法能适应不相容决策系统,同样也适用于相容决策系统。     

Smart Innovation Engineering: Toward Intelligent Industries of the Future

ABSTRACT

Knowledge-based engineering systems are founded upon integration of knowledge into computer systems and are one of the core requirements for the future Industry 4.0. This paper presents a system called smart innovation engineering (SIE) capable of facilitating product innovation process semi-automatically. It enhances decision-making processes using the explicit knowledge of formal decision events. The SIE system carries the promise to support the innovation processes of manufactured products in a quick and efficient way. It stores and reuses past decisional events or sets of experiences related to innovation issues, which significantly enhances innovation progression. The analysis of basic concepts and implementation method proves that SIE system is an advanced form of cyber physical systems. It is flexible, systematic, fast, and supports customization. It can play a vital role toward Industry 4.0 development.     

Fuzzy knowledge combination

A general answer is given to what one should conclude from disagreeing experts. the answer is generalized further to incorporate the experts' credibility weights. the answer rests on a wide range of intuitively based epistemic axioms, scientific and philosophical conjectures, and formal mathematical relationships. A recurring theme is the making of Bellman - Zadeh fuzzy decisions, wherein a decision is the intersection of fuzzy goal and fuzzy constraint subsets of some space of alternatives. Another result is that measures of central tendency, such as the arithmetic mean, make poor knowledge combination operators. Formally, fuzzy knowledge combination operators are sought. the function space of knowledge combination operators ø: K″ → K is shrunk by imposing successive axioms. the final shrunken set is said to consist of admissible knowledge combination operators. Some of its mathematical properties are explored and a simple admissible operator is finally chosen. Knowledge sources X_i: S → K are mappings from epistemic stimuli or questions into a knowledge response set K. the uncertainty of the underlying epistemic situations is captured by the cardinality of K and by the fuzziness of its partial ordering. Admissible knowledge combination operators Aggregate knowledge responses in some desirable way. the arithmetic mean is not admissible. Nor in general is a probabilistic framework even definable in the abstract poset setting employed by this theory. the fuzzy knowledge combination theory is extended by associating general credibility weights with the knowledge sources. A new set of weighting axioms is required to satisfy certain intuitions and to satisfy the admissibility axioms. General weighting functions are obtained and thereby weighted admissible operators are obtained. the weighted mean still proves inadmissible. Appendix I contains a technical glossary and summary of the proposed fuzzy knowledge combination theory. Appendix II contains proofs of the probabilistic uncertainty theorems required for the uncertainty testbed used in the theory.