提高船用发动机油稳定性的研究

According to the conductivity test results,it is found that oil conductivity increases with an increasing additive content,and the turbidity of engine oil is also augmented with an increasing additive content.After testing the turbidity and stability of oils containing the typical conventional calcium sulfonate,the overbased calcium sulfonate and the mixture of the above two calcium sulfonates,the results show that at the same amount of additives used,the oil with a higher turbidity demonstrated a worse stability.A nonionic dispersant that was added into lube oils at a definite concentration could improve the detergent compatibility.For this reason,the sediment volume in three kinds of oils all decreased obviously,resulting in successful improvement of storage stability of marine engine oils.     

Numerical study of crude oil batch mixing in a long channel

The main objective of this work is to predict the mixing of two different miscible oils in a very long channel. The background to this problem relates to the mixing of heavy and light oil in a pipeline. As a first step, a 2D channel with an aspect ratio of 250 is considered. The batch-mixing of two miscible crude oils with different viscosities and densities is modeled using an unsteady laminar model and unsteady RANS model available in the commercial CFD solver ANSYSFluent. For a comparison, a LES model was used for a 3D version of the 2D channel. The distinguishing feature of this work is the Lagrangian coordinate system utilized to set no-slip wall boundary conditions. The global CFD model has been validated against classical analytical solutions. Excellent agreement has been achieved. Simulations were carried out for a Reynolds number of 6300(calculated using light oil properties) and a Schmidt number of 10~4. The results show that, in contrast to the unsteady RANS model, the LES and unsteady laminar models produce comparable mixing dynamics for two oils in the channel. Analysis of simulations also shows that, for a channel length of 100 m and a height of 0.4 m, the complete mixing of two oils across the channel has not been achieved. We showed that the mixing zone consists of the three different mixing sub-zones, which have been identified using the averaged mass fraction of the heavy oil along the flow direction. The first sub-zone corresponds to the main front propagation area with a length of several heights of the channel. The second and third sub-zones are characterized by so-called shear-flow-driven mixing due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices occurring between oils in the axial direction. It was observed that the third sub-zone has a steeper mass fraction gradient of the heavy oil in the axial direction in comparison with the second sub-zone, which corresponds to the flow-averaged mass fraction of 0.5 for the heavy oil.     

Oil maturity assessment using maturity indicators based on methylated dibenzothiophenes

Aromatic fractions of 140 oils and condensates that originated from different types of source rocks(marine shale, terrestrial shale and marine carbonate) were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS) to investigate the relative distributions of methylated dibenzothiophenes with respect to thermal maturity. The positions of methyl groups of trimethyldibenzothiophene isomers(TMDBTs) including those used in the definition of maturity indicator TMDBT index in previous studies were firmly identified by co-elution of internal standards in GC–MS analysis and by comparing with reported retention indices. A new maturity ratio related to dimethyldibenzothiophenes(DMDBTs) is proposed on the basis of the differences in thermodynamic stability among different DMDBT isomers. Another maturity index(TMDBT-I2) based on TMDBTs is also suggested on the basis of our empirical observations and presumed thermodynamic stability of TMDBT isomers. These two newly proposed(2,6 + 3,6)-/1,4-DMDBT ratio and TMDBT-I2 correlate well with MDR(4-/1-methyldibenzothiophene) and 2,4-/1,4-DMDBT ratios, suggesting their common chemical reaction mechanisms and similar behavior with increasing maturity. Therefore, they can be effectively applied for maturity assessments. Furthermore, the TMDBTs related maturity parameters are more reliable for over-mature oils and condensates due to the relatively higher concentrations of thermodynamically unstable TMDBT isomers, i.e. 1,4,6-, 1,4,8- and 3,4,6-TMDBT in this study than those of 1-methyldibenzothiophene(1-MDBT) or 1,4-DMDBT. In contrast with 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT, the newly proposed(2,6 + 3,6)-/1,4-DMDBT ratios for oils that originated from different types of source rocks have approximately same relationship with the oil maturity(Rc %). This suggests that the lithology and organic facies may have relatively less influence on(2,6 + 3,6)-/1,4-DMDBT ratio compared to 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT. The maturity parameters based on methylated dibenzothiophenes are particularly useful in the maturity assessments of post- and over-mature oils and condensates and can complement maturity indicators based on steranes and terpanes.     

板带钢冷轧轧制液及其润滑性能研究

Appropriate base oils and homologous additives such as extreme pressure and anti-wear agents,oiliness agents and antioxidants were selected,and experiments testing the compatibility performance between additive,base oil and other components were carried out to develop the SK and SD series of rolling oils for cold rolling of stainless steel.The developed oils were used in the stainless steel cold rolling lubrication experiments,and were successfully applied in the actual cold rolling operation of stainless steel.Compared with a foreign product,the tribological properties,the thermal oxidation stability,and the rolling lubrication performance of the developed stainless steel cold rolling oils were studied.Test results showed that the tribological properties of the thereby developed rolling oils and the reference one were almost at the same level,and to some extent the performance of rolling was even better than the foreign product,at the same time the stainless steel sheet could retain its well annealed performance.Meanwhile,within a certain range,the lubrication of the rolling oil became better as its viscosity increased at the same level of saponification value,which could provide a lower friction coefficient,so that a higher maximum reduction ratio of the rolled piece through a constant roll gap and a minimum thickness could be secured.Also,similar phenomena appeared as the saponification value increased at a same viscosity level of the rolling oils.     

Status of China＇s Refined Oil Products Consumption and Forecast on Demand During the ＂11th Five-Year Plan＂ Period

The author used two common methods in this industry, i. e. the ＂Consumption Coefficient Method＂ and the ＂Elasticity Coefficient Trend Method＂, to forecast the refined oil product demand in 2010. Through analyzing and comparing the two forecast results, it is projected that the demand for finished product oils in 2010 will be in the range of 220 to 240 million tons a year. In addition, out of concern about the total oil products consumption to exceed 600 million tons/year in 2020, the author puts forward suggestions and measures aimed at conservation of oil products and application of alternative fuels.     

Experimental investigation into L-Arg and L-Cys eco-friendly surfactants in enhanced oil recovery by considering IFT reduction and wettability alteration

Surfactant flooding is an important technique used to improve oil recovery from mature oil reservoirs due to minimizing the interfacial tension(IFT) between oil and water and/or altering the rock wettability toward water-wet using various surfactant agents including cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric varieties. In this study, two amino-acid based surfactants, named lauroyl arginine(L-Arg) and lauroyl cysteine(L-Cys), were synthesized and used to reduce the IFT of oil–water systems and alter the wettability of carbonate rocks, thus improving oil recovery from oil-wet carbonate reservoirs. The synthesized surfactants were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses, and the critical micelle concentration(CMC) of surfactant solutions was determined using conductivity, pH, and turbidity techniques.Experimental results showed that the CMCs of L-Arg and L-Cys solutions were 2000 and 4500 ppm, respectively. It was found that using L-Arg and L-Cys solutions at their CMCs, the IFT and contact angle were reduced from 34.5 to 18.0 and15.4 mN/m, and from 144° to 78° and 75°, respectively. Thus, the L-Arg and L-Cys solutions enabled approximately 11.9%and 8.9% additional recovery of OOIP(original oil in place). It was identified that both amino-acid surfactants can be used to improve oil recovery due to their desirable effects on the EOR mechanisms at their CMC ranges.     

Origin and accumulation of high-maturity oil and gas in deep parts of the Baxian Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Great quantities of light oil and gas are produced from deep buried hill reservoirs at depths of 5,641 m to 6,027 m and 190 ℃ to 201 ℃ in the Niudong-1 Well, representing the deepest and hottest commercial hydrocarbons discovered in the Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China. This discovery suggests favorable exploration prospects for the deep parts of the basin. However, the discovery raises questions regarding the genesis and accumulation of hydrocarbons in deep reservoirs. Based on the geochemical features of the hydrocarbons and characteristics of the source rocks as well as thermal simulation experiments of hydrocarbon generation, we conclude that the oil and gas were generated from the highly mature Sha-4 Member （Es4） source rocks instead of thermal cracking of crude oils in earlier accumulations. The source kitchen with abnormal pressures and karsted carbonate reservoirs control the formation of high-maturity hydrocarbon accumulations in the buried hills （i.e., Niudong-1） in conjunction with several structural-lithologic traps in the ES4 reservoirs since the deposition of the upper Minghuazhen Formation. This means the oil and gas exploration potential in the deep parts of the Baxian Depression is probably high.     

Characteristic Temperatures of Waxy Crude Oils

Gel point or pour point is widely used to evaluate the low temperature flowability of crude oil. However, it is not adequate to describe the gelling properties of waxy crude oils under flow conditions with gel point or pour point, since the rheological behavior of crude oils is dependent on shear history. Waxy crude oils tend to gel at a low temperature. Based on gelation theory, the characteristic temperature of waxy crude oil was determined by analyzing viscosity-temperature data. Two mathematical models were developed for calculating characteristic temperatures of virgin crude oils and pour point depressants (PPD) beneficiated crude oils, respectively. By using these two models, the characteristic temperatures of crude oils that have experienced shearing and thermal histories can be predicted. The model for predicting the characteristic temperature of virgin crude oils has an average relative deviation of 4.5%, and all predicted values have a deviation within 2 ℃. Tested by 42 sets of data, the prediction model for crude oil treated with PPD has a high accuracy, with an average relative deviation of 4.2%, and 95.2 percent of predicted values have a deviation within 2 ℃. These two models provide useful ways for predicting the flowability of crude oils in pipelines when only wax content, wax appearance point and gel point are available.     

Analysis and calculation model of energy consumption and product yields of delayed coking units

Delayed coking is an important process used to convert heave oils to light products. Energy consumption and fight oil yield are important factors for evaluating the delayed coking process. This paper analyzes the energy consumption and product yields of delayed coking units in China. The average energy consumption shows a decreasing trend in recent years. The energy consumption of different refineries varies greatly, with the average value of the highest energy consumption approximately twice that of the lowest energy consumption. The factors affecting both energy consumption and product yields were analyzed, and correlation models of energy consumption and product yields were established using a quadratic polynomial. The model coefficients were calculated through least square regression of collected industrial data of delayed coking units. Both models showed good calculation accuracy. The average absolute error of the energy consumption model was approximately 85 MJ/t, and that of the product yield model ranged from 1 wt% to 2.3 wt%. The model prediction showed that a large annual processing capacity and high load rate will result in a reduction in energy consumption.     

Experimental study of the relationship between fl uid density and saturation and sonic wave velocity of rock samples from the WXS Depression, South China Sea

The relationship between fluid density and saturation and sonic wave velocity of rock samples taken from the WXS Depression in the South China Sea was studied by an oil-water replacement experiment under simulated in-situ temperature and pressure conditions.Two kinds of low-density oils(0.691 and 0.749 g/cm~3) and two kinds of high-density oils(0.834 and 0.873 g/cm~3) were used to saturate the rock samples at different oil-saturation states,and the saturated P- and S-wave velocities were measured.Through Gassmann’s equation,the theoretical P- and S-wave velocities were also calculated by the fluid replacement method.With the comparison of the measured values and the theoretical values, this study comes to the following conclusions.(1) With the increase of oil saturation and the decrease of water saturation,the P-wave velocity of rock samples saturated by low-density oil increases and the changing rule is in accord with the effective fluid theory;the P-wave velocity of rock samples saturated by high-density oil decreases and the changing rule goes against the theory.(2) With the increase of oil density(namely 0.691→0.749→0.834→0.873 g/cm~3) when oil saturation is unchanged,P-wave velocity increases gradually.(3) The S-wave velocity is always stable and is not affected by the change of oil density and saturation.The results can be used to constrain pre-stack seismic inversion,and the variation rule of sonic wave velocity is valuable for hydrocarbon identification in the study area.     

氟硅油老化试验条件与稳定性研究

使用一种新改进的老化试验装置,对两种型号的氟硅油FSO-2和FSO-A进行加速老化试验,对老化试验条件进行考察,并采用凝胶色谱（GPC）对氟硅油进行相对分子质量分析,考察油样性质随老化时间的变化。老化试验结果表明：250 ℃以下两种型号的氟硅油均未出现凝胶,250 ~300 ℃下两种油样均发生老化反应。并且,在300 ℃下,随着老化时间的延长,两种氟硅油的相对分子质量和相对分子质量分布都明显增加。通过GPC对老化规律的分析,得出在300 ℃下,FSO-2和FSO-A的老化机理一致,但FSO-2较为稳定,寿命较长。     

Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids as maturity indicator in oils of Qingdong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Immature oils were proved to be existed in Es₄^u reservoirs based on GC-MS and carbon isotope analysis of oil sand and source rocks in Qingdong sag. By comprehensive discussion with compositional data from different sags in China, bicyclic sesquiterpenoids are related to thermal maturity and can be used in oil maturity identification. A new indicator, 4,4,8,9,9-pentamethyl decahydronaphthalene /8β(H)-homodrimane, is proposed for distinguishing immature and mature oils in the study area. It signifies mature when this ratio value is higher than 0.34, and immature when the value is lower than 0.34. The varying structures of the two compounds determines their stability.     

BIOMARKER CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUDE OILS FROM THE MURZUQ BASIN,SW LIBYA

Twenty crude oil samples from the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya (A‐, R‐ and I‐Fields in Blocks NC115 and NC186) have been investigated by a variety of organic geochemical methods. Based on biomarker distributions (e.g. n‐alkanes, isoprenoids, terpanes and steranes), the source of the oils is interpreted to be composed of mixed marine/terrigenous organic matter. The values of the Pr/Ph ratio (1.36–2.1), C₃₀‐diahopane / C₂₉ Ts ratio and diasterane / sterane ratio, together with the low values of the C₂₉/ C₃₀‐hopane ratio and the cross‐plot of the dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene ratio (DBT/P) versus Pr/Ph ratio in most of oil samples, suggest that the oils were sourced from marine clay‐rich sediments deposited in mild anoxic depositional environments. Assessment of thermal maturity based on phenanthrenes, aromatic steroids (e.g. monoaromatic (MA) and triaromatic (TA) steroid hydrocarbons), together with terpanes, and diasterane/sterane ratios, indicates that crude oils from A‐Field are at high levels of thermal maturity, while oils from Rand I‐Fields are at intermediate levels of thermal maturity. Based on the distributions of n‐alkanes and the absence of 25‐norhopanes in all of the crude oils analysed, none of the oils appear to have been biodegraded. Correlation of the crude oils points to a single genetic family and this is supported by the stable carbon isotope values. The oils can be divided into two sub‐families based on the differences in maturities, as shown in a Pr/nC₁₇ versus Ph/nC₁₈ cross‐plot. Sub‐family‐A is represented by the highly mature oils from A‐Field. Sub‐family‐B comprises the less mature oils from R‐ and I‐Fields. The two sub‐families may represent different source kitchens of different thermal maturity or different migration pathways. In summary, the geochemical characteristics of oil samples from A‐, R‐, and I‐Fields suggest that all the crude oils were generated from similar source rocks. Depositional environment conditions and advanced thermal maturities of these oils are consistent with previously published geochemical interpretations of the Rhuddanian “hot shale” in the Tanezzuft Formation, which is thought to be the main source rock in the Murzuq Basin.     

植物油用做液压油基础油的研究

研究了低芥酸菜籽油、花生油、葵花籽油、橄榄油、蓖麻油和玉米油等植物油用做生物降解液压油基础油的性能。结果表明,植物油以特殊分子结构,使其具备了不同于矿物基础油的性能,它除具有生物可降解性外,速具有粘度指数高,粘温性能好,好的低温流动性、极压抗磨性、水解安定性和对材料的配伍性的特性。但氧化安定性很差,有可能通过植物油改质或加入高效氧化抑制剂来提高,植物油的抗氧化性能。植物油可用做环保型液压油基础油,     

用均匀设计的分区间优化法研究重油乳化剂

用均匀设计与调优软件进行实验方案的设计 ,并用分区间优化方法进行实验结果的优化。考察了能在界面上形成复合物的乳化剂对乳状液的稳定化作用 ,以及非离子表面活性剂间的协同作用 ,并得到了稳定性较好的乳化剂配方。最佳乳化剂配方为 w (脂肪酸 ) =78.1 % ,w ( Tween 80 ) =1 1 .2 % ,w (三乙醇胺 ) =4 .5% ,w ( Tween 2 0 ) =3 .3 % ,w (苯酚 ) =2 .9%。加入量为乳化油总质量的 0 .0 9%时 ,可使油水质量比为70∶ 3 0的油包水型乳化重油在 85℃下稳定 5d以上 ,常温下稳定 1 a以上。研究结果表明 ,乳液稳定性与重油性质密切相关。     

L-CKD150、220工业齿轮油研制

介绍了重负荷工业齿轮油研制过程，包括基础油和添加剂配方的筛选和确定，研制油品的性能评定，说明研制油品具有高的极压抗磨性，良好的热氧化安全性，防腐性，防锈性，油水分离性及抗泡性，各项指标达到GB5903-1995规格要求。     

Thermal Conductivity of Transformer Oil From 253 K to 363 K

Transport properties of transformer oil are important parameters for electric equipment designing. In this work, thermal conductivity was measured from 253 K to 363 K by single transient hot-wire technique. And influence of transformer oil's thermal conductivity was investigated. It is found that the thermal conductivity decreases linearly with increasing temperature. When different oils are mixed together, the thermal conductivity shows additive property. For different oils with about the same viscosities, their thermal conductivities are directly related to alkane and aromatic content, while for oils with the same oil source, oil refinery process, similar carbon type, and different boiling range, the thermal conductivity increases with its viscosity.     

混合原油的相容性

 为探讨混合原油相容性规律,将3种不同基属的原油,新疆塔河(Tahe)原油、委内瑞拉波斯坎(Boscan)原油、哈萨克斯坦库姆克尔(Kumkol)原油进行混合,采用显微镜观察混合原油的相容性,并根据稳定性参数IN、SBN考察混合原油的相容性变化规律。结果表明,将石蜡基的库姆克尔原油分别掺入塔河原油和波斯坎原油的体积分数为60%和85%时,出现不相容现象。根据所测原油和混合原油的稳定性参数IN和SBN可知,随着轻质石蜡基的库姆克尔原油掺入塔河原油或波斯坎原油比例的增大,混合原油对沥青质的溶解能力逐渐下降,最终导致不相容现象发生。从原油组成来分析,两性质差异较大的原油混合时,体系中饱和烃含量增多、芳香烃和胶质含量减少是致使沥青质絮凝的原因,而沥青质的n(H)/n(C)低、芳碳率(fA)高是混合体系更易絮凝的重要原因。     

渤海湾盆地牛庄洼陷南斜坡油砂烃来源分析

对渤海湾盆地东营凹陷牛庄洼陷南斜坡不同埋深油砂及其相邻烃源岩的分析表明,埋深<2700m的油砂烃化学组成与相邻沙四段页岩抽提物有显著差异,两者不具相关性,油砂中的烃类主要为深部的运移烃。油砂烃具有常规油的气相色谱特征,而未熟-低熟页岩在高碳数部位有一明显的甾萜类等高分子量化合物未分辨鼓包,且正构烷烃奇偶优势明显;油砂烃含高丰度的"地质型"甾烷,而未熟-低熟页岩中C₂₉甾烷αββ20S含量甚微,但热稳定性低的化合物5β(H)甾烷及13α(H),14α(H)-三环萜烷含量较高;油砂烃几乎不含甲藻甾烷,而未熟-低熟页岩中含丰富的此类化合物。由深至浅,油砂烃成熟度依次降低,伽玛蜡烷相对含量增高,升藿烷"翘尾"现象变得明显。油砂烃的成熟度梯度及烃类组成的规律性变化不仅可以指示油气运移的大致方向,而且揭示出不同演化阶段烃源岩的生烃特征有别和/或油气运移过程中未熟-低熟烃源岩沥青的混合作用。      

环烷基润滑油装置提温改善基础油光热安定性研究

与溶剂精制相比,高压加氢所产环烷基润滑油基础油的光热安定性差是普遍性问题,国内外普遍通过添加光、热稳定剂来解决,中海油某环烷基润滑油高压加氢装置前期也通过加剂来解决这一问题,致使成本增加80元/t左右。为提升效益,达到少加剂甚至不加剂的目的,对装置进行了提高后精制温度以改善基础油安定性的研究,结果表明：后精制温度的提高能有效改善基础油N4006的光热安定性,但对基础油N4010无显著影响;温度的提高不影响基础油的收率。