Effect of temperature on the joint strength of a silyl-modified polymer-based adhesive

Temperature is a very important factor that must be fully considered in the study on the adhesive joint strength. In this paper, a silyl-modified polymer-based adhesive ISR 70-08 which is widely used in engineering was studied. Dog-bone specimens were fabricated and tested at ?40°C, room temperature (RT), and 90°C. Results show a decrease in the main mechanical properties with increasing temperature. Butt joints (BJs), single-lap joints (SLJs), and Scarf joints (SJs) were fabricated and tested at different temperatures. A quadratic polynomial expression was an ideal choice to express the joint strength as a function of temperature which was obtained using the least-squares method. Temperature combinations of ?40°C, 0°C, and 90°C were obtained to study the effect of temperature on the joint strength more easily for this adhesive. A three-dimensional surface, consisting of temperature, adhesive angle, and joint strength was presented to facilitate the application of bonding structures in engineering     

The effect of constant loading on the mechanical behavior of bulk adhesive

The aim of this research was to develop an experimental–numerical approach to characterize the effect of constant loading coupled with elevated temperature on epoxy bulk adhesive and to predict the stress degradation of bulk adhesive specimen under 15% and 25% tensile failure loads for the automotive industry. A power-law creep model was built to simulate the effect of temperature and loading on adhesive mechanical behavior, and the related strength degradation simulation has also been implemented using a creep strain-dependent ductile damage model. Experiments were conducted on bulk adhesive specimens under constant temperature coupled with mechanical load, and the corresponding experimental results provided creep parameters for the simulation procedure as well as effective validation with the numerical results in this study. The results obtained from experiments and numerical simulations were also in good agreement.     

The effect of cyclic loading on residual stresses and strains in a bonded joint

The mechanical performance of a structural bonded joint is mainly dependent on the interlaminar stresses and strains, the high concentration of which is close to the free edges of the adhesive. Under cyclic loading these stresses and strains are expected to be intensified and to accumulate. The present study deals with the distribution of the residual stresses and strains along the interlaminar adhesive layer under cyclic loading and how it is affected by geometrical edge conditions. A numerical non-linear finite element method was applied, the adhesive layer being regarded as an elasto-plastic bi-linear material with kinematic hardening (Bauschinger effect) which accounts for cyclic plasticity. Findings indicate that lateral normal residual strains in the edge of the adhesive layer are the major component which increases significantly with cycling and are probably responsible for failure initiation and propagation. It was also found that a significant reduction of stress concentration at the adhesive edge may be achieved by a modification of the free-edge geometry of both the adhesive and the adherend phases.     

ＴＡＴＢ与氟聚合物界面张力及粘附功的计算

用ＴＹ－８２株皎皎 测定仪测定了三氨基三硝基苯（ＴＡＴＢ）、氟聚合物与标准溶液的接触角,用几何平均法计算ＴＡＴＢ与不同氟聚合物的界面张力及粘附功,结果表明,ＴＡＴＢ与氟聚合物间界面张力及粘附功的大小主要由它们的极性匹配情况决定,极性越区配,则界面张力越小,附粘功越大,粘接越牢固。     

Numerical study of the effect of carbon fiber/epoxy resin adhesive thickness on the creep behaviour of carbon steel plate joints

Nowadays, the use of adhesive and adhesively bonded joints have been considerably appreciated in the industry due to the dramatic reduction in bonding strength, reduced stress concentration, rust prevention, uniform bonding of the bonding surface and a significant reduction in costs compared to other types of permanent joints such as welding. In this study, the effect of adhesive thickness on creep behaviour of a single lap adhesive joint with the aid of Abaqus FEM software is investigated. It should be noted that the two-layer and two-dimensional models are considered, in which their adhesive layer is made of a reinforced epoxy resin with 0.5% carbon fiber and the adherend layers are made of carbon steel plates, which is affected by tensile forces. Since the main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of adhesive thickness on the adhesive joints behaviour, the effects of the distribution of shear stress, effective stress and creep strain were studied in different thicknesses of the adhesive layer. The results show that by increasing the thickness, the stress and the creep strain decrease, and over time, the stress decreases and the creep behaviour of adhesives increases.     

Effect of addition of an interfacial agent on the joint strength of a nitrile-phenolic structural adhesive

A study was conducted to determine the effect of adding p-cresol formaldehyde (PCF) resin as an interfacial agent to a nitrile rubber (NBR)-phenol formaldehyde (PF) structural adhesive, on its joint strength, stress-strain properties, glass transition temperature (T_g), and morphology. The addition of PCF resin up to 20% showed a remarkable improvement in joint strength accompanied by an improvement in the mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy and DSC analysis (T_g) showed that the NBR/PF blend is a two-phase system and with the addition of PCF resin, the two phases tend to become continuous and the T_g of the NBR phase is increased. From the results obtained we propose that PCF acts as an interfacial agent and facilitates the bonding between the two phases, which improves the mechanical properties, and hence the joint strength. PCF contents above 20% produced a decrease in the joint strength, which is attributed to decreased toughness resulting from the high cross-linking of the NBR phase.     

Experiment and finite element simulation of high strength steel adhesive joint reinforced by rivet for automotive applications

Vehicle lightweight drives the adoption of new materials on automobile body structures. As a prerequisite for designing safe and reliable new material vehicle body, knowledge of testing and simulating new joining methods is of critical importance. In this study, a high strength steel adhesive joint reinforced by rivet is investigated first using mechanical tests to account for the effect of joint type and loading conditions, then numerically characterized using finite element simulation with simplified joint models. Results show that (1) adhesive and rivet conditionally enhance each other in the hybrid joint and (2) the calibrated adhesive/rivet model is validated in the hybrid joint, proving to be an effective and efficient tool for full vehicle simulation.     

Experimental and numerical study on the composite adhesive joint reinforcement using wavy edge

The joints are usually the weakest part of the engineering structures. In this study, the employment of wavy edges for increasing the adhesive joint load-bearing capacity is considered. The effects of geometric parameters of the wavy edges on the strength of the adhesive joints were investigated, experimentally. Two different adhesives, Araldite 2015 and Epoxy RL440/HY441 as ductile and brittle adhesives were used, respectively. The finite element model was also developed for more investigation. The joint stress distributions were used successfully to explain the experimental observations. For the appropriate wavy joint configuration, compressive peel stress on the both ends of the adhesive led to a considerable delay in damage initiation and consequently increased the joint strength. The effects of geometrical parameters of the wavy edge on the joint strength were also examined. For the optimum configuration, the joint with wavy edge offered 32% more strength than the flat single lap joint.     

The effects of curing temperature on fracture energy and cohesive parameters for the adhesive Araldite 2015

This paper attempts to investigate the effects of curing temperature on the fracture energy, the glass transition temperature (T_g) and cohesive parameters for the adhesive Araldite 2015. Relationship between curing temperature and the glass transition temperature was taken into account. Tensile tests were performed on the dogbone-shaped bulk specimens to evaluate the effect of curing temperature on the mechanical properties of the adhesive. DCB test results were used to obtain the cohesive laws of the adhesive Araldite 2015. The exponential and PPR cohesive zone models were used to obtain some of the fracture properties. Inverse analyses were also performed, if the experimental softening curves are incompatible with the numerical ones. It was seen that softening behavior of the adhesive can be easily controlled by the shape parameters available in the PPR cohesive zone model. It is seen from the DCB test results that curing the adhesive about the temperature at which the T_g∞ is obtained caused the adhesive to have more ductility, higher load-carrying capacity and higher fracture energy than curing it below or above the temperature at which T_g∞ is attained. Here, the T_g∞ is the T_g of the fully cured network. Experimental and numerical R curves were obtained to account for deviations between experiments and simulations. A good agreement between the numerical and experimental load-displacement curves was achieved showing the adequacy of the cohesive model used.     

Effects of applied pressure and temperature during curing operation on the strength of tubular single-lap adhesive joints

Adhesive joints have been widely used for fastening thin adherends because they can distribute the load over a larger area than the mechanical joint, require no holes, add very little weight to the structure and have superior fatigue resistance. However, the load capabilities of adhesive joints are affected by both applied pressure and temperature during cure, as well as by service environments because the adhesion characteristics of adhesives are very sensitive to manufacturing and environmental conditions. In this study, the tensile load capabilities of tubular single-lap adhesive joints with an epoxy adhesive were experimentally investigated with respect to service temperature and the applied pressure and temperature during curing operation. The effects of the applied pressure on the tensile load capabilities of tubular single-lap adhesive joints were studied by measuring the actual cure finish temperature using thermocouples and dielectrometry. From the experiments, it was found that the actual cure finish temperature of tubular single-lap adhesive joints increased as applied pressure increased, which increased residual thermal stress in the adhesive layer to decrease the load capabilities of adhesive joints. From finite element analysis and experimental results of tubular singlelap adhesive joints, the optimal geometry condition for adhesive joints was also investigated.     

胶层尺寸对单搭胶接接头性能的影响研究

针对汽车车身中应用日益广泛的钢板胶接结构,通过试验得到了不同胶层尺寸对胶接接头承载能力的影响规律,建立了钢板单搭接头的三维弹塑性有限元模型,分析了胶层尺寸对胶接接头应力分布的影响.研究结果表明:随着胶层厚度的增加,胶接件的承载能力呈先升后降的趋势,合理的胶层厚度应为0.3-0.5 mm;无论胶层厚度为多少,增加搭接区域胶层的长度或宽度.均会提高胶接件的承载能力.     

Comparison of cohesive zone and continuum damage approach in predicting the static failure of adhesively bonded single lap joints

The paper presents a comparison of the cohesive zone model (CZM) and the continuum damage mechanics approach in predicting the static failure of a single lap joint (SLJ). The effect of mesh size and viscosity were studied to give more understanding on the failure load and computational time. Both the load–displacement response and the backface strain technique were utilised to compare the validity of predictions. Peel and shear stress and damage distributions along with the damage progression are compared to understand the behaviour of the models in predicting the static failure response. In general, both approaches show good accuracy in predicting the failure load; however, the cohesive zone approach requires shorter computation time than the continuum damage approach. The continuum damage approach shows some mesh-dependency particularly for elements with high aspect ratios, whereas the cohesive zone approach is not. The continuum damage approach is less sensitive than the cohesive zone approach to the artificial damping required to achieve convergence. Another interesting finding is using the same ultimate stress level of damage in the continuum damage approach at the peak load is much lower than that in the cohesive approach; but the failure process in this approach is faster.     

接缝宽度对铝合金玻纤复合层板拉伸性能的影响

以铝合金玻纤复合层板为研究对象.从金属层接缝界面端应力场分析出发,建立有限元模型,确定位移边界条件和载荷边界条件.利用有限元方法模拟出不同接缝宽度在常温下的热残余应力.通过实验得出常温和高温条件下的各个接缝宽度试样的破坏拉伸载荷.考察接缝大小对残余应力的影响和分布,从而研究其对铝合金玻纤复合层板拉伸性能的影响.     

Effects of temperature,strain rate,and cyclic loading on mechanical behavior of silane-modified polyurethane sealant

To evaluate the mechanical properties of modified polyurethane sealants in engineering applications, the influences of temperature, strain rate, and cyclic loading on the mechanical properties of silane-modified polyurethane sealant were experimentally investigated. The monotonic tensile experiments with various strain rates and temperatures were conducted, and strain rate and temperature dependent nonlinear stress–strain curves were obtained. The results showed that the silane-modified polyurethane sealant exhibited temperature dependence at constant strain rate and rate dependence at room temperature. However, it is shown no obvious rate dependence at temperature of 150°C. In addition, the multi-step cyclic loading experiments with mean strain decrease and increase at each step were carried out to analyze the influence of cyclic loading and cyclic loading history at different temperatures. The results demonstrated that the viscous behavior of the materials was evidently observed in the first step and disappeared in other steps for the four-step cyclic loading with mean strain decrease case. Moreover, the cyclic stress relaxation of the materials was not obvious due to the prior cyclic loading with higher mean strain history, while the cyclic stress relaxation of the material continued to occur for the prior cyclic loading with lower mean strain history, and the cyclic strength of the materials decreased with the increase of temperature.     

Simultaneous full‐interpenetrating polymer networks of blocked polyurethane and vinyl ester. II. Static and dynamic mechanical properties

Simultaneous full‐interpenetrating polymer networks (full‐IPNs) based on blocked polyurethane (PU) and vinyl ester (VE) have been prepared. The static and dynamic properties of these IPNs have been examined. Results show that the tensile strength and flexural strength of IPNs increased with blocked PU content to a maximum value at 7.5 wt % PU content and then decreased. The tensile modulus, flexural modulus, and hardness of IPNs decreased with increasing blocked PU content. The impact strength of IPNs increased with increasing blocked PU content. The tensile strength, flexural strength, tensile modulus, and flexural modulus of IPNs increased with filler (kaolin) content to a maximum value at 20 to 25 phr filler content and then decreased. The higher the filler content, the greater the hardness, and the lower the impact strength of IPNs. The tensile strength, flexural strength, tensile modulus, flexural modulus, and hardness of IPNs increased with increasing VE initiator content. The dynamic technique was used to determined the damping behavior across a temperature range. Results show that the glass transition temperature (T_g) of IPNs are shifted inwardly compared with pure PU and VE, which indicated that the blocked PU–VE IPNs showed excellent compatible. Meanwhile, the glass transition temperature was shifted to a higher temperature with increased filler content. The dynamic storage modulus (E′) of IPNs increased with increasing VE and filler content. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 1977–1985, 1999     

The effects of Al surface treatment,adhesive thickness and microcapsule inclusion on the shear strength of bonded joints

The influences of various Al surface treatments, adhesive thicknesses as well as the incorporation of synthesized microcapsules into epoxy adhesive on the shear strength of adhesive/ Al joints have been investigated using lap-shear tensile tests. First, the influence of adhesive thickness on the shear strength of joints has been presented. Then, the effects of various Al surface treatments on the surface roughness of Al and shear strength of joint have been researched. Atomic force microscopy was used to study the Al surface morphologies and textures. Finally the few micron-sized polymeric microcapsules were synthesized and the shear performances of microcapsule filled epoxy adhesives were inspected. It was observed that the HCl acid based etching increased both micro-roughness and nano-texture of the Al surface and led to the peak shear strength. Moreover, HCl-nitric acid treatment offered the maximum value for the cohesive failure. Capsule inclusions into the adhesive displayed different influences on the joint shear performances depending on the capsule morphology and the surface treatment of Al.     

环境温湿度对硫化的影响分析（轮胎会稿件）

本文主要研究环境温湿度对混炼胶硫化特性及轮胎硫化时间的影响,通过试验结果表明：混炼胶焦烧时间与贮存温湿度呈反比,混炼胶硫化速度与贮存的温湿度呈正比;随着胎胚温度的提高,发泡时间/硫化时间缩短;且通过模拟试验及现场发泡表明硫化的发泡时间与混炼胶t25均有一定的相关性;因此对于处在冬夏季温湿度差异较大的北方地区,区分冬夏季硫化时间是有必要的。     

Mechanical behavior of polyurethane adhesive bonded joints as a function of temperature and humidity

The temperature and humidity were found to be the most effective parameters in the behavior of polyurethane flexible adhesive bonded aluminum joints. In order to obtain the effect of environment on bond strength, toughness, failure displacement, joints stiffness and failure model, in this work, aluminum single-lap joints were tested under various temperatures (25, 40, 60 and 80 °C) and relative humidity (RH, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95 and 99%) using an environmental chamber. The results showed that as the humidity increased from 55 to 99%, bond strength decreased as linear function. As the temperature increased from 25 to 80 °C, the bond strength decreased as exponential function. The joints stiffness reduced gradually with the increase of temperature and humidity. The analysis of the failure section of the ageing joints showed that the humidity caused the transition of the failure model, and the increase of the temperature promoted the change of the failure model. Besides, at low humidity (55 and 65%), failure displacement decreased gradually with the increase of temperature, and at high humidity (95 and 99%), failure displacement increased. This study will help engineers design a reliable, safe and effective bonding structure. And it is conducive to solve the problem of joint strength degradation in the hygrothermal environment.     

Investigation of accumulated laser fluence and bondline thickness effects on adhesive joint performance of CFRP composites

In the present study, both the effects of accumulated laser fluence as surface treatment and bondline thickness on adhesive bonding of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials were investigated. Proper CFRP composite surfaces for adhesive bonding were obtained by a laser treatment process using pulsed CO₂ laser. Laser treatments were obtained with different accumulated laser fluences and then surfaces were analyzed with roughness and contact angle measurements. Adhesive bonding was performed with various bondline thicknesses ranged between 30–500 µm using two component structural epoxy based paste adhesive (Loctite Hysol ® EA 9396^TM). Adhesive bonding strength of bonded samples was determined with single lap shear tests. It is worthy to note that if the accumulated laser fluence which has significant effect on shear strength does not optimize, it causes ineffective adhesion.     

The influence of iodide on glass transition temperature of high-pressure nuclear waste glasses

The glass transition temperature (T_g) is a key parameter to investigate for application in nuclear waste immobilization in borosilicate glasses. T_g for several glasses containing iodine (I) has been measured in order to determine the I effect on T_g. Two series of glass composition (ISG and NH) containing up to 2.5 mol% I and synthesized under high pressure (0.5 to 1.5 GPa) have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The I local environment in glasses has been determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and revealed that I is dissolved under its iodide form (I⁻). Results show that T_g is decreased with the I addition in the glass in agreement with previous results. We also observed that this T_g decrease is a strong function of glass composition. For NH, 2.5 mol% I induces a decrease of 24°C in T_g, whereas for ISG, 1.2 mol% decreases the T_g by 64°C. We interpret this difference as the result of the I dissolution mechanism and its effect on the polymerization of the boron network. The I dissolution in ISG is accompanied by a depolymerization of the boron network, whereas it is the opposite in NH. Although ISG corresponds to a standardized glass, for the particular case of I immobilization it appears less adequate than NH considering that the decrease in T_g for NH is small in comparison to ISG.