Polymer brush coatings for combating marine biofouling

A variety of functional polymer brushes and coatings have been developed for combating marine biofouling and biocorrosion with much less environmental impact than traditional biocides. This review summarizes recent developments in marine antifouling polymer brushes and coatings that are tethered to material surfaces and do not actively release biocides. Polymer brush coatings have been designed to inhibit molecular fouling, microfouling and macrofouling through incorporation or inclusion of multiple functionalities. Hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol), hydrogels, zwitterionic polymers and polysaccharides, resist attachment of marine organisms effectively due to extensive hydration. Fouling release polymer coatings, based on fluoropolymers and poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers, minimize adhesion between marine organisms and material surfaces, leading to easy removal of biofoulants. Polycationic coatings are effective in reducing marine biofouling partly because of their good bactericidal properties. Recent advances in controlled radical polymerization and click chemistry have also allowed better molecular design and engineering of multifunctional brush coatings for improved antifouling efficacies.     

Challenges for the Development of New Non-Toxic Antifouling Solutions

Marine biofouling is of major economic concern to all marine industries. The shipping trade is particularly alert to the development of new antifouling (AF) strategies, especially green AF paint as international regulations regarding the environmental impact of the compounds actually incorporated into the formulations are becoming more and more strict. It is also recognised that vessels play an extensive role in invasive species propagation as ballast waters transport potentially threatening larvae. It is then crucial to develop new AF solutions combining advances in marine chemistry and topography, in addition to a knowledge of marine biofoulers, with respect to the marine environment. This review presents the recent research progress made in the field of new non-toxic AF solutions (new microtexturing of surfaces, foul-release coatings, and with a special emphasis on marine natural antifoulants) as well as the perspectives for future research directions.     

Tara tannin a natural product with antifouling coating application

The international trade by marine transportation has increased continuously since the 70s. The undesirable accumulation of a wide variety of marine organisms (biofouling) on ship hulls can lead to significant increased costs, principally by increased fuel consumption. On the other hand, there is a great concern about the biocides commonly used in commercial antifouling (AF) protective systems due to the high concentration encountered in coastal areas and the potential damage they could cause to marine organisms. As a consequence, the development of alternative AF coatings with new natural products as biocides inhibit is a key factor. In this approach, tara tannin (TT) is being proposed as a promising solution. It is important to note that TT is obtained from the pods of the tree avoiding its cutting down. The aim of this research was, primarily, to explore the possible application of a natural and abundant product, such as the TT, in the preparation of AF coatings. So, a TT derivative was obtained and characterized to be employed as the bioactive compound in AF coatings. Previous to the immersion in natural environments, the dissolution of TT from AF coating in artificial sea water (ASW) was studied. TT was incorporated into the coating as zinc “tannate”. One of the tested coatings proved to be efficient in AF protection in natural sea water (NSW) at Mar del Plata (38°08′17″S–57°31′18″W) harbor during eight months. The addition of 2% by weight of zinc oxide to the coating extended its service life until the year.     

Synthesis,characterization, and evaluation of antifouling polymers of 4‐acryloyloxybenzaldehyde with methyl methacrylate

In recent years, antifouling (AF) polymers are widely used in marine paints to protect the ship hulls from biofouling. The AF polymer coatings have better leaching characteristics and long lasting efficiency than other conventional formulations. In this study, an attempt has been made to prepare new p‐acryloyloxybenzaldehyde(AcBA) polymers to assess their AF efficiency against marine microfoulers. The monomer, AcBA was prepared by the esterification reaction between p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA) and acryloyl chloride (Ac) in presence of triethylamine (TEA) in MEK at 0°C. The reaction was monitored by TLC and the prepared monomer was characterized by UV, IR, ¹H‐NMR and GC‐MS. The homo‐[poly(AcBA)] and co‐polymers [poly(AcBA‐co‐MMA)] were prepared by solution polymerization using BPO as initiator. To find out the AF activity of prepared polymers, representatives of marine microfoulers, shipfouling bacteria (Bacillus macroides and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and microalgae (Amphora coffeaeformis and Navicula incerta) were screened. The contact toxicity and diatom attachment assays were conducted with prepared polymers and microfouling formation on coatings was also investigated using a tubular biofilm reactor. AF potential of these polymers coating is demonstrated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Transparent antifouling coatings via nanoencapsulation of a biocide

Transparent coatings releasing an antifouling agent (AF) can be used to reduce the marine fouling of optical lenses. A variety of water‐borne coatings based on poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate) (PMMA‐co‐PBA) were synthesized using a two‐stage miniemulsion process. During this process, the AF, SeaNine 211, was nanoencapsulated in domains small enough not to scatter light. The release rate of SeaNine 211 was studied for the polymers of different T_g, and found to be sufficient to impart AF properties. However, over time, the coatings were found to develop a whitish aspect (blushing) due to water retrodiffusion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Antifouling activity of novel polyisoprene-based coatings made from photocurable natural rubber derived oligomers

Natural rubber is a renewable resource with a potential as precursor of a very wide range of novel polymers, including polyisoprene-based surfaces with antifouling (AF) activity. In this work, new ionic and non-ionic coatings were prepared by the photocrosslinking reaction of photosensitive cis-1,4-oligoisoprenes, bearing a variable number of ammonium groups. The photochemical crosslinking was achieved using radical (via acrylate groups) or cationic (via epoxy groups) processes. Surface properties of these coatings were studied by static contact angle measurements and AFM imaging. Assessment of bioactivity demonstrated that most of the resulting coatings showed AF potential against fouling organisms: growth inhibition of marine bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii, Shewanella putrefaciens, Cobetia marina, Polaribacter irgensii, Vibrio aestuarianus) and fungi (Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera, Asteromyces cruciatus, Lulworthia uniseptata, Zalerion sp., Monodictys pelagica); decreased adhesion of microalgae (Navicula jeffreyi, Cylindrotheca closterium, Chlorarachnion globosum, Pleurochrysis roscoffensis, Exanthemachrysis gayraliae, Amphora coffeaeformis); inhibition of attachment and/or germination of spores of Ulva intestinalis. The best AF activity was obtained with the ionic surfaces. These new coatings prepared from precursors obtained from natural rubber are in essence active by contact. As the biocidal functions are fixed covalently to the polymer chain, detectable release of biocidal products in the marine ecosystem is prevented so that a valuable environment-friendly alternative for new AF coatings is hereby proposed.     

Bioactive materials for antifouling coatings

Marine fouling is the result of the settling and subsequent growth of marine organisms on surfaces immersed in seawater. The most successful principle in use today for the protection of ship's hulls against this unwanted growth is the release of bioactive materials from antifouling coatings.

Antifouling coatings containing a mixture of cuprous oxide and triorganotin compounds in combination with sophisticated release mechanisms are considered to be today's most efficient systems. However, ever since the first biologically active materials were introduced into antifouling coatings, a search for alternatives has been continuing. Until the mid-1970s this research mainly involved the development of biocides which could simply prolong existing drydocking intervals, i.e. prolong the period in which the ship was fouling free. During the last decade, however, environmental aspects have become a top priority in the development of new biocides for antifouling coatings.     

Urushiol titanium polymer-based composites coatings for anti-corrosion and antifouling in marine spray splash zones

Seawater is highly corrosive, and the alternating dry and wet environment can cause severe corrosion in metal equipment. Moreover, marine equipment is also seriously affected by marine biofouling. These harsh conditions pose a serious threat to the integrity of marine equipment as well as their associated maritime activities and necessitate the development of effective coatings to minimize damage to the equipment. Urushiol titanium polymer/acrylic resin (UTP/AR) composite materials were developed. Then, marine anti-corrosion and antifouling coatings were prepared from the UTP/AR composite materials using rosin-modified Cu₂O as an antifoulant. The composite coating with a UTP:AR mass ratio of 1:1 (UTP/AR3) showed the best chemical resistance and light aging resistance. UTP/AR3 also exhibited a good corrosion current density (2.009 × 10⁻⁷ A cm⁻²) and corrosion potential (−0.5007 V), further indicating that the UTP/AR composite coatings have excellent anti-corrosive properties. Marine field tests showed that the UTP/AR/Cu₂O composite coatings with rosin-modified Cu₂O contents less than 20% showed stable, long-term antifouling performance after immersion in seawater for 360 day. Briefly, the UTP/AR/Cu₂O composite coatings have broad application prospects in the marine industry for materials in the spray splash zone.     

新型船舶防污涂料的研究及其发展动向

随着对海洋环境的日益重视和环保法规的加强,传统的防污涂料将逐步被新型的高效无毒防污涂料替代,新型船舶防污涂料的发展和应用成为必然。文章简要介绍了新型船舶防污涂料中的无锡自抛光船舶防污涂料、低表面能船舶防污涂料、含生物活性物质船舶防污涂料和电解船舶防污涂料的发展现状,并对国内外新型船舶防污涂料的发展动向进行了分析。     

船舶涂料性能综合测试评定管理系统

在对大量船舶涂料性能检测数据结果进行整理和分析的基础上,利用模块化的功能设计方法,以VisualBasic 6.0为开发工具,以Access 2003为数据库平台,开发了船舶涂料性能综合测试评定管理系统。实现了对12大类船舶专用涂料的7类性能检测数据及评分结果的存储、查询和统计管理,用户可以对涂料各类性能检测结果进行加权计算,全面掌握各种涂料的综合性能,对新型船舶涂料产品的开发也有一定的指导意义。     

新型船舶防污涂料的研究及其发展动向

随着对海洋环境的日益重视和环保法规的加强,传统的防污涂料将逐步被新型的高效无毒防污涂料替代,新型船舶防污涂料的发展和应用成为必然。本文简要介绍了无锡自抛光船舶防污涂料、低表面能船舶防污涂料、含生物活性物质船舶防污涂料和电解船舶防污涂料的发展现状,并对国内外新型船舶防污涂料的发展动向进行了分析。     

纳米材料在海洋无毒防污涂料中的应用

介绍了纳米技术与涂料改性的关系,综述了近年来改性海洋无毒防污涂料使用中的几种纳米材料,并分析了纳米材料改性海洋防污涂料存在的问题,对含有纳米材料组分的海洋无毒防污涂料提出开发环境友好型,并与纳米技术相结合低表面能防污涂料是未来发展方向.     

宁波市海洋经济兴起与海洋涂料发展

分析了海洋涂料产业的发展背景,尤其是宁波市海洋涂料产业的发展背景及其发展需求。揭示了国内外海洋防腐涂料和海洋防污涂料的发展趋势。提出了宁波市海洋涂料产业发展对策与建议。     

海洋高科技产业呼唤高性能海洋涂料的开发

快速发展的海洋高科技产业，要求高性能的海洋涂料与之配套。作者从海洋油气产业、海洋捕捞渔业、海产养殖业、远洋航运业、海洋采矿业、海洋工程建筑业、海水淡化等角度分门别类地描述了该领域各种专业化、高性能涂料的开发前景，并对其未来的市场作了预测。     

有机硅低表面能防污涂料控制因素与研究进展

简述了海洋牛物的污损原理,介绍了有机硅低表面能防污涂料的主要特性,分析了影响其防污性能的主要因素,概述了该涂料的研究进展及试验研究方法,指出低表面能防污涂料是未来发展的重点,进一步改进和发展有机硅低表面能防污涂料具有很大的空间.     

新型海洋防污涂料用防污剂及树脂的研究进展

防污剂和树脂是决定海洋防污涂料性能的关键成分。本文综述了近年来用于新型海洋防污涂料的天然产物防污剂和人工合成防污剂的研究进展;进一步从防污机理出发,总结了用于新型海洋防污涂料的基体树脂的种类,介绍了无锡自抛光树脂、生物可降解树脂、含杀菌官能团树脂、低表面能树脂和具有微相分离结构的树脂。此外,还展望了新型海洋防污涂料的未来发展方向,即环境友好的同时注重方式友好。     

海洋防污涂料的研究进展

海洋生物粘附在海洋设备(如船舶)上所造成的生物污损危害极大。为减少这类危害而出现了众多的海洋防污技术。其中在海洋设备上涂刷海洋防污涂料具有应用广、效果好及操作简单等优点,因而受到学术界及工业界的广泛关注。本文就海洋防污涂料的研究状况作一简要的综述,同时简要介绍我国在海洋防污涂料方面的研究与应用状况。     

催化反应技术在滨海电厂的CO2资源化利用和海洋防污领域的应用

二氧化碳（CO₂）减排和海洋生物污损防治是滨海火电厂亟待解决的重大课题。近年来,CO₂固体吸附材料及新能源催化反应技术的快速发展,推动了碳捕集与利用技术（CCU）的实用化进程。在燃煤火电厂原有的基础上增加碳捕集与利用技术,将其改造成碳捕集与CO₂资源化电厂,有望从根本上实现CO₂减排的目标,是火电企业未来发展的方向。另外,洁净能源驱动的催化反应技术也已延伸至海洋生物污损防治领域,并取得了积极的成效。本文综述了固体CO₂吸附材料研发的新进展,重点介绍了金属有机框架（MOF）材料结构改性和功能化修饰对提高CO₂选择性吸附性能等方面的研究成果,并基于滨海火电厂的生产实况和能源资源优势,分析、总结了热催化、光/电催化反应技术在CO₂资源化利用及生物污损防治等方面的研究现状和存在的问题,提出并论证了利用光触媒涂层阻断或抑制海洋生物黏附与生长的污损防护策略及其在具体场景中应用的可行性。最后从环保和实用化的角度对滨海电厂在CO₂减排和生物污损防治技术方面的发展趋势进行了展望。     

海洋环境下船体的长效保护技术

论述了喷涂Zn、Al和Zn/Al合金涂层及富锌涂层的防护性能、涂装配套体系,并以实例验证了通过优选金属热喷涂材料和封孔涂料及无机富锌涂料,制备可靠复合涂层对海洋环境下钢结构件实现长效保护的技术途径.     

海洋重防腐涂料及涂装体系现状及发展趋势

全面分析了我国船舶涂料、集装箱涂料、海洋资源开发及装备的防腐涂料涂装体系以及沿岸基础设施建设的防腐蚀保护涂料的现状及发展趋势。