固体超强酸催化合成丙烯酸聚乙二醇单酯

以聚乙二醇单甲醚(600)与丙烯酸直接缩合反应,在固体超强酸 SO2-4/ZrO2 催化下合成丙烯酸聚乙二醇单酯. 探讨影响缩合反应酯化率的因素, 确定酯化反应的最佳条件: 丙烯酸与PEGME-600的摩尔比为1.2∶1.0, 阻聚剂对苯二酚为0.6%(以单体总质量计), 反应时间为4 h, 催化剂为0.5%(以醇酸总质量计),产率达88.1%.     

丙烯酸聚乙二醇-400单酯的制备与表征

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,对苯二酚为阻聚剂,甲苯为带水剂,聚乙二醇-400(PEG400)和丙烯酸为原料,通过酯化反应合成了丙烯酸聚乙二醇-400单酯并进行了表征.研究了酯化反应的影响因素,确定了最佳反应条件:n(丙烯酸):n(聚乙二醇)=1.2:1,对甲苯磺酸质量分数为1%(以醇酸总质量计),对苯二酚质量分数为0.5%(以醇酸总质量计),反应温度为115℃,反应时间为6 h,酯化率可达到85.3%.     

甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇单酯的合成与表征

以聚乙二醇单甲醚-400与甲基丙烯酸直接酯化反应,以甲苯为带水剂、对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,合成甲丙烯酸聚乙二醇单酯。通过实验确定酯化反应的最佳条件：甲基丙烯酸与聚乙二醇单甲醚-400的摩尔比为2．5：1,反应温度115℃,阻聚剂对苯二酚为0．78％（以醇酸总质量计）,反应时间为9h,催化剂对甲苯磺酸为3％（以醇酸总质量计）,产率为87．5％。产品结构经IR和^1HNMR,^13CNM表征,证明为目标产物。     

新型梳形聚羧酸系减水剂大分子的制备与性能研究

以甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸和聚乙二醇为主要原料,以甲苯为带水剂,混酸为催化剂,对苯二酚为阻聚剂,通过酯化反应合成出甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇单酯活性大单体,最佳反应条件为:原料醇酸物质的量比为1∶2,催化剂的用量为4%(以聚乙二醇的质量计),阻聚剂对苯二酚的用量为0.3%(以甲基丙烯酸的质量计),温度为95℃,反应时间为8 h,酯化率达86.4%。     

二丙烯酸新戊二醇酯合成工艺研究

以对甲氧基苯酚为阻聚剂,氨基磺酸为催化剂,环己烷为带水剂进行丙烯酸与新戊二醇酯化反应合成二丙烯酸新戊二醇酯.考察了阻聚剂、催化剂及带水剂的种类与用量、反应物醇酸比、反应温度、反应时间对反应结果的影响,确定了最佳的工艺条件.在n(丙烯酸):n(新戊二醇)为2.4:1,对甲氧基苯酚、氨基磺酸、环己烷分别为反应物总质量的1.0%(质量)、0.5%(质量)、40%～50%(质量)条件下,反应温度为80～90℃,反应时间为6h,新戊二醇双酯化率可达90%以上.所得产物经减压蒸馏分离精制得到二丙烯酸新戊二醇酯,其纯度为98%.     

SiO2负载磷钨酸催化合成甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯

将磷钨酸原位包埋在SiO2的三维网络中,制备得到SiO2负载磷钨酸催化剂(PW12/SiO2);在该催化剂作用下以甲氧基聚乙二醇和甲基丙烯酸为原料合成了甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯;通过正交实验确定了优化条件:n(AA)/n(PEG)=3,催化剂质量分数为1%(以醇酸总质量计),阻聚剂质量分数1%(以醇酸总质量计),酯化时间10 h,在该条件下,酯化率达93.6%,产率为83.46%。在高负载量下,磷钨酸在载体上仍然高度分散且没有晶相堆积,反应中催化剂活性组分溶脱量少,催化剂重复使用6次,催化活性未明显降低。     

新型聚羧酸系减水剂大分子的合成与性能研究

以甲基丙烯酸、聚乙二醇为主要原料，以甲苯为带水剂、混酸为催化剂，对苯二酚为阻聚剂，通过酯化反应合成出甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇单酯活性大单体。确定出最佳反应条件为：原料醇酸物质的量比为1：2，催化剂的用量为4％（以聚乙二醇的质量计），阻聚剂对苯二酚的用量为0．3％（以甲基丙烯酸的质量计），温度为95℃，反应时间为8h，合成出活性大单体的酯化率可高达86．4％。产品经酯化率的测定和IR结构表征，证明是目标产物。     

减压条件下催化酯化合成聚乙二醇单甲醚丙烯酸酯

聚乙二醇单甲醚丙烯酸酯是合成梳形分散剂的重要单体。以聚乙二醇单甲醚和丙烯酸为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,减压条件下直接酯化合成聚乙二醇单甲醚丙烯酸酯,采用傅立叶红外光谱表征产物结构。对反应条件进行了优化,结果表明,在温度90 ℃、压力0.06 MPa、催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2.0%、阻聚剂用量为丙烯酸质量的1.5%、丙烯酸与聚乙二醇单甲醚物质的量比3∶1和反应时间5 h条件下,酯化率可达92.6%。高效液相色谱分析证明,用饱和食盐水和乙酸乙酯萃取后的产物纯度为99.2%。     

马来酸单聚乙二醇单甲醚酯的合成及应用

采用无溶剂法合成了马来酸单聚乙二醇单甲醚酯,并对其合成工艺进行了探讨。实验以原料醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、阻聚剂用量、反应温度和反应时间为5因素,设计成5因素4水平的正交实验,由实验确定出组分质量分数和最佳酯化反应条件：醇酸物质的量比1.0∶1、催化剂质量分数5%、阻聚剂质量分数3%、反应温度120℃,反应时间为5 h,最佳酯化条件下酯化率达到95.25%。进一步由大单体与丙烯酸、丙烯酸丁酯、烯丙基苯磺酸钠共聚制备出水煤浆分散剂,由大同煤制浆,在分散剂质量分数为1.0%,干粉煤质量分数为65%时,水煤浆粘度为1550mPa·s-1,静置90min后,粘度为2100mPa·s-1。     

1，6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯的合成

以1,6～己二醇、丙烯酸为原料,对甲苯磺酸与亚硫酸为催化剂,环己烷为带水剂,CuSO4／NaHSO4为复合阻聚剂,采用直接酯化法合成1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯。探讨了催化剂、带水剂、反应时间和温度以及酸醇比（丙烯酸／1,6-己二醇,摩尔比）对酯化反应的影响。研究结果表明,最佳的酯化反应条件为：丙烯酸／1,6-己二醇为2．5,催化剂用量（占原料总质量,％）为1．5％,带水剂用量（占原料总质量,％）为65％,反应时间为90min,反应温度为80—90℃。在此条件下,产物为无色透明油状液体,收率可达93．25％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。