肥料用聚苯乙烯包覆膜的制备及其性能研究

利用废旧聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料为主要材料,对尿素进行包膜来制备缓释化肥。筛选乙酸乙酯或甲苯为溶剂,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为增塑剂来降低聚苯乙烯的脆性,苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯(SBS)树脂为增强剂来提高聚苯乙烯膜的附着力。结果表明,包膜液的浓度为12%,增塑剂的用量为3%,增强剂用量为1%,包膜肥料的包膜量为10%。用氮素水中溶出率法和土壤淋溶法研究包膜尿素缓释效果,肥料初期溶出率均低于40%,在土壤中累计溶出率比普通尿素有大幅降低。说明聚苯乙烯经过改性后对尿素包膜,制得缓释肥的缓释性能良好。     

肥料用聚苯乙烯包覆膜的制备及其性能的研究

利用废弃聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料为主要材料,对尿素进行包膜来生产缓释化肥。筛选乙酸乙酯或甲苯为溶剂,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为的增塑剂降低聚苯乙烯的脆性,SBS树脂为增强剂提高聚苯乙烯膜的附着力。结果表明,包膜液的浓度12 %,增塑剂的用量3 %,增强剂用量1 %,包膜肥料的包膜量为10 %。用氮素水中溶出率法和土壤淋溶法研究包膜尿素缓释效果,肥料初期溶出率均低于40 %,在土壤中累计溶出率比普通尿素有大幅降低。说明聚苯乙烯经过改性后对尿素包膜,制得缓释肥的缓释性能良好。     

腰果酚醛树脂包膜尿素的制备及缓释性能

用腰果酚醛树脂作为包膜材料制备了一系列不同膜厚的包膜尿素。并采用水浸泡溶解法、淋溶法、土壤法评价所得包膜尿素的缓释特性。结果表明,利用腰果酚醛树脂包膜后的尿素具有明显的缓释性能,包覆量为26.3%的单层包膜尿素30 min后溶解率为50%,而包覆量为82.6%的双层包膜尿素113 h后溶出率为83.16%,双层包膜尿素的缓释性能明显好于单层包膜尿素。     

聚氨酯缓/控释肥制备与膜层表征

利用多亚甲基多苯基异氰酸酯与蓖麻油在尿素表面反应成膜,制备了聚氨酯包覆的尿素缓/控释肥,通过红外光谱和扫描电镜研究了聚氨酯包覆量对膜层结构的影响,采用凯氏定氮法测定了尿素的溶出曲线。结果表明,不同包膜量聚氨酯膜层的反应程度存在差异;随着包膜量的增加,膜层的厚度增加;当聚氨酯的包覆质量分数为3.3%时,25℃下尿素的缓释期达到40～50 d;根据尿素的溶出曲线推测该缓/控释肥的释放为扩散机制。     

具有吸水保水功能的改性魔芋共聚物包膜缓释尿素的制备及其性能研究

以烯丙基硫脲改性魔芋葡甘聚糖为包膜剂制备包膜缓释尿素。对包膜缓释材料进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征,并分析其吸水性能;评价温度及土壤水含量对包膜缓释尿素氮素溶出率的影响,利用土柱淋溶法检测包膜缓释尿素的缓释效果,并分析缓释尿素对白菜的生长影响。结果表明,烯丙基硫脲接枝魔芋葡甘聚糖在接枝率为35%~45%时,吸水性能最好,吸水量高达794 g/g;随着温度和土壤水含量的升高,包膜缓释尿素氮素溶出率逐渐增加;氮素溶出具有典型的缓释肥溶出特征,表现出良好的缓释效果;白菜对缓释尿素中氮素的利用率提高。     

水性丙烯酸酯乳液包膜尿素研究

水性聚合物乳液包膜肥料技术在提高肥料利用率、有效控制农业污染方面发挥重要作用。采用预乳化半连续滴加的种子乳液聚合工艺合成水性丙烯酸酯乳液、高压喷枪喷涂包裹尿素制得包膜尿素;讨论了不同聚合硬软单体质量比、油水质量比、引发剂用量、乳化剂用量对乳液性质及包膜效果的影响,当聚合硬软单体质量比为48.0∶52.0、油水质量比为100∶120、w(引发剂)为0.5%、w(乳化剂)为2.4%时,包膜尿素缓释性较好。     

可生物降解PBAT包膜尿素缓释肥料的制备与性能研究

以可生物降解PBAT为包膜材料,通过循环流化床工艺制备一系列PBAT包膜尿素缓释肥料,并对制备工艺进行了优化;通过扫描电镜观察包膜肥料表面形态特征,分析缺陷形成原因;通过水中静置法测试PBAT包膜尿素缓释肥料的缓释性能,测定缓释曲线,样品的初期释放率为20%~50%,第28天的累积释放率为70%~90%。     

桐油包膜尿素耐冲击性能的研究

用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了包膜层的表面和剖面形貌，用热重分析法(TGA)测定了包膜层中聚合物的含量，用桐油包膜尿素落重冲击前后养分溶出百分率和养分溶出时间的变化，描述了其耐冲击性能。结果表明，桐油渗入尿素颗粒的多孔表面并经热固化后形成了连续和良好附着的包膜。桐油/E3和桐油／E1系列包膜尿素包膜层中的聚合物含量分别为90％和75％～80％，养分释放时间分别可达到720～840h和240～288h，经受冲击后的养分释放时间保持率分别为57％～58％和67％～90％。     

磷石膏在石蜡包膜尿素中的应用

用磷石膏作尿素的造粒剂和载体制备磷石膏造粒尿素,对其进行石蜡包膜,并添加质量分数5%的失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Span80)改善石蜡在肥核表面的附着。结果显示,用磷石膏造粒尿素制备的两种石蜡包膜尿素在水中浸泡28 d的尿素累积释放率均小于35%,缓释效果达到缓释/控释肥料国家标准,在模拟土壤施用的土柱淋溶条件下,还呈现尿素匀速释放的良好特性,为磷石膏的有效利用和尿素缓释探索出一条新路。     

桐油包膜复合肥料的包膜形态及缓释性能研究

以桐油为主要包膜材料对复合肥料进行了包膜处理,用扫描电镜(SEM)研究了包膜的表面和剖面形貌,采用重量法和电导率法测定了包膜复合肥料固形物溶出率并对其缓释性能进行了探讨。实验结果表明,桐油在复合肥料颗粒表面经热固化后形成连续和附着良好的包膜层,包膜率为10．1％的桐油包膜复合肥料的80％养分释放时间可达到27d。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.