棉籽油联产生物柴油和甘油的工艺优化及数学模型研究

以KOH为催化剂,棉籽油与甲醇发生甲酯化反应联产生物柴油和甘油,采用4因素3水平正交实验考察了反应温度、反应时间、醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量对反应的影响,并对实验数据采用多元非线性回归,建立了反应的数学模型。通过模型计算其结果与实验数据吻合良好,由此得出最佳反应条件为：反应温度51℃,反应时间60min,醇油摩尔比6．2：1,催化剂用量1．2％。在此条件下,所得生物柴油收率为98．1％,且生物柴油主要质量指标符合法国生物柴油质量标准。     

KOH催化超声波辅助制备生物柴油的工艺研究

采用大豆油和甲醇为原料,以KOH为催化剂,在超声波辅助条件下进行均相酯化反应制备生物柴油的工艺研究,考察了超声功率、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、甲醇与大豆油的摩尔比等因素对生物柴油转化率的影响。通过正交试验得出最佳反应条件为：醇油摩尔比6：1,超声功率150W,催化剂用量为油脂质量的1%,反应温度50℃,反应时间15min,生物柴油最高转化率达到96.75%。     

文冠果种子油制备生物柴油工艺的研究

以文冠果种子油为原料,通过甲酯化反应制备生物柴油,采用气相色谱法测定产品生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的含量。考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对脂肪酸甲酯含量的影响。确定了最佳工艺条件为：醇油摩尔比8∶1,催化剂用量为油重的1.2%,反应温度65℃,反应时间120 min。     

微波辅助棕榈油制备生物柴油的研究

用棕桐油和甲醇为原料,KOH为催化剂,利用微波辅助酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,制备生物柴油的最适条件为醇油摩尔比7：1,反应温度50℃,反应时间3min,催化剂用量1．2％。在此反应条件下生物柴油转化率可达93％。经性能比较所得生物柴油主要质量指标达到我国和美国生物柴油质量标准。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成高纯度低聚甘油

生物柴油产业的发展提供了大量潜在廉价甘油副产品。甘油可制备低聚甘油,应用于食品、化妆品、医药、日化等领域。该文以甘油和缩水甘油为原料,在强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化作用下合成低聚甘油。通过正交试验优化反应参数,研究反应温度、反应时间、催化剂种类及用量、底物摩尔比(甘油与缩水甘油摩尔比)对低聚甘油产量的影响。得到最优反应条件为:反应温度110℃、反应时间3 h、催化剂用量3 wt%(占底物总质量)、底物摩尔比1∶2。在此条件下低聚甘油的平均产率为69.22%。利用分子蒸馏对产物进行纯化,得到93.07%的高纯度低聚甘油产品。     

餐饮废油合成生物柴油及其工艺因素的考察

在碱催化作用下利用餐饮废油合成生物柴油,先通过单因素分别考察催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间对生物柴油产率的影响,再通过L_9（3~4）正交试验确定合成生物柴油的最佳工艺条件：催化剂用量1.0g,醇油摩尔比9：1,反应温度70℃,反应时间35min。此时,生物柴油的产率可达81%。此生物柴油的部分品质指标达到了国外发达国家的标准。     

邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾催化合成生物柴油北大核心CSCD

针对酯交换法合成生物柴油中均相催化剂不容易分离和非均相催化剂易失活和用量大等问题,提出用邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾催化大豆油和甲醇合成生物柴油。通过单因素实验考察了催化剂邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间对甘油三酯转化率的影响,并利用Design-Expert软件通过响应面实验对合成反应条件进行了优化。考察了邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾在甘油和甲醇中的溶解度和作为催化剂的重复使用性能。通过红外光谱和气相色谱-质谱对生物柴油的结构和组成进行了分析。结果表明:合成生物柴油的最佳反应条件为反应温度60℃、醇油摩尔比7.15∶1、反应时间2.4 h、催化剂用量1.2%,在此条件下甘油三酯转化率为96.0%;催化剂在高温下溶于甲醇和甘油,在低温下可在甘油中析出;催化剂循环使用4次,甘油三酯转化率仍在85%以上;红外光谱和气相色谱-质谱分析表明,生物柴油被成功合成,棕榈酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯和硬脂酸甲酯含量为83.09%。综上,邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾作为合成生物柴油的催化剂,具有较高的催化性能和较好的重复使用性,可以实现均相酯交换反应和非均相分离。     

油莎豆油制备生物柴油的研究

以油莎豆油为原料,四甲基氢氧化铵为催化剂,通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油.通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间对生物柴油转化率的影响.结果表明,酯交换反应的最佳反应条件为:催化剂用量为油莎豆油质量的0.5％,醇油摩尔比为6∶1,反应温度50℃,反应时间4.5h.在最佳反应条件下,生物柴油转化率达94.5％.     

固体酸催化蓖麻油制备生物柴油

以一水硫酸氢钠固体酸为催化剂,对蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油进行了研究。在反应温度为75℃条件下,考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量(占油质量)及反应时间对酯交换反应的影响。在反应温度为75℃、醇油摩尔比为9∶1、催化剂用量为4%、反应时间为8 h的优化工艺条件下,平均甘油收率达93%,产物中甲酯总含量为95.20%。甲酯和甘油静置分层快,后处理简单,对环境无污染。     

棉籽毛油生产生物柴油工艺的研究

以棉籽毛油为原料,经过简易的加碱精炼反应后,在催化剂NaOH作用下,通过酯交换反应制得生物柴油,考察反应条件如醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等的变化对产率的影响,得到的最佳反应条件为醇油摩尔比6：1、催化剂用量0．9％、反应温度40℃、反应时间40min。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the