两步法催化废白土油制备生物柴油的研究

以废白土油为原料,采用酯化和酯交换两步法制备生物柴油。选用硫酸铁作为酯化催化剂,选用氢氧化钠作为酯交换催化剂。利用正交实验优化两步法工艺条件,得到酯化反应中各因素最佳的水平组合为硫酸铁用量4%、醇油摩尔比14∶1、反应温度70℃、反应时间3 h,得到酯交换反应中各因素最佳的水平组合为醇油摩尔比6∶1、氢氧化钠用量1.4%、反应温度70℃、反应时间2.5 h。在最佳的酯化和酯交换工艺条件下,总转酯率达到96.4%,所得的生物柴油主要质量指标与0#柴油接近。     

两步法试制生物柴油的研究

采用硫酸作催化剂,利用高酸值油脂与甲醇进行预酯化反应;再用氢氧化钠作催化剂,进行酯交换反应.结果表明:预酯化的反应条件为:醇油摩尔比8∶1、催化剂用量0.25%、反应时间1h,游离脂肪酸的转化率达到97.2%;酯交换的反应条件为:醇油摩尔比6∶1、催化剂用量0.5%、反应时间0.5h,生物柴油的收率可达98%.     

[Psmim]HSO4酸性离子液体催化油酸制备生物柴油及其工艺优化

以1-磺酸丙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐离子液体为催化剂,油酸与甲醇经酯化反应制备生物柴油。考察了反应时间、反应温度、醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量对油酸转化率的影响,并对制备工艺进行了响应面优化。结果表明:各因素对转化率的影响与硫酸为催化剂的制备工艺基本一致;该离子液体催化活性优越,重复使用4次后,油酸转化率仍达90%以上;响应面法回归拟合的数学模型准确有效、拟合度高;优化工艺条件为反应时间3.5 h、反应温度60℃、醇油摩尔比9∶1、催化剂用量10%,此时油酸转化率为98.3%。     

钙基固体碱法制备生物柴油工艺的研究

研究了钙基负载型固体碱制备生物柴油的酯交换反应,通过正交试验得出菜籽油制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度70 ℃、反应时间6 h、催化剂用量4%,醇油摩尔比8∶1,在最优条件下,生物柴油转化率97.62%.     

微波辅助绿豆碳基固体酸催化剂活性研究

为了考察微波辐射对自制固体酸催化剂催化活性的影响,作者以绿豆为原料,采用碳化-磺化法制备了一种新型碳基固体酸催化剂,于实验室自制微波反应器中催化油酸和甲醇的酯化反应。对油酸甲酯化反应过程中的微波功率、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比等条件进行了单因素分析,并对醇油摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂用量对油酸甲酯化的转化率的影响进行了正交优化,得到最佳工艺为:微波功率400 W、反应温度65℃、醇油摩尔比11∶1、反应时间30 min、催化剂用量为5%,在此工艺条件下油酸甲酯化的转化率为93.97%。     

硅酸钠固体催化剂的制备及催化酯交换反应

以NaSiO3*9H2O为原料,通过高温煅烧、研磨、过筛等工艺制得硅酸钠固体催化剂,将其用于棉籽毛油的酯交换反应制备生物柴油.考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间等对转化率的影响.研究表明,催化剂最佳制备条件为:煅烧温度200 ℃,煅烧时间1 h,粒度60目.在常压、醇油摩尔比8∶ 1,催化剂用量7%,反应温度65 ℃,反应时间1 h的条件下,酯交换反应转化率达到99.45%;催化剂重复使用10次后,转化率仍在90%以上.     

对甲苯磺酸催化制备脂肪酸丁酯工艺研究

以对甲苯磺酸(PTS)为催化剂,大豆油和正丁醇为原料进行酯交换反应制备脂肪酸丁酯。考察醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度以及反应时间对大豆油酯交换率的影响。结果表明,最佳合成工艺条件为:n(醇)∶n(油)=7.3∶1,w(PTS)=5%(以大豆油和正丁醇的总质量计),反应温度130℃,反应时间4.5h,在此条件下,酯交换率可达到89.4%。     

FeCl_3改性蒙脱土催化合成油酸甲酯的研究

用氯化铁改性蒙脱土制备了改性催化剂FeCl_3–蒙脱土,并以此为催化剂催化油酸与甲醇酯化合成油酸甲酯。通过XRD、FT–IR等方法对催化剂进行了表征。考察了催化剂用量、油醇摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对转化率的影响。研究结果表明:在催化剂用量5 wt%、油醇摩尔比1∶10、反应温度70℃的条件下反应3 h,油酸转化率为71.5%,且该催化剂适用于各种游离脂肪酸酯化反应及高酸值油脂酯化降酸反应。     

固体碱催化亚麻籽油乙酯化反应工艺研究

制备环境友好型固体碱催化剂NaOH/膨润土,用于催化亚麻籽油乙酯化反应,得α–亚麻酸乙酯(ALA)。分别考察醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度及反应时间等因素对酯交换反应影响,经正交实验确定制备α–亚麻酸乙酯最佳工艺条件;研究表明,当醇油摩尔比为9∶1、催化剂用量为5%、反应温度为80℃、反应时间为1.5 h时,亚麻籽油转化率最高,可达91.56%。     

油莎豆油制备生物柴油的研究

以油莎豆油为原料,四甲基氢氧化铵为催化剂,通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油.通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间对生物柴油转化率的影响.结果表明,酯交换反应的最佳反应条件为:催化剂用量为油莎豆油质量的0.5％,醇油摩尔比为6∶1,反应温度50℃,反应时间4.5h.在最佳反应条件下,生物柴油转化率达94.5％.     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Obesity has become a prevailing epidemic throughout the globe. Effective therapies for obesity become attracting. Food components with beneficial effects on "weight loss" have caught increasing attentions. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) belong to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, they have similar effects on alleviating obesity and/or preventing from obesity. They influence the balance between energy intake and expenditure; and reduce body weight and/or fat deposition in animal models, but show little effect in healthy human subjects. They inhibit key enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis, such as fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, enhance lipid oxidation and thermogenesis, and prevent free fatty acids from entering adipocytes for lipogenesis. PUFA also exert suppressive effects on several key factors involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat storage. Despite their similar effects and shared mechanisms, they display differences in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, DHA and EPA exhibit "anti-obesity" effect as well as improving insulin sensitivity, while CLA induces insulin resistance and fatty liver in most cases. A deeper and more detailed investigation into the complex network of anti-obesity regulatory pathways by different PUFA will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of body weight control and reduce the prevalence of obesity.     

酸水解去除谷氨酸母液中的焦谷氨酸

焦谷氨酸没有鲜味,是谷氨酸产品中的无效成分,其安全性尚无定论.控制谷氨酸浓度为16g/100mL、焦谷氨酸的浓度为3.2g/100mL,试验研究了水解温度、硫酸加入量、水解时间等因素对降低谷氨酸母液中焦谷氨酸含量的影响.在保证谷氨酸回收率的基础上,确定出使焦谷氨酸含量达到1.07％及以下的最优水解组合:水解温度(95±5)℃、浓硫酸加入量30％ (v/v)、水解时间2h.在上述试验中,焦谷氨酸的初始含量均为20％.通过改变初始焦谷氨酸氨酸含量20%～35％,最优水解组合下水解后焦谷氨酸含量为0.96％～1.04％,仍可达到1.07％以下.     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。     

生活饮用水中乙二胺四乙酸和次氮基三乙酸含量测定

目的：建立一种生活饮用水中乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）和次氮基三乙酸（NTA）的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法：样品与三氯化铁络合后,以甲醇和0.2 mmol/L四丁基溴化铵—磷酸缓冲溶液（pH 2.5）为流动相,梯度洗脱后经Thermo-C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm）色谱柱分离,DAD检测器检测,外标法定量。结果：EDTA和NTA在0.1～2.0 mg/L质量浓度范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.999 5,0.999 2;两者的检出限为0.05 mg/L,定量限为0.1 mg/L,平均加标回收率为93.5%～111.4%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.63%～7.39%。结论：该方法操作简便,重复性好,灵敏度高,具有较好的实用性。     

气相色谱法测定鱼油中的二十碳五烯酸、 二十二碳六烯酸和二十二碳五烯酸

目的通过优化鱼油中二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的测定条件,建立鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA气相色谱定量检测分析方法。方法采用正己烷处理样品,经色谱柱(Agilent,Elite-WAX,30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分离鱼油中的EPA、DHA、DPA甲酯标准品,并进行定量检测。结果 EPA浓度在0.36~3.6 mg/m L、DHA浓度在0.37~3.7 mg/m L、DPA浓度在0.16~1.62 mg/m L的范围内与峰面积的线性良好,相关系数r0.999。在80%、100%、120%添加水平下,EPA、DHA和DPA的检出限分别为0.01%、0.03%、0.009%,EPA、DHA和DPA的回收率分别为96.2%、96.4%、95.7%。结论气相色谱法灵敏度高、准确、重现性好,适用于鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法检测贝类中的乳酸和琥珀酸

研究探讨利用高效液相色谱测定贝类中乳酸和琥珀酸的样品处理方法和测定方法,结果显示:与乙醇沉淀法、国标法相比,流动相提取法更适合作为样品的提取方法,在检测条件中,流动相为pH2.5的2.0%NH4H2PO4,流速在1.0mL/min,波长为205nm为最优条件。此方法具有较好的线性、较高的准确度和精密度,加标实验回收率为94.0%～99.9%,相对标准偏差为0.09%～0.14%。也测定了两种贝类中乳酸和琥珀酸的含量。     

Short communication: docosahexaenoic acid promotes vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid

Previous studies found that feeding dairy cows a blend of fish and soybean oils enhanced milk vaccenic acid (VA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations more than when the oils were fed separately. In these studies, the authors concluded that a component in fish oil was stimulating ruminal VA production from other sources of unsaturated fatty acids; however, that component was not identified. The objective of this study was to determine whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid (FA) in fish oil, is the active component that promotes trans-C18:1 FA, VA in particular, accumulation using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of DHA (DH), control plus 30 mg of soybean oil (SBO), and control plus 5 mg of DHA and 30 mg of SBO (DHSBO). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the level of trans-C18:1 FA (14.1 and 11.7 mg/culture) and VA (13.0 and 10.2 mg/culture) increased more with added DHA than with added SBO, respectively. Combining DHA and SBO yielded higher quantities of trans-C18:1 FA (21.3 mg/culture) and VA (19.8 mg/culture) in the cultures than either fat source alone. These data suggest that DHA is the component in fish oil that promotes VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.