桩土休系荷载传递机理在住宅工程中的应用

对某住宅工程中三组不同种类、不同施工工艺、不同持力层中桩的竖直、水平承载特性进行了分析、比较和归纳,揭示了不同试验桩在竖直、水平荷载作用下的应力变化规律和桩身变位、挠曲变化规律,最终提供试验场地土层和桩的承载特性.     

壁板桩的研究现状回顾

壁板桩(barrette) 是用来承受建筑物上部结构荷载的单段矩形截面地下连续墙。由于其比表面积和抗弯刚度比传统的圆形截面桩大, 有利于充分发挥桩侧摩阻力和水平抗力, 提高竖直和水平承载力。近年来, 这种桩型在国内外已经越来越广泛地应用到高层建筑、高架路和立交桥以及重型和大型(比如输电线塔) 基础工程中。本文回顾了壁板桩的应用与研究现状, 内容涉及壁板桩的施工效应、承载性能、桩身摩阻力的发挥特性以及施工效应对承载特性的影响等。     

预应力高强混凝土管桩水平荷载作用下承载特性及群桩效应分析

在高速公路桥梁工程中,预应力高强混凝土(PHC)管桩在水平荷载作用下的承载特性十分重要,然而对于其主要影响因素以及群桩效应的研究较少。通过对PHC管桩单桩在水平荷载作用下的承载特性的分析,对影响PHC管桩的主要影响因素进行讨论,并与方桩、圆桩的承载特性进行比较;而后研究了PHC管桩的群桩效应,并比较了不同桩型水平荷载作用下的承载特性。结果表明:PHC管桩具有较强的抗水平位移性能、较大抗弯截面模量和群桩效应系数。     

激振荷载作用下桩基础动力响应的现场试验分析

为了研究水平和竖向激振动力荷载作用下单桩和群桩的承载特性，设计了水平和竖向激振荷载下单桩、两桩、三桩和四桩在多层土中的动力试验方案。对现场试验数据采集得到了单桩、两桩、三桩和四桩的桩头位移，分析了桩头位移随着激振频率和桩数的变化规律。基于试验结果，给出了单桩、两桩、三桩和四桩的水平和竖向刚度，分析了桩头刚度随着桩数和激振频率的变化规律。并采用刚度得到了群桩动力效率系数，分析了动力效率系数随着群桩桩数和振动频率的变化规律。试验结果给出了位移、桩头刚度和群桩相互作用系数的变化规律，为简化理论计算方法和验证计算模型提供了宝贵的数据。     

考虑时效性的静压桩荷载–沉降关系预测方法

考虑天然饱和黏土地层的原位力学特性,采用圆孔扩张模型考虑沉桩效应,结合太沙基一维径向固结理论推导了桩周土再固结过程中土体强度和剪切模量的解析解。在此基础上,根据桩基加载过程中桩侧土体的剪切变形特性,采用指数函数型荷载传递曲线分别建立了静压桩的桩侧和桩端荷载传递模型,提出了考虑时效性的静压桩荷载–沉降关系理论预测方法。通过现场试验对本文解答进行验证,研究了沉桩结束后静压桩荷载–沉降特性随时间的变化规律,分析了静压桩沉桩后不同历时的荷载传递特性。研究结果表明,沉桩结束后静压桩承载特性的变化主要是由于桩侧承载特性的提高;特定休止期后的静载试验结果与静压桩真实承载特性存在一定差异。因此,实际工程中应根据桩周土体力学特性的改变结合静载试验合理确定静压桩的承载特性。     

微型桩-加筋土挡墙应力变形特性和加固机理分析

为了增强公路加筋土挡墙系统的外部稳定性、护栏抗冲击性能,并控制加筋土的变形,提出了微型桩-加筋土挡墙系统:竖直和倾斜的一对微型桩从路面穿过加筋回填土区域,锚固进地基,同时在桩顶浇筑承台和地基梁,通过连接构件将公路护栏与地基梁及微型桩相连,形成一个自上而下的整体加固体系。利用数值手段对不同加筋土挡墙结构的应力变形特性和加固机理进行对比分析,结果表明:与"未加固"、"单根竖直桩加固"、"竖直桩+倾斜锚杆"以及"竖直桩+水平锚杆"这四种挡土墙工况相比,所提出的微型桩-加筋土挡墙的位移分别可以减小46.9%、34.6%、33.3%和22.7%,竖直桩身弯矩与后三者相比分别可以减小72.7%、72%和47.7%。因此,验证了微型桩-加筋土挡墙具有较好的应力变形特性。     

倾斜桩基与竖直桩基竖向承载特性比较研究

以厦深客运专线韩江特大桥潮安县段桩基选型工程为研究背景,通过室内静载模型试验,对承受竖向荷载时低承台倾斜桩基与竖直桩基的荷载-沉降曲线、桩体荷载分担比等工作特性进行了研究。结果表明:在荷载-沉降曲线特征方面,倾斜桩基较竖直桩基率先呈现非线性变化,承台顶部荷载达到8 kN之前倾斜桩基的沉降量小于竖直桩基的相应值,随上部荷载的增大倾斜桩基的沉降量逐渐大于竖直桩基的相应值;在桩体荷载分担量方面,竖直桩基和倾斜桩基的相应值都随上部荷载增大而逐渐增大;但在桩体荷载分担比方面,与竖直桩基单调增加不同,倾斜桩基呈现出先增大后减小的特征。受桩间距由上到下逐渐增大的影响,倾斜桩基承台下侧桩间土体的随深度遮拦作用逐渐减小,由此引发土体绕桩滑动作用的增强,从而造成中桩与桩间土体承载能力的不同发挥,成为引起2种不同类型桩基承载特性不同的主要原因。     

膨胀土地基载体桩承载力特性数值分析

为研究载体桩在膨胀土地基中的承载变形性状,基于极限平衡原理,推导出了载体桩的抗拔承载力公式.考虑含水率对地基土弹性模量的折减影响,应用有限元模型分析了下压和上拔荷载下载体桩的承载特性随土体含水率的变化规律,结果表明随着膨胀土含水率的增加,载体桩的极限抗压和抗拔承载力下降均较明显,含水率相同的抗压桩承载力大于抗拔桩.不同...     

传统静载实验对桩基承载力特性的影响

为研究锚桩、堆载平台等试验因素对桩基承载力特性的影响效应及其影响机制,运用Plaxis2D程序建立相关模型。通过模型试验对外部条件均相同的单桩在理论受力试桩、锚固法试桩、堆载法试桩这三种试桩方式下桩的荷载位移曲线、桩侧摩阻力进行比较分析。在此基础上,通过改变锚桩、堆载平台与试桩的间距进行一系列数值仿真试验,对相应试桩承载特性曲线进行比较分析,探讨试桩方式对桩基承载特性的影响机制,且讨论桩基规范中对于静载试验中相应规范的合理性。结果表明:与理论受力桩相比,锚固法试桩时由于锚桩对试桩侧土体的竖直、水平向应力具有减小作用,从而得到的桩极限承载力偏小,桩顶沉降偏大;堆载法试桩时由于堆载平台对试桩侧土体的竖直、水平向应力具有增大作用,从而得到的桩极限承载力偏大,桩顶沉降偏小。在桩基工程设计中应考虑静载实验时试桩方式对桩基承载力的影响效应。     

斜桩基础受力特性研究

针对斜桩基础问题,开展了水平荷载下斜桩群桩受力特性的模型试验。试验结果表明:斜桩土表处桩身水平位移以及残余水平位移均小于竖直桩,并随着斜桩倾斜度的增大而减小;桩身弯矩随着循环次数的增加而增大,斜桩桩身弯矩相对竖直桩较小。     

Influence mechanism of vertical-horizontal combined loads on the response of a single pile in sand

Pile foundations are used to support both vertical and horizontal loads in many geotechnical projects, such as the coastal and offshore engineering. The responses of piles under vertical-horizontal combined loading are separately analyzed and then superposed in current design practice. This simplified analysis approach does not take the coupling effect of the combined loads into consideration. The research on this topic is limited and the results reported to date are inconclusive with regard to the influence of vertical loads on the horizontal response of piles. In this paper, a series of centrifuge model tests under different vertical-horizontal combined loading conditions was performed to investigate the influence rules and mechanism of the combined loads on the response of piles in sand. The vertical load is shown to densify the soil near the pile and therefore decrease the horizontal displacement and bending moment of the pile: this is termed the “soil densification effect”. The vertical load induces an additional bending moment of the pile due to the lateral deformation of the pile: this is termed the “P-Δ effect”. The soil densification effect plays a dominant role in the early horizontal loading while the P-Δ effect is strengthened as the horizontal loads increases. These compound effect of these two seemingly opposing effects is a decrease in the bending moment of the pile decrease first then increase as the horizontal load increases. Additional settlement of the pile is caused by horizontal loading and isa positively correlated with the pre-vertical loads.     

Centrifuge model tests on piled raft foundation in sand subjected to lateral and moment loads

Piled raft foundation has been widely recognized as a rational and economical foundation system with the combined effects of raft and piles. However, the behavior of laterally loaded piled raft foundation has not been well understood due to the complicated interaction of raft–ground–piles. A series of static horizontal loading tests were carried out on three types of foundation models, i.e., piled raft, pile group and raft alone models, on sand using a geotechnical centrifuge. In this paper, the influences of relatively large moment load and rotation on the overall performance of laterally loaded piled raft foundation were examined. From the centrifuge model tests, it is found that the vertical displacement due to horizontal loads is different between piled raft and pile group foundation, and this vertical displacement has significant influences on the performance of laterally loaded piled raft foundation. The horizontal resistance of the pile part in the piled raft foundation is higher than those observed in the pile group foundation due to raft base contact pressure. The vertical displacement of the foundation due to the horizontal loads affects the vertical resistances of piles, which results in the different mobilization of moment resistances between the piled raft and pile group foundations.     

岩溶地区长嵌岩桩的优化设计

通过综合分析嵌岩桩荷载传递机理,结合山区高速公路下伏岩溶的嵌岩桩工程特点,确定了桩身荷载、桩身内力、竖向位移沿桩深度的变化规律,优化了山区高速公路典型下伏岩溶及工程地质条件下的长嵌岩桩的嵌岩段钢筋布置及桩身配筋,从而使长嵌岩桩达到既安全又经济的设计效果。     

In-situ horizontal cyclic loading tests on composite foundation composed of soilbags and piles

The authors have been developing a new composite foundation composed of piles and soilbags. The foundation is characterized by the laying of soilbags between the pile heads and the footing on which a superstructure stands. The expected effect of the foundation is to cut off the fixed connection between the piles and the footing in order to reduce the bending moment of the piles and the response acceleration of the structure. In this study, in-situ horizontal cyclic loading tests were conducted on the proposed composite foundation with two piles to investigate the seismic response characteristics of the foundation at real scale. It was found from the tests that the horizontal force reached its peak due to the uplift of the footing during horizontal loading, and that larger hysteresis damping was obtained than that of spread foundations due to the hysteresis effect in the shear deformation of the soilbags. As for the sectional force of the piles and the vertical stress inside the soilbags, it was found that the axial force and bending moment of the piles concentrated on the pile on the front side in the loading direction, and that the vertical stresses inside the soilbags concentrated just above the pile head on the front side in the loading direction. Although residual horizontal displacement and settlement occurred due to the cyclic load, little damage to the soilbags was observed.     

Load Tests of Piled Raft Models with Different Pile Head Connection Conditions and Their Analyses

A series of experimental and analytical studies on the behaviours of model pile groups and model piled rafts in dry sand subjected to static vertical loading and static cyclic horizontal loading were carried out in order to investigate the influence of various pile head connection conditions between the raft and the piles on the behaviours of the foundations models and to examine the applicability of an simplified analytical method to simulate the load tests. In the load tests, the behaviours of the model foundations were investigated in detail, with particular focus on cyclic horizontal loading, and behaviour such as horizontal stiffness and the rotation of the foundation, the load proportions between the raft and the piles, and the bending moments and shear forces generated in the piles. A simplified three-dimensional deformation analysis method was used to simulate the experiments.     

疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护结构排桩荷载分担比试验研究

对10个疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护结构进行离心机模型试验。基于试验结果,提出排桩荷载分担比的计算模型,探讨排桩荷载分担比的变化规律以及影响因素,并提出简化计算式。研究结果表明：当基坑挖深较小时,支护结构的荷载主要由土钉墙承担,排桩承担的荷载较小,随着开挖深度的增加,土拱效应将支护结构范围内的土压力不断传递给桩身,排桩承担的荷载越来越多,最多可达到总荷载的90%以上;增加土钉长度、减小土钉间距既可有效减少排桩分担的荷载,同时还能明显提高整个支护结构的整体稳定性;当桩间距在一定范围内时,增加桩间距能减小排桩荷载分担比,但是桩间距过大会明显降低整个支护结构的稳定性;土钉竖向间距对排桩荷载分担比的影响比土钉水平间距更为明显。     

Centrifuge studies on the effects of existing piles on the end resistance and shaft friction of a newpile

The effects of existing piles on the vertical bearing capacity of piles of a new building were examined using vertical static loading centrifuge tests on a new pile located among existing piles. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) Existing piles increased the total shaft resistance of the new pile with a rough surface because the existing piles restrained the soil around the new pile and the positive dilatancy of the sand increased the confining pressure of the soil. (2) The shaft resistance of the lower part of the new pile with a rough surface fell rapidly during the loading tests, regardless of whether there were existing piles or not. The diminution of shaft resistance, known as ‘friction fatigue’, was probably caused by sand particle crushing in the vicinity of the pile end. (3) For a new pile with a rough surface, existing piles did not affect the end resistance when the new pile head settlement normalized by the pile diameter, s/D_p, was less than 0.2. (4) Existing piles did not affect the shaft resistance or the end resistance of the new pile with a smooth surface. Dominance of the sliding displacement along the pile–sand contact surface engenders the extremely small variation of the confining pressure of the soil around the new pileshaft.     

中掘预应力管桩挤土效应试验研究

为了克服预应力管桩施工挤土带来的不利影响,研究开发了可以在施工过程中边取土边沉桩的新型中掘管桩,该桩在施工过程中具有机械化程度高、环境污染少等特点。为验证中掘桩在施工过程中的挤土效应,通过现场对比试验,先后量测锤击桩、中掘桩和钻孔灌注桩在沉桩过程中土体的水平位移及孔隙水压力变化情况,研究分析了软土地区单桩沉桩过程中沿水平方向及深度方向的挤土规律,对中掘管桩沉桩的挤土效应进行对比分析。试验结果表明：锤击桩在沉桩过程中对桩周土体产生明显的挤土效应,且挤土效应在水平方向及深度方向都有明显的规律性及土层差异性。而新型中掘管桩在沉桩后,桩周土体仅有少量的水平位移,孔隙水压力无明显增长,不会对周边环境造成特别大的影响,具有良好的推广和应用前景。     

玻璃纤维筋与钢筋复合配筋预应力混凝土管桩承载性能试验研究

针对预应力钢筋混凝土管桩（普通管桩）水平承载力不足的问题,开发研制了采用玻璃纤维筋与钢筋复合配筋预应力混凝土管桩（复合配筋管桩）,进行了复合配筋管桩与普通管桩受弯和受剪性能的对比试验。受弯试验结果表明：GFRP筋的配置较大幅度改善了普通管桩的承载性能;与普通管桩相比,复合配筋管桩的开裂弯矩和极限弯矩均有显著的提高,且其裂缝分布范围小、数量少且长度略短于普通管桩;两种类型桩裂缝出现前跨中截面应变符合平截面假定,破坏时复合配筋管桩受压区混凝土破碎而管桩的预应力筋被拉断。受剪试验结果显示：配置GFRP筋较大幅地改善了普通管桩的受剪性能,其开裂剪力有显著的提高;两种类型桩破坏过程相似,均是支座处先出现裂缝,并沿与桩长方向大致30°夹角方向开展延伸,当延伸至加载点垂直面时,以平行于桩长方向继续扩展,最后形成贯通面。对比试验结果表明,采用玻璃纤维筋与钢筋复合配筋预应力混凝土管桩在受弯和受剪性能方面均有不同程度的提高,可有效解决普通管桩水平承载力不足的问题。     

水平荷载作用下群桩计算方法研究

通过分析研究国内外各种水平荷载下群桩计算方法,在Ｆｏｃｈｔ－Ｋｏｃｈ－Ｐｏｕｌｏｓ综合法的基础上,不考虑群桩基础中后桩对前桩的弹性作用,并结合桩基规范,提出了能够考虑群桩效应和群桩中各桩荷载分担比的改进公式, 可供水平力作用下的桩基工程设计时参考