利用多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩硫酸和磷酸水溶液

利用自制中空纤维气隙式多效膜蒸馏组件进行了多效膜蒸馏过程浓缩稀硫酸和磷酸溶液的研究, 考察了膜入口温度、料液进口浓度和料液流量对渗透通量和造水比的影响。结果表明,膜入口温度升高时渗透通量和造水比增加;料液流量增加,渗透通量增加,而造水比随之降低;料液酸浓度增加,渗透通量和造水比均随之下降,且硫酸的影响更为显著。实验过程中渗透通量和造水比最高可达5.3 L/(m²·h)和11.5。在适当的操作条件下,该过程可将质量分数(下同)为2%的稀硫酸或稀磷酸溶液浓缩至40%以上,且渗透液最大的电导率仍小于200 μS/cm。以10%的硫酸溶液为料液,利用2个不同的膜组件进行了持续30 d的多效膜蒸馏过程稳定性实验研究,实验期间所用膜组件操作性能没有明显下降,没有观察到膜渗漏现象。     

高温多效膜蒸馏用于处理高盐溶液的实验研究

膜蒸馏通常在温度低于90℃的条件下操作,而对于高盐溶液,由于浓差极化和饱和蒸气压下降比较明显,在通常操作温度下膜通量和热利用率都很低。采用具有内部潜热回收功能的多效膜蒸馏组件在高温操作条件下对以氯化钠为代表的无机盐浓溶液的深度浓缩进行了研究,着重考察了冷进料温度T1,加热后料液温度T3、浓度、流量等操作参数对膜通量、造水比和截留率的影响。结果表明,当料液质量分数为5%,热料液温度T3为100℃时,膜通量和造水比的值分别为3.1 L/(m2·h)和15.2;虽然膜通量和造水比均随料液浓度增大而下降,但是当料液质量浓度为25%,T3为105℃时,膜通量和造水比值仍可达1.53 L/(m2·h)和5.8;且截留率达到99.95%以上。在60 d的连续运行中,膜组件保持了良好的性能稳定性。结果表明高温多效膜蒸馏技术能够有效用于高盐溶液的深度浓缩。     

新型气隙式膜蒸馏组件盐水浓缩的试验研究

利用新型气隙式膜蒸馏组件对氯化钠溶液进行膜蒸馏试验研究。考察了进料温度、流速、浓度对膜通量、造水比和截留率的影响。结果表明,膜通量和造水比随着进料温度T3升高而增大,随着进料浓度的增加而减小;料液流量增加时膜通量增大,造水比降低;试验过程中截留率基本保持不变,稳定在99.8%以上。当料液浓度为3.0%,进料温度T1为30.0℃,T3为95.0℃、流量为7.0 L/h时,膜通量为4.1 L/(m2·h),造水比为7.0,截留率可达99.8%,经过60 d浓缩试验后,膜通量、造水比和截留率均保持稳定。     

多效膜蒸馏过程用于海水和浓海水的深度浓缩

研究了离子交换法选择性脱钙与多效膜蒸馏相结合用于海水淡化和淡化厂浓水深度浓缩的可行性。海水或浓海水中钙离子能脱除90%以上,可防止高倍数浓缩时海水中硫酸钙沉淀对膜造成污染。本文以膜通量、造水比和馏出液电导率为多效膜蒸馏过程的性能指标,研究了操作条件对过程性能的影响。膜通量最高可达6.07 L/(m2?h),造水比最高可达13.2;当海水浓缩至250 g/L时,馏出液的电导率小于200 μm/cm,膜通量和造水比仍可达3.61 L/(m2?h)和4.96。以除钙后的浓海水为料液,利用两种多效膜蒸馏组件分别进行了持续45天的操作稳定性实验研究,在试验期间膜组件性能没有明显下降。该研究结果表明,多效膜蒸馏结合选择性脱钙是适合于海水深度浓缩及资源综合利用的高效节能技术。     

多效膜蒸馏技术分离尿素水溶液的研究

应用新型多效膜蒸馏技术,对尿素水溶液体系进行分离试验研究。用正交试验方法对操作条件进行优化设计,结果表明,在试验范围内,当膜侧进口温度90℃,料液流量30 L/h,料液初始质量分数0.5%,膜通量最大;当膜侧进口温度90℃,料液流量10 L/h,料液初始质量分数0.5%,造水比最大;膜通量随膜侧进口温度升高而增加,膜通量随进料流量增大而增加,造水比反之。     

新型空气隙膜蒸馏组件用于海水淡化

设计了一种基于中空纤维膜的螺旋缠绕式空气隙膜蒸馏组件,以模拟海水为原料液,考察了热料液进口温度T3、料液流量F、缠绕角度、空气隙厚度、内芯长度对膜通量和造水比的影响。实验结果表明,膜通量和造水比均随着热料液进口温度的增加而明显增大;当料液流量增加时,膜通量增大,造水比呈相反趋势;随着空气隙厚度的增加,膜通量和造水比均逐渐减小;膜通量和造水比均随着缠绕角度的增加而减小;内芯长度增加使得造水比提高,而膜通量则降低。实验过程中膜通量和造水比的最高值分别达到6.1 kg/(m~2·h)和5.8,产水电导率始终保持在20.0μS/cm以下。     

新型中空纤维空气隙式膜蒸馏用于海水淡化

利用自制的添加隔热管状隔网并呈螺旋缠绕结构编排的中空纤维膜组件进行了空气隙式膜蒸馏(AGMD)海水淡化过程性能研究, 实验以模拟标准海水(质量分数3.5%, 总溶解性固体含量35000 mg·L^-1)为热料液进水, 考察了热料液进水温度、热料液流量、冷凝液进水温度和冷凝液流量对膜通量、造水比和热效率的影响。结果表明, 随着热料液进水温度增加, 膜通量、造水比和热效率均增加;冷凝液进水温度增加, 膜通量下降而造水比和热效率增加;热料液流量增加, 膜通量上升而造水比和热效率明显下降;冷凝液进水流量对膜蒸馏过程性能影响较小。实验过程中产水TDS始终保持在3.0 mg·L^-1以下, 相应的离子去除率高于99.99%, 膜通量、造水比和热效率最高可分别达5.87 L·m^-2·h^-1、5.37和0.943。研究表明, 引入清洁能源取代传统电加热驱动热源将进一步突出膜蒸馏技术的实际应用潜力。     

气扫式多效膜蒸馏过程研究

针对气扫式膜蒸馏(SGMD)过程能耗高的问题,设计了1种气扫式多效膜蒸馏(SGMEMD)过程,其特征是在传统SGMD过程中设立独特的热量回用系统。该系统同时具有蒸汽的换热冷凝与料液的预热升温双重作用,从而实现蒸汽潜热的梯级回收利用。实验研究了吹扫气流速、料液循环流量、膜组件内料液与吹扫气流向、料液浓度对SGMEMD过程膜蒸馏通量和造水比(GOR)的影响。结果表明,当采用质量分数2.5%的NaCl溶液作为原料液,料液温度为78℃、循环体积流量为5.0L/h、吹扫气流速为1.6m/s(标准状态),膜组件内吹扫气与料液为逆向流动时,SGMEMD过程的GOR可达3.1。     

热回收式板框膜蒸馏组件的制备及性能研究

制备了一种新型的热回收式板框膜蒸馏组件,该组件主要由疏水性平板微孔膜和中空纤维换热丝构成,并对其负压辅助气隙式膜蒸馏过程进行了研究。重点考察了进料液温度、进料液流量和透过侧真空度等操作参数对膜组件膜通量、造水比及脱盐率等性能的影响。实验结果表明,膜通量随着进料液温度、进料液流量及真空度的升高而增大;造水比随进料温度和真空度的升高而增大,但随进料流量的加大而减小。在进料液温度为95℃、进料液流量为70 L/h、真空度为0.05 MPa时,膜通量和造水比最高可达33.0 kg/(m~2·h)和2.050,而脱盐率始终在99.98%以上,与传统膜蒸馏相比,造水比提高1倍以上,表现出了高通量下较好的热回收效果。     

减压膜蒸馏法浓缩氧化铝碳分母液的可行性

对减压膜蒸馏法浓缩氧化铝碳分母液的可行性进行了研究,系统考察了料液温度、减压侧压力及料液流速等操作条件对水蒸馏通量的影响。结果表明,蒸馏液的pH值约13,减压膜蒸馏对N2AlO2、NaOH及Na2CO,等非挥发性组分的截留率较高,能达到有效浓缩的目的;在实际操作过程中,温度越高、减压侧压力越低及料液流速越大,水蒸馏通量越大。     

Concentrating aqueous hydrochloric acid by multiple-effect membrane distillation

Multiple-effect membrane distillation (MEMD) using a hollow fiber-based air-gap membrane distillation module was experimentally examined for concentrating dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid. The effects of the hot and cold feed-in temperatures, and the feed-in volumetric flow rates on the performance of the MEMD process were studied. The performance was evaluated using the performance ratio (PR), the average selectivity of water over HCl (β_avg) and the permeation flux (N). Two types of porous fibers made from polypropylene were used to fabricate the MEMD modules. The experimental data indicated that hollow fibers with high porosity were preferred for the MEMD process. The PR, β_avg and N all decreased as the feed concentration increased. When the feed concentration was below 12 wt-%, the PR was 6.0 – 9.6 and β_avg was 10 – 190. When the concentration of HCl reached 18 wt-%, the PR and β_avg were about 4.4 and 2.3, respectively. However, β_avg sharply decreased to around 1.0 when the feed was further concentrated. During an operational stability test that lasted for 30 days, the performance of the MEMD modules remained good.     

Microfiltration of apple juice using inorganic membranes: Process optimization and juice stability

Crossflow membrane microfiltration of low-pectine raw apple juice was studied using inorganic membranes (TECH SEP Carbosep®, Lyon, France) having a nominal pore size of 0.2 μm. Permeate flux was measured at different operation conditions (trans-membrane pressure between 100 and 500 kPa, feed velocities between 1 and 6 m/s, and temperatures of 293, 298 and 323 K). Some concentration experiments were made in order to study the rejection of pectins and polyphenols at different VCR (volume concentration ratio) values. Final stabilization tests were carried out to analyze the long-term clarified juice behaviour.     

Effects of electrical pre-treatment and alternative heat treatment applications on orange juice production and storage

Electroplasmolysis (EP) as a pre-treatment and microwave (MW) and ohmic heating (OH) as an alternative to traditional heating were used in orange juice production, and the effects of these electrical methods on juice quality were investigated. Trials were done in six application groups with single electrical treatment and combinations. Orange juices were stored for six months at +4 °C and the analyses were performed in a two-month period. As a result of the electroplasmolysis application, more than an 8% increase in yield was determined. In addition, more than 95% PME inactivation was found in moderate (69–75 °C) temperature conditions for MW and OH applications. The results showed that the highest quality values, such as total pectin and ascorbic acid were determined on combined applications of electrical methods. The results suggested that juice yield and functional properties were increased by electroplasmolysis applications; electroplasmolysis and electrical heating applications gave better quality results comparing the conventional thermal heating (CH) in orange juice production. Quality characteristics of the juices can be preserved better and longer in the juices that are processed with electrical methods than the conventional methods.     

盐酸作吸收剂用于气态膜法从废水中脱除/回收氨氮

考察了盐酸作吸收剂时用气态膜技术从水溶液中脱氨的可行性,鉴于盐酸的挥发性,着重考察了不同料液氨水浓度下气态膜过程可以稳定操作时所对应的吸收液中盐酸的临界浓度。在此基础上,研究了料液氨氮浓度、料液流速、吸收液流速、吸收液盐酸浓度和操作温度等操作参数对膜传质性能的影响,并考察了该工艺的长期操作稳定性。实验结果证明,气态膜脱氨过程可采用一定浓度的稀盐酸溶液作为吸收剂,并可通过向吸收液中不断添加浓盐酸的方式得到浓度为>15%的氯化铵溶液。在料液浓度为2000 mg/L、吸收液盐酸浓度为2%、操作温度为25 ℃的操作条件下,中空纤维膜组件持续稳定运行了650 h以上,总传质系数保持在4.25×10?6 m/s左右。用盐酸作吸收剂时废水中氨氮可脱至15 mg/L以下,符合国家环保标准。这表明采用盐酸作吸收液用气态膜法从废水中脱除回收富集氨氮是可行的。     

减压多效膜蒸馏过程试验研究

针对膜蒸馏(MD)过程能耗高、蒸汽冷凝耗水量大的问题,首次设计了减压多效膜蒸馏过程(MEMD)。其特征是在减压膜蒸馏(VMD)过程中设立特殊的多效蒸发区。其中的膜组件同时具有蒸汽的换热降温与原料液的升温蒸发双重作用,从而实现VMD过程蒸发潜热的高效回收利用。试验研究了主蒸发区膜组件面积、多效蒸发区组件管程的进液流量、多效蒸发区组件长度等参数对MEMD过程性能的影响。当主蒸发区膜组件面积为0.10 m2、多效蒸发区组件长度为868 mm、管程进液体积流量为4.0 L/h时,系统的当量膜通量最大(34.8 kg/(m2.h)),额外冷却水用量仅为传统VMD过程的30.8%(每L产水消耗17.2 L冷却水);增加多效蒸发区的组件长度,能显著提高蒸汽相变热回收率,但不能提高系统的当量膜通量。